Ms. Pac-Man

is a maze arcade video game developed by General Computer Corporation (GCC) and published by Midway in 1982. It is a sequel to ''Pac-Man'' (1980) and the first entry in the series to not be made by Namco. Controlling the title character, Pac-Man's wife, the player is tasked with eating all of the pellets in an enclosed maze while avoiding four colored ghosts. Eating the larger "power pellets" lets the player eat the ghosts, which turn blue and flee.

General Computer made the game as a modification kit for the original ''Pac-Man'', titled ''Crazy Otto''. However, due to previous legal action with Atari, Inc., GCC was forced to present the project to Midway, the North American distributor of ''Pac-Man''. Midway purchased the project and enlisted GCC to use the game as a basis for the sequel to ''Pac-Man''. Multiple names were considered for the game, including ''Miss Pac-Man'' and ''Mrs. Pac-Man'', before the final name was chosen for being easier to pronounce. While development had started without Namco's consent, company president, Masaya Nakamura, was brought in and provided feedback on the player character's design. The company ultimately collected the same royalties on each cabinet as they had with ''Pac-Man''.

''Ms. Pac-Man'' was acclaimed by critics for its improvements to the original gameplay and for having a female protagonist; some have described it as superior to ''Pac-Man''. It has been listed among the greatest video games of all time and as one of the most successful American arcade games ever made. The game's success inspired a variety of successful merchandise, several ports for numerous home consoles and handheld systems, a television cartoon that included Pac-Man, and numerous video game sequels and remakes which spawned a ''Ms. Pac-Man'' video game spin-off series. The rights to the game are owned by Namco's successor company, Bandai Namco Entertainment. However, the game and its title character have suffered legal ownership issues between Namco and General Computer Corporation.

Gameplay

The gameplay is very similar to that of ''Pac-Man''. The player earns points by eating pellets and avoiding ghosts (contact with one causes Ms. Pac-Man to lose a life). Eating an energizer (or "power pellet") causes the ghosts to turn blue, allowing them to be eaten for extra points. Bonus fruits can be eaten for increasing point values, twice per round. As the rounds progress, the speed increases, and energizers generally lessen the duration of the ghosts' vulnerability, eventually stopping altogether.

Differences from ''Pac-Man''

* The game has four mazes that appear in different color schemes and alternate after each of the game's intermissions are seen. The pink maze appears in levels one and two; the light blue maze appears in levels three, four, and five; the brown maze appears in levels six to nine; and the dark blue maze appears in levels 10 to 13. After level 13, the maze configurations alternate every fourth level between the third and fourth maze.
* The first, second, and fourth mazes have two sets of warp tunnels, as opposed to only one in the original maze.
* The walls have a solid color rather than an outline, which makes it easier for a novice player to see where the paths around the mazes are.
* The orange ghost is called Sue, rather than Clyde; her color was later changed to purple in '' Pac-Land'' to differentiate her.
* The ghosts' behavioral patterns are different, and include semi-random movement, which prevents the use of patterns to clear each round. Blinky (red) and Pinky (pink) move randomly in the first several seconds of each level, until the first reversal. Inky (cyan) and Sue (orange) still use the same movement patterns from the previous game to their respective corners, again until the first reversal.
* Instead of appearing in the center of the maze, the fruits bounce around the maze, entering and (if not eaten) leaving through the warp tunnels. Once all fruit has been encountered, they appear in random sequence for the rest of the game, starting on the eighth round; a 5000-point banana can be followed by a 100-point pair of cherries, for example.
* When Ms. Pac-Man makes contact with a ghost and dies, she spins around, or as the back of the flier says, "she dramatically swoons and falls" rather than folding in on herself as the original Pac-Man did.
* The three intermissions follow the developing relationship between the original Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man (from when they first meet to having a stork drop off their baby). The latter served as the basis for '' Baby Pac-Man'' and is referenced in '' Jr. Pac-Man''.
* The slowdown applied to the ghosts in the warp tunnels only applies for the first three rounds in this game.
* The sound effects and music are all new.

Development and release

''Ms. Pac-Man'' was originally conceived as an enhancement kit for ''Pac-Man'' called ''Crazy Otto'', created by programmers employed at the General Computer Corporation (GCC). While ''Crazy Otto'' was in development, GCC settled a lawsuit with Atari, Inc. over their '' Missile Command'' conversion kit ''Super Missile Attack''. Part of the settlement terms barred GCC from selling conversion kits without consent from the original game manufacturer.

Rather than scrapping ''Crazy Otto'' entirely, the programmers chose to present the finished game to Midway, Namco's American distributor of ''Pac-Man''. Midway was enthusiastic that such a game had come to their attention, as they were hoping to capitalize on the success of ''Pac-Man'' with a sequel. They bought the rights to ''Crazy Otto'' and worked with GCC and Namco to prepare the game for release. In the final development, the game's name and characters experienced multiple changes. Sprites, text and minor game elements were altered to better reflect the ''Pac-Man'' series.

The game was initially titled ''Super Pac-Man'', containing Pac-Man as the lead character. Inspired by the cutscenes of ''Crazy Otto'', featuring Crazy Otto's female counterpart. The lead character was made female and the game was renamed ''Pac-Woman''. That name was dropped in favor of ''Miss Pac-Man'', but the developers then realized that, given the third intermission showing a stork delivering a baby to Pac-Man and the player's character, confusion could arise about their relationship. In light of this, the name was changed to ''Mrs. Pac-Man'', and then finally to ''Ms. Pac-Man'', which rolled off the tongue more easily. Programmer Steve Golson said: "In the span of just two weeks, it went from ''Crazy Otto'' to ''Super Pac-Man'' to ''Miss Pac-Man''." These later changes (''Miss'', ''Mrs.'', and ''Ms.'') all occurred within 72 hours of actual production.

Shortly before release, Stan Jarocki of Midway stated that ''Ms. Pac-Man'' was conceived in part as a response to the original ''Pac-Man'' being "the first commercial videogame to involve large numbers of women as players," and it was "our way of thanking all those lady arcaders who have played and enjoyed ''Pac-Man''." According to one 1982 estimate, a majority of ''Pac-Man'' players were women. This is corroborated by marketing chief Michael Leone of the Castle Park Entertainment Center, who noted his company "noticed a recent trend in our game pavilions that indicates a tremendous female acceptance of the ''Pac-Man'' game", further noting it "was only natural for Midway...to introduce a Ms. Pac-Man."

GCC co-founder Doug Macrae noted Masaya Nakamura, Namco's president at the time, gave him direct feedback on the Ms. Pac-Man character. In an interview, Macrae said: "We sent out ROMs to Midway, and they sent them over to Japan for the President of Namco, Masaya Nakamura, to look at. He said: 'Love the concept, get rid of the hair.'" He added: "There was a little bit of embarrassment t Namcoof the fact that the sequel was being done somewhere other than in their own laboratories. ...The arrangement that Namco had with Midway was that Namco would still get their royalty on ''Ms. Pac-Man''...and Midway could choose to do whatever they wanted in paying us a royalty in addition to Namco."

Toru Iwatani, the creator of ''Pac-Man'', is not known to have publicly commented on ''Ms. Pac-Man'', despite questions from reporters.

Release and versions

Reporter Patrick Goldstein of the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that the game made its public debut on February 3, 1982 "in typical showbusiness style at a press conference at the Castle Park Entertainment Center in Sherman Oaks." He noted that " e game is expected to appear in many video arcades during the next few weeks."

Atari, Inc. released versions for the Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 7800 and Atari 8-bit computers. There were also versions for the VIC-20, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, IBM PC compatibles, Apple II and TI-99/4A released under the Atarisoft label. Unlike ''Pac-Man'', most home versions of ''Ms. Pac-Man'' include all three intermission screens from the arcade game. The Atari 2600 rendition of ''Pac-Man'' was infamous for its flashing ghosts, while the 2600 port of ''Ms. Pac-Man'' had minimal flicker.

A tabletop version of ''Ms. Pac-Man'' was released in 1983 by Coleco. The unit was shaped like a miniature arcade cabinet, was controlled with a small built-in joystick, and used a multicolor vacuum fluorescent display. It was a runner-up for Stand-Alone Game of the Year at the 1983 Arcade Awards held in January 1984.

Later ports and re-releases

Hardware

''Ms. Pac-Man'' has been re-released into new arcade cabinets since. In 2001, Namco released an arcade board with both ''Ms. Pac-Man'' and ''Galaga'' in honor of the 20th anniversary of both games with the subtitle "20 Year Reunion / Class of 1981". It also has ''Pac-Man'' as a hidden bonus game. The later 25th Anniversary Edition in 2005 allows all three games to be selected on the main menu. As part of Pac-Man's 30th anniversary, ''Ms. Pac-Man'' is one of the games included on the home version of ''Pac-Man's Arcade Party'' arcade machine. ''Pac-Man's Arcade Party'' was succeeded in 2018 by ''Pac-Man's Pixel Bash'', which added 19 games to the existing roster, but ''Ms. Pac-Man'' was only available if the machine was set to Free Play.

In June 2020, Tastemakers' Arcade1Up decided to announce that ''Ms. Pac-Man'' would finally be added to their lineup of 3/4 scale arcade cabinets. The unit will also contain a few other Bandai Namco arcade games, including ''Galaxian'', '' Pac-Mania'' and '' Pac-Man Plus''.

Additionally, a standalone, battery-powered version of the game released by Jakks Pacific can be plugged directly into a television. ''Ms. Pac-Man'' and four other games (''Galaga'', ''Mappy'', ''Xevious'', and ''Pole Position'') are included in a self-contained joystick hand controller.

Software ports

''Ms. Pac-Man'' has also been retroactively ported and adapted to various home and portable systems, which are detailed in the table below:

Regarding legal issues in later years, the character's final official, playable appearance was in a ''Pac-Man'' crossover event for '' Sonic Dash'' in 2018, while her final official appearance whatsoever was as a minor cameo in the background of the ''Pac-Land'' stage in '' Super Smash Bros. Ultimate'', later in the same year.

Ownership

The GCC group agreed on October 29, 1981, to give the rights to ''Ms. Pac-Man'' to Midway in exchange for royalty payments for the game's sale. At the time, Midway held the license from Namco for distribution of ''Pac-Man'' games, advertising, and merchandise in North America. After the game became wildly successful, Midway and GCC undertook a legal battle concerning merchandise royalties before ultimately reaching a settlement in 1983. This settlement stated that GCC members would be paid royalties by Midway for usage of Ms. Pac-Man in commercial contexts.

Namco (now Bandai Namco) made an additional agreement with the GCC stakeholders in 2008. While Bandai Namco does control the Ms. Pac-Man copyright and intellectual property, some royalty rights and obligations are unresolved.

AtGames dispute

In August 2019, AtGames, a company that specializes in microconsoles featuring older arcade games, acquired the royalties owed to GCC. AtGames had initially approached the GCC group members about licensing ''Ms. Pac-Man'' for potential products. Bandai Namco, upon learning that AtGames had been seeking these rights for a possible mini-arcade game, filed a lawsuit against AtGames alleging AtGames misrepresented itself as licensed to make ''Ms. Pac-Man'' products, and created ''Ms. Pac-Man'' mini-cabinets under those claims. It also alleged false advertising, unfair competition, and copyright infringement.

The case was ultimately dismissed with prejudice on October 27, 2020, following a request by Bandai Namco. Presiding Judge Vince Chhabria stated that "all involved parties adresolved the case of their own accord." The details of the settlement were kept confidential, and the current status of the ''Ms. Pac-Man'' royalties is undisclosed.

Beginning with the ''Arcade Archives'' release of '' Pac-Land'' in 2022, the Ms. Pac-Man character has been removed from games which previously featured her. In her place is a new character known as Pac-Mom, who also replaces her in the ''Pac-Man Museum+'' versions of ''Pac-Land'', '' Pac-In-Time'' and '' Pac-Attack'', and in '' Pac-Man World Re-Pac'', a remake of '' Pac-Man World''. The character had also been removed from the ''Arcade Archives'' release of '' Tinkle Pit'' in 2024, which saw Pac-Mom replace Ms. Pac-Man's appearances in the game. Bandai Namco has not given an official reason for the change, but news outlets have assumed that it was done to avoid legal problems with AtGames.

Reception

In the United States, ''Ms. Pac-Man'' topped the monthly ''RePlay'' upright arcade cabinet charts for much of 1982, including most months between April and December. ''Pac-Man'' and ''Ms. Pac-Man'' also topped the US ''RePlay'' cocktail arcade cabinet charts for 23 months, from February 1982 through 1983 up until February 1984. It was listed as the highest-grossing arcade game of 1982 by ''Cash Box'' and the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA), whereas ''RePlay'' magazine listed ''Donkey Kong'' as the year's highest-grossing title. ''Cash Box'' later listed ''Ms. Pac-Man'' as one of the top two highest-grossing arcade games of 1983, along with ''Pole Position''. It was later listed by AMOA as one of the top five highest-grossing arcade video games of 1984.

''Ms. Pac-Man'' sold 125,000 arcade units by 1988, grossed by 1987, and has grossed ( adjusted for inflation) . ''InfoWorld'' stated that Atarisoft's ''Ms. Pac-Man'' for the Commodore 64 was as good as the best-selling Atari 8-bit version. The Genesis version of the game sold more than one million copies in the United States.

The arcade game was awarded a Certificate of Merit as runner-up for Coin-Op Game of the Year at the 1982 Arcade Awards held in January 1983.

Non-arcade versions

In January 1984, the Atari 2600 port of ''Ms. Pac-Man'' won the Videogame of the Year award at the 1983 Arcade Awards, tied with '' Lady Bug''.

''Computer Games'' magazine called the Commodore 64 version a "Spectacular" and "Incredible" conversion, while stating that the Atari 5200 and IBM PC versions suffered from limitations, but were nevertheless "enjoyable" ports. They later gave a "Classic" rating for other home computer versions, calling ''Ms. Pac-Man'' the "greatest" maze game. Reviewing the Super NES version, three of ''Electronic Gaming Monthly''s four reviewers said the gameplay is timeless and universally appealing, and the enhancements appealing. The fourth, Sushi-X, felt the original game was a cheap cash-in on the popularity of ''Pac-Man'', and had not aged well. Doctor Devon of ''GamePro'' liked the original game, but questioned the value of the Super NES port since it has somewhat frustrating controls, and since ''Ms. Pac-Man'' had already appeared on the Super NES in the form of an unlockable in '' Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures''.

In ''STart'', Clayton Walnum praised the Lynx version's new mazes and the added twist of the lightning power-ups, and found the game transferred well to the small screen. Julian Rignall reviewed the Atari Lynx port for ''CVG Magazine'', writing that "it offers a fun and non-violent challenge which will appeal to anyone" giving a final score of 79 out of 100. Les Ellis reviewed the game for ''Raze'' in February 1991, stating that he liked the "neat little between-level scenes" and the "jolly title tune", and giving the game a final score of 79%. Robert A. Jung of ''IGN'' gave the Lynx version a final score of eight out of ten, writing: "A decent adaptation overall, and a good game in its own right."

Reviewing the Game Gear version, ''GamePro'' commented "If you loved the ''Pac-Man'' games, then you loved ''Ms. Pac-Man'', and if you loved ''Ms. Pac-Man'' at the arcades, you'll love her here, too."

Retrospective recognition

In 1996, ''Electronic Gaming Monthly'' reported that the Genesis version of ''Ms. Pac-Man'', which was released in 1991, was still among the top 20 best-selling Genesis games. The same year, '' Next Generation'' ranked the arcade version as number 12 on their "Top 100 Games of All Time", saying that it has aged far better than the original ''Pac-Man'' due to its smarter monster AI, varied mazes, moving fruits and intermissions. They added: "It has the broadest appeal of any game ''Next Generation'' has seen, with the possible exception of ''Tetris''. Women love it. Men Love it. Children love it." In 1997, ''Electronic Gaming Monthly'' listed the Genesis and Super NES versions as number 89 on their "100 Best Games of All Time", stating that the "Two-player simultaneous play and new mazes completely revive this classic." In 1999, '' Next Generation'' listed ''Ms. Pac-Man'' as number 41 on their "Top 50 Games of All Time", commenting: "It sounds easier than it is, and it makes the game one we consistently go back to, week after week."

In 2009, ''Game Informer'' put ''Ms. Pac-Man'' tenth on their list of "The Top 200 Games of All Time", saying that it "trumped he original ''Pac-Man''in nearly every way". This is down one rank from ''Game Informer''s previous best games of all-time list. ''Entertainment Weekly'' called ''Ms. Pac-Man'' one of the top ten games for the Atari 2600 in 2013. In 2016, ''Ms. Pac-Man'' placed fifth on ''Time'''s "The 50 Best Video Games of All Time" list. In 2022, The Strong National Museum of Play inducted ''Ms. Pac-Man'' to its World Video Game Hall of Fame.

Notes

References

External links

*

''Ms. Pac-Man''
at the Arcade History database


for the Atari 2600 at Atari Mania

GCC 2004 reunion audio
Presentation by GCC alumni of their company history, including development of Ms. Pac-Man

Twin Galaxies
leaderboard for Ms. Pac-Man arcade scores

{{Portal bar, Video games, 1980s

1982 video games
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