Molokini is a
crescent
A crescent shape (, ) is a symbol or emblem used to represent the lunar phase (as it appears in the northern hemisphere) in the first quarter (the "sickle moon"), or by extension a symbol representing the Moon itself.
In Hindu iconography, Hind ...
-shaped, partially submerged
volcanic crater
A volcanic crater is an approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. It is typically a bowl-shaped feature containing one or more vents. During volcanic eruptions, molten magma and volcanic gases rise from an ...
which forms a small, uninhabited islet located in ʻAlalākeiki Channel between the islands of
Maui
Maui (; Hawaiian language, Hawaiian: ) is the second largest island in the Hawaiian archipelago, at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km2). It is the List of islands of the United States by area, 17th-largest in the United States. Maui is one of ...
and
Kahoolawe, within
Maui County
Maui County (), officially the County of Maui, is a county in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It consists of the islands of Maui, Lānai, Molokai (except for a portion of Molokai that comprises Kalawao County), Kahoolawe, and Molokini. The latter ...
in
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; ) is an island U.S. state, state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two Non-contiguous United States, non-contiguous U.S. states (along with Alaska), it is the only sta ...
. It is the remains of one of the seven
Pleistocene epoch
The Pleistocene ( ; referred to colloquially as the ''ice age, Ice Age'') is the geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was fin ...
volcanoes that formed the prehistoric
Maui Nui
Maui Nui is a modern Geology, geologists' name given to a prehistoric Hawaii, Hawaiian island and the corresponding modern Biogeography, biogeographic region. Maui Nui is composed of four modern islands: Maui, Molokai, Molokaʻi, Lanai, Lānaʻi, ...
island, during the
Quaternary
The Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of the ...
Period of the
Cenozoic Era
The Cenozoic Era ( ; ) is Earth's current geological Era (geology), era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history. It is characterized by the dominance of mammals, Insect, insects, birds and flowering plant, angiosperms (floweri ...
.
The islet has an area of ,
a diameter of about , is at its highest point,
and is located about west of
Makena State Park and south of
Maalaea Bay. The islet is a Hawaii State Seabird Sanctuary.
Recreation

Molokini is a destination for
scuba diving
Scuba diving is a Diving mode, mode of underwater diving whereby divers use Scuba set, breathing equipment that is completely independent of a surface breathing gas supply, and therefore has a limited but variable endurance. The word ''scub ...
,
snuba, and
snorkeling
Snorkeling (American and British English spelling differences#Doubled in British English, British and Commonwealth English spelling: snorkelling) is the practice of human swimming, swimming face down on or through a body of water while breathing ...
. Its crescent shape protects divers inside it from waves and the channel's powerful currents, though diving also takes place off the 300-foot (91.5-meter) sheer outer wall. Molokini is great for snorkelers and divers, offering water clarity of up to 150 feet. With no sand beach, visitors instead find sand patches, basalt rocks, and boulders covering the bottom of the cove.
In the morning, when winds are calmer, smaller tour boats also take guests to snorkel off the outer wall.
The crater houses a reef with visibility as deep as . Molokini is home to about 250 species of fish, many
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...
(see ''Ecology'' below). The best conditions occur in early morning.
The water depth is in the majority of the allowed dive spots.
Because Molokini attracts many boats, the Hawaii State Division of Boating and Recreation established mooring
buoy
A buoy (; ) is a buoyancy, floating device that can have many purposes. It can be anchored (stationary) or allowed to drift with ocean currents.
History
The ultimate origin of buoys is unknown, but by 1295 a seaman's manual referred to navig ...
s and "Day Use Mooring Rules" for Molokini to protect against damage from dropped anchors.
Mythology
In Hawaiian legend, Molokini (translating to "many ties") was a beautiful woman. She and
Pele, the fire goddess, were in love with the same man. The jealous Pele cut her rival in two and transformed her into stone. This act of vengeance is rumored to be the reason for the crescent-shaped Molokini crater. The woman's head is supposedly
Puu Olai, the
cinder cone
A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep, volcanic cone, conical landform of loose pyroclastic rock, pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic ash, clinkers, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. The pyroclastic fragments are forme ...
by
Makena Beach.
History
Potassium-argon dating indicates that Molokini erupted approximately 230,000 years ago.
Archaeological evidence, primarily in the form of stone sinkers and lures, show that early Hawaiians visited Molokini to fish. They also likely harvested seabirds, eggs and feathers.
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, the
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...
used Molokini for target practice, as its shape is somewhat similar to a battleship.
In 1975 and 1984, the Navy detonated in-place
unexploded munitions found within the crater, resulting in the destruction of large areas of coral. This resulted in a public outcry. A thorough search and manual removal of unexploded munitions to deep water was carried out by volunteer divers as a result. A 2006 survey found no evidence of unexploded munitions on the islet.
As a result of the extensive target practice, the southwest rim of the islet is damaged.
From the 1950s through the 1970s, commercial harvesting of
black coral occurred in Molokini. In 1977 Molokini islet, the crater, and the surrounding of underwater terrain were declared a
Marine Life Conservation District (MLCD).
Ecology

Molokini crater is home to approximately 250 to 260 marine species. Most commonly observed among these are the
black triggerfish,
yellow tang,
Moorish idol,
parrotfish,
raccoon butterflyfish and
bluefin trevally
The bluefin trevally (''Caranx melampygus''), also known as the bluefin jack, bluefin kingfish, bluefinned crevalle, blue ulua, omilu, and spotted trevally, is a species of large, widely distributed ocean, marine fish classified in the jack Famil ...
. Humpback whales can also be found in the Molokini cove during the winter time.
Due to constant exposure to park visitors and the long history as a conservation district, the fish of Molokini are comfortable with the presence of nearby divers. Small
whitetip reef sharks and
moray eels are occasionally seen in the crater, and
red pencil urchins can be seen quite frequently.
The waters of Molokini contain 38 hard coral species and approximately 100 species of algae. Although quite dense on the seafloor, they are not as densely packed as they had historically been due to the constant tourism and activity there. The islet is home to at least two species of nesting seabirds —
Bulwer's petrels and
wedge-tailed shearwater
The wedge-tailed shearwater (''Ardenna pacifica'') is a medium-large shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae. It is one of the shearwater species that is sometimes referred to as a muttonbird, like the sooty shearwater of New Zealand and ...
s. Additionally,
great frigatebird
The great frigatebird (''Fregata minor'') is a large seabird in the frigatebird family (biology), family. There are major nesting populations in the tropical Pacific Ocean, such as Hawaii and the Galápagos Islands; in the Indian Ocean, colonies ...
s have been observed on Molokini islet.
Restrictions on access and activities
Molokini islet is federally owned and is a state seabird sanctuary. Thus, unauthorized landing is prohibited. Permission to land must be obtained both from the U.S. Coast Guard and the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife.
Regulations covering the Molokini Shoal MLCD (see ''History'' above) prohibit fishing, collection or removal of specimens, and fish feeding within its bounds. Additionally, dropping anchor within the MLCD is not permitted due to the potential of damage to the coral reef. Tour boat operators have been allocated fixed mooring points instead.
Snorkeling and scuba diving are by far the most popular activities at the crater. Visibility at Molokini regularly exceeds , and the inside of the crater is generally sheltered from strong winds and waves. The back wall of the island has been named one of the top 100 diving destinations in the world by scubadiving.com. This drift dive offers steep drop-offs to the ocean floor's reef and underwater life.
Moorings
Molokini Crater requires permits for commercial vessels to moor within the crater. A study showed that over 300,000 visitors visited Molokini crater annually. This number of visitors is thought to have affected marine life inside the crater. A proposed bill in 2019, if put into effect, will decrease the number of moorings in the crater from over 20 to 12 total moorings.
[https://www.letsgotomaui.net/da-kine/best-molokini-crater-guide]
Archived
on 26 September 2020 This will limit the number of visitors to the crater and help to preserve marine wildlife.
Gallery
File:Molikini back side.jpg, South (or "back") side of Molokini
File:North Molokini.jpg, East side of crater
File:Aerial-Makena-Molokini-Kahoolawe.jpg, alt=Photo showing large island (Kahoʻolawe) mostly covered by cloud, and the smaller islet of Molokini with the South Maui coast in the foreground, Aerial view of Kahoolawe (in the distance), Molokini, and the Makena side of Maui
Maui (; Hawaiian language, Hawaiian: ) is the second largest island in the Hawaiian archipelago, at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km2). It is the List of islands of the United States by area, 17th-largest in the United States. Maui is one of ...
See also
*
Desert island
An uninhabited island, desert island, or deserted island, is an island, islet or atoll which lacks permanent human population. Uninhabited islands are often depicted in films or stories about shipwrecked people, and are also used as stereotypes ...
*
List of islands
This is a list of the lists of islands in the world grouped by country, by continent, by body of water
A body of water or waterbody is any significant accumulation of water on the surface of Earth or another planet. The term most often refer ...
References
{{authority control
Islands of Hawaii
Geography of Maui County, Hawaii
Volcanic cones
Volcanoes of Maui Nui
Nature reserves in Hawaii
Protected areas of Maui County, Hawaii
Pleistocene volcanoes
Pleistocene Oceania
Cenozoic Hawaii
Protected areas established in 1977
1977 establishments in Hawaii
Underwater diving sites in the United States
Uninhabited islands of Hawaii