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Jewish heresy refers to those beliefs which contradict the traditional doctrines of Rabbinic Judaism, including theological beliefs and opinions about the practice of '' halakha'' (Jewish religious law). Jewish tradition contains a range of statements about heretics, including laws for how to deal with them in a communal context, and statements about the divine punishment they are expected to receive.

Rabbinic definition of heresy

Talmudic era

The Greek term for heresy, αἵρεσις, originally denoted "division," "sect," "religious" or "philosophical party," is applied by Josephus to the three Jewish sects— Sadducees, Pharisees, and Essenes. In the sense of a schism to be deprecated, the word occurs in , , and particularly in ; hence αἱρετικὸς ("heretic") in the sense of "factious" ().

The specific rabbinical term for heresies, or religious divisions due to an unlawful spirit, is ''minim'' (lit. "kinds f belief; the singular ''min'', for "heretic" or "Gnostic," is coined idiomatically, like ''goy'' and ''am ha'aretz''; see Gnosticism). The law "You shall not cut yourselves" (לא תתגדדו) is interpreted by the rabbis: "You shall not form divisions �א תעשו אגודות אגודות but shall form one bond" (after , A. V. "troop"). Besides the term ''min'' (מין) for "heretic," the Talmud uses the words ''ḥitzonim'' (outsiders), '' apikoros'', and ''kofer ba-Torah'', or ''kofer ba-ikkar'' (he who denies the fundamentals of faith); also ''poresh mi-darke tzibbur'' (he who deviates from the customs of the community). It is said that all these groups are consigned to Gehinnom for all eternity and have no possibility of a portion in the world to come.

The Mishnah says the following have no share in the world to come: "He who denies that the Torah is divinely revealed it. "comes from Heaven" and the apiḳoros." Rabbi Akiva says, "also he who reads heretical books" ("sefarim ḥitzonim"). This is explained in the Talmud to mean ''sifrei tzedukim'' ( Sadducean writings); but this is an alteration by the censor of ''sifre ha-Minim'' (books of the Gnostics or heretics). The Biblical verse, "That you seek not after your own heart" is explained as "You shall not turn to heretic views minut"which lead your heart away from God".

The '' Birkat haMinim'' is a malediction on heretics. The belief that the curse was directed at Christians was sometimes cause for persecution of Jews. Modern scholarship has generally evaluated that the ''Birkat haMinim'' probably did originally include Jewish Christians before Christianity became markedly a gentile (and in the eyes of the rabbinic sages, idolatrous) religion.

Medieval era

In summarizing the Talmudic statements concerning heretics in Sanhedrin 90-103, Maimonides says:

However, Abraham ben David, in his critical notes, objects to Maimonides characterizing as heretics all those who attribute corporeality to God, and he insinuates that the Kabbalists are not heretics. In the same sense all biblical critics who, like Abraham ibn Ezra in his notes on , doubt or deny the Mosaic authorship of every portion of the Pentateuch, would protest against the Maimonidean (or Talmudic; see Sanh. 99a) conception of heresy.

Legal status of heretics

The Talmud states that the punishment for some kinds of heretic is to be "lowered into a pit, but not raised out of it", meaning that there are types of people who may legitimately be killed. The Jerusalem Talmud states that there were, at the time of the destruction of the Temple, no less than twenty-four kinds of minim. Maimonides wrote that "It is a mitzvah, however, to eradicate Jewish traitors, ''minnim'', and ''apikorsim'', and to cause them to descend to the pit of destruction, since they cause difficulty to the Jews and sway the people away from God." The heretic was excluded from a portion in the world to come; he was consigned to Gehenna, to eternal punishment, but the Jewish courts of justice never attended to cases of heresy; they were left to the judgment of the community.

The sentiment against the heretic was much stronger than that against the pagan. While the pagan brought his offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem and the priests accepted them, the sacrifices of the heretic were not accepted. The relatives of the heretic did not observe the laws of mourning after his death, but donned festive garments, and ate and drank and rejoiced. Torah scrolls, tefillin, and mezuzot written by a heretic were burned; and an animal slaughtered by a heretic was forbidden food. Books written by heretics did not render the hands impure; they might not be saved from fire on the Sabbath. A heretic's testimony was not admitted in evidence in Jewish courts; and if an Israelite found an object belonging to a heretic, he was forbidden to return it to him.

Rejection of Jewish practice

A Jew who rejected Jewish practice could receive a status similar to one who rejected Jewish belief. The ''mumar le-hachis'' (one who transgresses out of spite for God), as opposed to the ''mumar le'teavon'' (one who transgresses due to his inability to resist the temptation of illicit pleasure), was placed by some of the Rabbis in the same category as the minim. Even if he habitually transgressed one law only (for example, if he defiantly violated one of the dietary laws out of spite for God), he was not allowed to perform any religious function, nor could he testify in a Jewish court because if one denies one divinely ordinated law it is akin to his denial of its godly origin. One who violated the Sabbath publicly or worshiped idols could not participate in the ''eruv chazerot'', nor could he write a bill of divorce.

One who would not permit himself to be circumcised could not perform the ceremony on another. While the court could not compel the ''mumar'' to divorce his wife, even though she demanded it, they would compel him to support her and her children and to pay her an allowance until he agreed to a divorce. At his death, those who are present need not tear their garments as they would by a fellow Jew. The ''mumar'' who repented and desired readmittance into the Jewish community was obliged to take a ritual immersion, the same as the convert. If he claimed to be a good Jew, although he was alleged to have worshiped idols in another town, he was believed when no benefit could have accrued to him from such a course.

Heresy in Orthodox Judaism

The definitions of heresy are sometimes different in certain Orthodox Jewish circles. Some Haredis consider many works of Maimonides to be heretical, due to his more liberal interpretations of the Torah. That being said, many Orthodox Jews also hold Maimonides' Mishneh Torah to a very high regard. A number of Haredi Jews consider the Conservative, Reconstructionist and Reform and Open Orthodoxy movements to be heretical due to the concessions and changes that they have made to traditional Judaism, and even smaller number of Hasidic groups such as Satmar and the Neturei Karta consider the State of Israel to be a heretical institution. Ultimately, the majority of Orthodox Jews consider individual secular Jews and those who drive on the Sabbath, eat non-kosher foods and in other ways violate the ways of their ancestors, as '' tinok shenishbim'' that are not responsible for their actions as opposed to heretics who purposefully and knowingly deny God.

The tinok shenishba in contemporary society

''Tinok shenishba'' (Hebrew: תינוק שנשבה, literally, "captured infant" mong gentiles is a Talmudical term for a Jew who sins inadvertently due to having been raised without an appreciation for the Judaism practiced by their distant (and perhaps not so distant) ancestors. As with most instances of Talmudic terminology, derived from a specific scenario but applied to wider metaphorical analogies, an individual does not literally have to have been "captured" as an infant to fall within the definition of a ''tinok shenishba.'' This approach is widely held across Orthodox Judaism: they are not accountable for their distance from complete Jewish observance. That it applies to the many unaffiliated and unobservant Jews in contemporary society is the basis for the various Orthodox Jewish outreach professionals and organizations; even non-professionals make efforts to draw them closer.

Jews accused of heresy

The present section lists individuals who have been declared heretical, independent of the particular criteria applied in the assessment. The list below is intended to be inclusive, and thus contains both individuals who have been fully excommunicated, as well as those whose works alone have been condemned as heretical. (The list is in chronological order.)

* Korach: considered a heretic by the Talmudic Sages
* Judaism's view of Jesus
* Elisha ben Abuyah: heretical Talmudic Sage
*Anan ben David: His works reject the Oral Torah.
* Maimonides: His works condemned and burned by Solomon of Montpellier and Yonah Gerondi (who later publicly regretted his actions)
* Gersonides: His works condemned by Shem Tov ibn Shem Tov
* Abraham Abulafia: His works condemned by Rabbi Shlomo ben Aderet.
*Shabbethai Zvi: The famous "false messiah" who converted to Islam
* Jacob Frank: A second wave "failed Messiah" who later converted to Christianity
*Baruch Spinoza: Excommunicated in the Netherlands for his pantheistic views
*Moshe Haim Luzzatto: Excommunicated in Italy for teachings regarding the messianic era
* Jonathan Eybeschutz: Charged with the Sabbatean heresy by Jacob Emden for making kabbalistic amulets
* Shneur Zalman of Liadi: Charged with heresy by the Vilna Gaon
*Chassidism: For believing in the powers of the TzaddikWhat is Herem?
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* David Zvi Hoffmann: His work ''Mar Samuel'' judged to contain heresies by Samson Raphael Hirsh
* Mordecai Kaplan: Excommunicated by Union of Orthodox Rabbis following the publication of his Sabbath Prayer Book
*Louis Jacobs: Prevented from becoming British Chief Rabbi and removed from his pulpit due to his published views

See also

* Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah
* Apostasy in Judaism
* Epikoros (Judaism)
* Gilyonim
* Jewish philosophy
* Jewish principles of faith
* Jewish religious movements
* Jewish schisms
* Jewish skeptics
* Kabbalah#Criticism
* K-F-R
* Kafir
* '' Wissenschaft des Judentums''

References

The JE cites the following sources:
*Krauss, ''Begriff und Form der Häresic nach Talmud und Midraschim'', Hamburg, 1896;
*Goldfahn, ''Ueber den Ursprung und die Bedeutung des Ausdruckes'', in Monatsschrift, 1870.

{{Jews and Judaism