Muhammad Ali Pate (born 6 September 1968) is a Nigerian

physician A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the Medical education, study, Med ...

and

politician A politician is a person who participates in Public policy, policy-making processes, usually holding an elective position in government. Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles ...

who was appointed as Minister of Health and Social Welfare of Nigeria in 2023. Before this, he was a Professor of Public Health Leadership in the Department of Global Health and Population at

Harvard University Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyma ...

and director of the

Global Financing Facility The Global Financing Facility is an international development initiative that is supported by the world bank. It aims to fights poverty and inequity by advancing the health and rights of women and children. It focuses on the continuum of care duri ...

(GFF) for Women, Children and Adolescents at the

World Bank Group The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries. It is the largest and best-known development bank in the world and an observer at the United Nations Development Group ...

. He joined the World Bank Group in 2000 and worked in many regions. After serving as the Executive Director of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Pate received his first ministerial appointment as Nigeria's Minister of Health in July 2011. He resigned on 24 July 2013 to take up a professorship at

Duke University Duke University is a Private university, private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity, North Carolina, Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1 ...

Global Health Institute. He served as the Chief Executive Officer of Big Win Philanthropyand as the Global Director for Health, Nutrition, and Population. He is the former Minister of State for Health in

Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...

. In October 2022, President Muhammadu Buhari conferred him with the title

Commander of the Order of the Niger Commander (commonly abbreviated as Cmdr.) is a common naval officer rank as well as a job title in many armies. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organizations, including several police forces. In several countries, ...

(CON), alongside 447 other Nigerians. In February 2023, he became the CEO of the

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization GAVI, officially Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (previously the GAVI Alliance, and before that the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) is a public–private global health partnership with the goal of increasing access to immunization ...

(

GAVI GAVI, officially Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (previously the GAVI Alliance, and before that the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) is a Public–private partnership, public–private global health partnership with the goal of incr ...

). He is an American board-certified physician in both

Internal Medicine Internal medicine, also known as general medicine in Commonwealth nations, is a medical specialty for medical doctors focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in adults. Its namesake stems from "treatment of diseases of ...

and

Infectious Diseases infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable dise ...

Early life and education

The son of a Fulani herdsman, Pate was born on 6 September 1968 and raised in the northern region of Misau. He graduated high school, and then enrolled in

Ahmadu Bello University The Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) is a public research university located in Zaria, Nigeria, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. It was opened in 1962 as the University of Northern Nigeria. The university has four colleges, three schools, 18 faculties, ...

Kaduna Kaduna is the capital city of Kaduna State, and the former political capital of Northern Nigeria. It is located in north-western Nigeria, on the Kaduna River. It is a trade center and a major transportation hub as the gateway to northern state ...

State. After completing a medical degree, he moved to

The Gambia The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. Geographically, The Gambia is the List of African countries by area, smallest country in continental Africa; it is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except for ...

, where he worked in rural hospitals. He later became a fellow in infectious diseases at the

University of Rochester Medical Center The University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC), now known as UR Medicine, is located in Rochester, New York, is a medical complex on the main campus of the University of Rochester and comprises the university's primary medical education, resea ...

. He studied at

University College London University College London (Trade name, branded as UCL) is a Public university, public research university in London, England. It is a Member institutions of the University of London, member institution of the Federal university, federal Uni ...

and obtained a Master’s degree in Health System Management from the

London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) is a public research university in Bloomsbury, central London, and a member institution of the University of London that specialises in public health and tropical medicine. The institu ...

. He then earned an MBA with a Health Sector Concentration from

Career

Before his appointment to the

National Primary Health Care Development Agency National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, ce ...

(NPHCDA) in 2008, he had a 10-year career at the

World Bank The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and Grant (money), grants to the governments of Least developed countries, low- and Developing country, middle-income countries for the purposes of economic development ...

. A major project led by Pate was the far-reaching health sector reform programs in Africa,

East Asia East Asia is a geocultural region of Asia. It includes China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan, plus two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macau. The economies of Economy of China, China, Economy of Ja ...

and other regions of the World Bank. He held several senior positions, including Senior Health Specialist and Human Development Sector Coordinator for the East Asia/Pacific Region and Senior Health Specialist for the African Region. He initiated a landmark public-private partnership to replace a National Referral Hospital in

Lesotho Lesotho, formally the Kingdom of Lesotho and formerly known as Basutoland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Entirely surrounded by South Africa, it is the largest of only three sovereign enclave and exclave, enclaves in the world, t ...

As Nigeria's Minister of Health and Social Welfare

President Bola Ahmed Tinubu appointed him in August 2023 as Nigeria's Coordinating Minister of Health and Social Welfare. He has introduced various initiatives aimed at improving the country’s healthcare system and social welfare programs. With Nigeria’s population exceeding 220 million in 2023, his tenure has focused on addressing healthcare accessibility and social welfare challenges. His approach targets issues such as poverty, illiteracy, and social well-being. He revitalized the National Health Insurance Authority of Nigeria, expanding its health insurance coverage and reducing healthcare expenses. He led the expansion of the basic health care provision in 2023 and 2024 which disbursed 45,900,000,000 naira to 8,800 PHCs (primary healthcare centers). He expanded the

malaria vaccine Malaria vaccines are vaccines that prevent malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease which affected an estimated 249 million people globally in 85 malaria-endemic countries and areas and caused 608,000 deaths in 2022. The first approved vac ...

(RTSS) rollout and improved immunization and maternal health programs in rural Nigerian PHCs. He introduced solutions for improved maternal health across 172 local Nigerian government areas. He improved community health engagement and social welfare integration. He introduced primary healthcare sustainability through domestic financing and private-sector partnerships with the mobilization of domestic resources.

Recognitions and awards

Among several national and international accolades that he has received for his contribution to the health sector in Nigeria is also the TIME Magazine 100 Health 2025 where he was celebrated for shaping Nigeria's healthcare systems.

Other details

In 2012, the Harvard Ministerial Leadership Program awarded him the title of Harvard Health Leader.{{cite web, title=World Bank appoints Nigeria's ex-minister, Muhammad Pate, as global director for health, url=https://www.thecable.ng/world-bank-appoints-nigerias-ex-minister-muhammad-pate-as-global-director-for-health, date=16 May 2019, website=

TheCable ''TheCable'' is an independent online newspaper in Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to th ...

, access-date=27 May 2020 He holds the title of chigari (or knight) in Misau.

Recent publications

*{{cite journal, last1=Nkengasong, first1=John N., last2=Raji, first2=Tajudeen, last3=Ferguson, first3=Stephanie L., last4=Pate, first4=Muhammad A., last5=Williams, first5=Michelle A., title=Nursing leadership in Africa and health security, journal=eClinicalMedicine, date=10 June 2021, volume=36, pages=100930, doi=10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100930, pmid=34169244, pmc=8207179 *{{cite journal, last1=Bali, first1=Sulzhan, last2=Stewart, first2=Kearsley A, last3=Pate, first3=Muhammad Ali, title=Long shadow of fear in an epidemic: fearonomic effects of Ebola on the private sector in Nigeria, journal=BMJ Global Health, date=9 November 2016, volume=1, issue=3, pages=e000111, doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000111, pmid=28588965, pmc=5321397 *{{cite journal, last1=Moon, first1=Suerie, author-link=Suerie Moon, last2=Sridhar, first2=Devi, last3=Pate, first3=Muhammad A, last4=Jha, first4=Ashish K., last5=Clinton, first5=Chelsea, last6=Delaunay, first6=Sophie, last7=Edwin, first7=Valnora, last8=Fallah, first8=Mosoka, last9=Fidler, first9=David P., last10=Garrett, first10=Laurie, last11=Goosby, first11=Eric, last12=Gostin, first12=Lawrence O, last13=Heymann, first13=David L, last14=Lee, first14=Kelley, last15=Leung , first15=Gabriel M., last16=Morrison, first16=J Stephen, last17=Saavedra, first17=Jorge, last18=Tanner, first18=Marcel, last19=Leigh, first19=Jennifer A., last20=Hawkins, first20=Benjamin, last21=Woskie, first21=Liana R, last22=Piot, first22=Peter, title=Will Ebola change the game? Ten essential reforms before the next pandemic. The report of the Harvard-LSHTM Independent Panel on the Global Response to Ebola, journal=The Lancet, year=2015, volume=386, issue=10009, pages=2204–2221, doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00946-0, pmid=26615326, pmc=7137174 *{{cite journal, last1=Okoli, first1=Ugo, last2=Morris, first2=Laura, last3=Oshin, first3=Adetokunbo, last4=Pate, first4=Muhammad A., last5=Aigbe, first5=Chidimma, last6=Muhammad, first6=Ado, title=Conditional cash transfer schemes in Nigeria: potential gains for maternal and child health service uptake in a national pilot programme, journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, date=12 December 2014, volume=14, pages=408, doi=10.1186/s12884-014-0408-9, pmid=25495258, pmc=4273319, doi-access=free *{{cite journal, last1=Abubakar, first1=Ibrahim, last2=Dalglish, first2=Sarah L., last3=Angell, first3=Blake, last4=Sanuade, first4=Olutobi, last5=Abimbola, first5=Seye, last6=Adamu, first6=Aishatu Lawal, last7=Adetifa, first7=Ifedayo M. O., last8=Colbourn, first8=Tim, last9=Ogunlesi, first9=Afolabi Olaniyi, last10=Onwujekwe, first10=Obinna, last11=Owoaje, first11=Eme T., last12=Okeke, first12=Iruka N., last13=Adeyemo, first13=Adebowale, last14=Aliyu, first14=Gambo, last15=Aliyu, first15=Muktar H, last16=Aliyu, first16=Sani Hussaini, last17=Ameh, first17=Emmanuel A., last18=Archibong, first18=Belinda, last19=Ezeh, first19=Alex, last20=Gadanya, first20=Muktar A., last21=Ihekweazu, first21=Chikwe, last22=Ihekweazu, first22=Vivianne, last23=Iliyasu, first23=Zubairu, last24=Kwaku Chiroma, first24=Aminatu, last25=Mabayoje, first25=Diana A., last26=Nasir Sambo, first26=Mohammed, last27=Obaro, first27=Stephen, last28=Yinka-Ogunleye, first28=Adesola, last29=Okonofua, first29=Friday, last30=Oni, first30=Tolu, last31=Onyimadu, first31=Olu, last32=Pate, first32=Muhammad Ali, last33=Salako, first33=Babatunde L., last34=Shuaib, first34=Faisal, last35=Tsiga-Ahmed, first35=Fatimah, last36=Zanna, first36=Fatima H , title=The Lancet Nigeria Commission: investing in health and the future of the nation, journal=The Lancet, date=19 March 2022, volume=399, issue=10330, pages=1155–1200, doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02488-0, pmid=35303470, pmc=8943278 *{{cite journal, last1=Wood, first1=Stacy, last2=Pate, first2=Muhammad Ali, last3=Schulman, first3=Kevin, title=Novel strategies to support global promotion of COVID-19 vaccination, journal=BMJ Global Health, date=14 October 2021, volume=6, issue=10, pages=e006066, doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006066, pmid=34649869, pmc=8521672 *{{cite journal, last1=Swaminathan, first1=Soumya, last2=Sheikh, first2=Kabir, last3=Marten, first3=Robert, last4=Taylor, first4=Martin, last5=Jhalani, first5=Manoj, last6=Chukwujekwu, first6=Ogochukwu, last7=Pearson, first7=Luwei, last8=Allotey, first8=Pascale, last9=Gough, first9=Jean, last10=Scherpbier, first10=Robert W., last11=Gupta, first11=Anuradha, last12=Wijnroks, first12=Marijke, last13=Pate, first13=Muhammad Ali, last14=Sorgho, first14=Gaston, last15=Levine, first15=Orin, last16=Goodyear-Smith, first16=Felicity, last17=Sundararaman, first17=Thiagarajan, last18=Montenegro, first18=Hernan, last19=Dalil, first19=Suraya, last20=Ghaffar, first20=Abdul, title=Embedded research to advance primary health care, journal=BMJ Global Health, date=18 December 2020, volume=5, issue=12, pages=e004684, doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004684, pmid=33355263, pmc=7751205 *{{cite journal, last1=Yamey, first1=Gavin, last2=Schäferhoff, first2=Marco, last3=Hatchett, first3=Richard, last4=Pate, first4=Muhammad, last5=Zhao, first5=Feng, last6=McDade, first6=Kaci Kennedy, title=Ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines, journal=The Lancet, year=2020, volume=395, issue=10234, pages=1405–1406, doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30763-7, pmid=32243778, pmc=7271264 *{{cite journal, last1=Kruk, first1=Margaret E., last2=Gage, first2=Anna D, last3=Arsenault, first3=Catherine, last4=Jordan, first4=Keely, last5=Leslie, first5=Hannah H., last6=Roder-DeWan, first6=Sanam, last7=Adeyi, first7=Olusoji, last8=Barker, first8=Pierre, last9=Daelmans, first9=Bernadette, last10=Doubova, first10=Svetlana V., last11=English, first11=Mike, last12=Elorrio, first12=Ezequiel García, last13=Guanais, first13=Frederico, last14=Gureje, first14=Oye, last15=Hirschhorn, first15=Lisa R., last16=Jiang, first16=Lixin, last17=Kelley, first17=Edward, last18=Lemango, first18=Ephrem Tekle, last19=Liljestrand, first19=Jerker, last20=Malata, first20=Address, last21=Marchant, first21=Tanya, last22=Matsoso, first22=Malebona Precious, last23=Meara, first23=John G, last24=Mohanan, first24=Manoj, last25=Ndiaye, first25=Youssoupha, last26=Norheim, first26=Ole F, last27=Reddy, first27=K Srinath, last28=Rowe, first28=Alexander K, last29=Salomon, first29=Joshua A, last30=Thapa, first30=Gagan, last31=Twum-Danso, first31=Nana A Y, last32=Pate, first32=Muhammad, title=High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution, journal=The Lancet. Global Health, year=2018, volume=6, issue=11, pages=e1196–e1252, doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30386-3, pmid=30196093, pmc=7734391 *{{cite journal, last1=Upfill-Brown, first1=Alexander M., last2=Lyons, first2=Hil M., last3=Pate, first3=Muhammad A., last4=Shuaib, first4=Faisal, last5=Baig, first5=Shahzad, last6=Hu, first6=Hao, last7=Eckhoff, first7=Philip A, last8=Chabot-Couture, first8=Guillaume, title=Predictive spatial risk model of poliovirus to aid prioritization and hasten eradication in Nigeria, journal=BMC Medicine, date=4 June 2014, volume=12, pages=92, doi=10.1186/1741-7015-12-92, pmid=24894345, pmc=4066838, doi-access=free *{{cite journal, last1=Tulenko, first1=Kate, last2=Møgedal, first2=Sigrun, last3=Afzal, first3=Muhammad Mahmood, last4=Frymus, first4=Diana, last5=Oshin, first5=Adetokunbo, last6=Pate, first6=Muhammad, last7=Quain, first7=Estelle, last8=Pinel, first8=Arletty, last9=Wynd, first9=Shona, last10=Zodpey, first10=Sanjay, title=Community health workers for universal health-care coverage: from fragmentation to synergy , journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization, date=1 November 2013, volume=91, issue=11, pages=847–852, doi=10.2471/BLT.13.118745, pmid=24347709, pmc=3853952 *{{cite journal, last1=Gupta, first1=Neeru, last2=Maliqi, first2=Blerta, last3=França, first3=Adson, last4=Nyonator, first4=Frank, last5=Pate, first5=Muhammad A., last6=Sanders, first6=David, last7=Belhadj, first7=Hedia, last8=Daelmans, first8=Bernadette, title=Human resources for maternal, newborn and child health: from measurement and planning to performance for improved health outcomes, journal=Human Resources for Health, date=24 June 2011, volume=9, pages=16, doi=10.1186/1478-4491-9-16, pmid=21702913, pmc=3157412, doi-access=free *{{cite journal, last1=Abimbola, first1=Seye, last2=Okoli, first2=Ugo, last3=Olubajo, first3=Olalekan, last4=Abdullahi, first4=Mohammed J., last5=Pate, first5=Muhammad A., title=The Midwives Service Scheme in Nigeria, journal=PLOS Medicine, date=1 May 2012, volume=9, issue=5, pages=e1001211, doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001211, pmid=22563303, pmc=3341343, doi-access=free *{{cite journal, last1=Gupta, first1=Neeru, last2=Maliqi, first2=Blerta, last3=França, first3=Adson, last4=Nyonator, first4=Frank, last5=Pate, first5=Muhammad A., last6=Sanders, first6=David, last7=Belhadj, first7=Hedia, last8=Daelmans, first8=Bernadette, title=Human resources for maternal, newborn and child health: from measurement and planning to performance for improved health outcomes, journal=Human Resources for Health, date=December 2011, volume=9, issue=1, pages=16, id={{Gale, A265232619, doi=10.1186/1478-4491-9-16, pmid=21702913, pmc=3157412, doi-access=free *{{cite book, doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262016735.003.0019, chapter=Group Report: Designing Elimination or Eradication Initiatives that Interface Effectively with Health Systems, title=Disease Eradication in the 21st Century, year=2011, last1=Pate, first1=Muhammad Ali, last2=Gyapong, first2=John O., last3=Dowdle, first3=Walter R., last4=Hopkins, first4=Adrian, last5=Hozumi, first5=Dairiku, last6=Malecela, first6=Mwelecele, last7=Tyson, first7=Stewart, pages=273–286, isbn=978-0-262-01673-5 *{{cite journal, last1=Wassilak, first1=Steven, last2=Pate, first2=Muhammad Ali, last3=Wannemuehler, first3=Kathleen, last4=Jenks, first4=Julie, last5=Burns, first5=Cara, last6=Chenoweth, first6=Paul, last7=Abanida, first7=Emmanuel Ade, last8=Adu, first8=Festus, last9=Baba, first9=Marycelin, author-link9=Marycelin Baba, last10=Gasasira, first10=Alex, last11=Iber, first11=Jane, last12=Mkanda, first12=Pascal, last13=Williams, first13=A. J., last14=Shaw, first14=Jing, last15=Pallansch, first15=Mark, last16=Kew, first16=Olen, title=Outbreak of Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in Nigeria: Emergence and Widespread Circulation in an Underimmunized Population, journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases, date=1 April 2011, volume=203, issue=7, pages=898–909, doi=10.1093/infdis/jiq140, jstor=41151031, pmid=21402542, pmc=3068031 *{{cite journal, last1=Jenkins, first1=Helen E., last2=Aylward, first2=R. Bruce, last3=Gasasira, first3=Alex, last4=Donnelly, first4=Christl A., last5=Mwanza, first5=Michael, last6=Corander, first6=Jukka, last7=Garnier, first7=Sandra, last8=Chauvin, first8=Claire, last9=Abanida, first9=Emmanuel, last10=Pate, first10=Muhammad Ali, last11=Adu, first11=Festus, last12=Baba, first12=Marycelin, last13=Grassly, first13=Nicholas C., title=Implications of a Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in Nigeria, journal=New England Journal of Medicine, date=24 June 2010, volume=362, issue=25, pages=2360–2369, doi=10.1056/nejmoa0910074, pmid=20573924, doi-access=free

Book chapters and technical reports

*Baris, E., Silverman, R., Wang, H., Zhao, F., Pate, M., Walking the Talk: Reimagining Primary Healthcare in the post-COVID-19 era. Published by the World Bank, April 2022. *Liam Donaldson, Thomas Frieden, Susan Goldstein, Muhammad Pate. Every virus. 17th Report of the Independent Monitoring Board (IMB) of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). June 2021. *Liam Donaldson, Thomas Frieden, Susan Goldstein, Muhammad Pate. Every virus. 16th Report of the Independent Monitoring Board (IMB) of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). June 2019. *Liam Donaldson, Thomas Frieden, Susan Goldstein, Muhammad Pate. Every virus. 15th Report of the Independent Monitoring Board (IMB) of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). June 2018. *Liam Donaldson, Thomas Frieden, Susan Goldstein, Muhammad Pate. Every virus. 14th Report of the Independent Monitoring Board (IMB) of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). June 2017. *Emmanuel Jimenez and Muhammad Pate. Reaping a Demographic Dividend in Africa's Largest Country: Nigeria. In: Hans Groth & John F. May, eds. "Africa's Population: In Search of a Demographic Dividend", Dordrecht: Springer Publishers, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-46887-7). *Muhammad Pate. Contributor to "The Art and Science of Delivery": McKinsey's Voices on Society, Published in 2013 in honor of the 10th Anniversary of the Skoll World Forum. *{{cite book, doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262016735.003.0019, chapter=Group Report: Designing Elimination or Eradication Initiatives that Interface Effectively with Health Systems, title=Disease Eradication in the 21st Century, year=2011, last1=Pate, first1=Muhammad Ali, last2=Gyapong, first2=John O., last3=Dowdle, first3=Walter R., last4=Hopkins, first4=Adrian, last5=Hozumi, first5=Dairiku, last6=Malecela, first6=Mwelecele, last7=Tyson, first7=Stewart, pages=273–286, isbn=978-0-262-01673-5 *{{cite book, doi=10.1007/978-3-642-27881-5_13, chapter=Africa's Growing Giant – Population Dynamics in Nigeria, title=Population Dynamics in Muslim Countries, year=2012, last1=Pate, first1=Muhammad Ali, last2=Schoppig, first2=Joel, pages=211–224, isbn=978-3-642-27880-8 *Pate M.A., Beeharry G., Abramson W. Improving health care access for the poor: A case study of the Washington, D.C. public health care reforms. Presented at the 4th Europe and the Americas conference on health sector reforms, February 2002, Malaga, Spain.

References

{{Reflist

External links

*{{Official website, https://muhammadpate.com Lancet Global Health Commission profile: https://www.hqsscommission.org/people/muhammad-a-pate/ {{DEFAULTSORT:Pate, Muhammad Ali 1968 births Living people Federal ministers of Nigeria Nigerian civil servants Nigerian public health doctors Alumni of University College London Alumni of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Duke University alumni 20th-century Nigerian medical doctors 21st-century Nigerian medical doctors Commanders of the Order of the Niger