Minuscule 1424 (in the
Gregory-Aland numbering of
New Testament
The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, as well as events relating to Christianity in the 1st century, first-century Christianit ...
manuscripts), δ 30 (in the
von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts)
is a Greek
minuscule
Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (more formally ''majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (more formally '' minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing system ...
manuscript
A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has ...
of the New Testament, written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (
palaeography
Palaeography (American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe, UK) or paleography (American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe, US) (ultimately from , , 'old', and , , 'to write') is the study and academic disciplin ...
), it has been dated to the 9th or 10th century.
It is a catena manuscript, with the main New Testament text in the middle and a commentary surrounding it. The commentary was added several centuries later, likely in the 12th century.
Description
The manuscript is a
codex
The codex (: codices ) was the historical ancestor format of the modern book. Technically, the vast majority of modern books use the codex format of a stack of pages bound at one edge, along the side of the text. But the term ''codex'' is now r ...
(precursor to the modern
book
A book is a structured presentation of recorded information, primarily verbal and graphical, through a medium. Originally physical, electronic books and audiobooks are now existent. Physical books are objects that contain printed material, ...
), containing the entire New Testament with only one
gap (this being
Matthew 1:23-2:16) on 337 parchment leaves (sized 28 by 18 cm). The books follow in this order:
Gospel
Gospel originally meant the Christianity, Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the second century Anno domino, AD the term (, from which the English word originated as a calque) came to be used also for the books in which the message w ...
s,
Acts,
Catholic epistles
The catholic epistles (also called the general epistles) are seven epistles of the New Testament. Listed in order of their appearance in the New Testament, the catholic epistles are:
Naming
The use of the word ''catholic'' in the term catholic' ...
,
Revelation of John,
Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest ext ...
. The text is written in one column per page, 29-33 lines per page.
The tables of contents (known as / ''kephalaia'') are placed before each book, with the Eusebian Canon tables, numbers of the chapters (also known as ) in the margin, and their titles (known as / ''titloi'') at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections, with a references to the
Eusebian Canons
Eusebian canons, Eusebian sections or Eusebian apparatus, also known as Ammonian sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into Chapters and verses of the Bible, chapters ...
(an early division of the gospel books into sections), and the
Euthalian Apparatus.
The
Eusebian Canons
Eusebian canons, Eusebian sections or Eusebian apparatus, also known as Ammonian sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into Chapters and verses of the Bible, chapters ...
are present but likely added by a different, probably later, hand.
The manuscript is known as a
catena manuscript, where the main text of the New Testament is written with a commentary from one or more of the
early church fathers
The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity. The historical peri ...
inscribed around or between the main text. The manuscript marginal comments are from the early church father
John Chrysostom
John Chrysostom (; ; – 14 September 407) was an important Church Father who served as archbishop of Constantinople. He is known for his preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and p ...
, however these are only present in the Gospels, Acts and the Epistles, with the book of Revelation lacking any commentary.
Text
The Greek text of the codex is considered a representative of the
Byzantine text-type
In the textual criticism of the New Testament, the Byzantine text-type (also called Traditional Text, Ecclesiastical Text, Constantinopolitan Text, Antiocheian Text, or Syrian Text) is one of the main Textual criticism#New Testament, text types. ...
, though with many non-Byzantine readings. Biblical scholar
Burnett Hillman Streeter remarked some relationship between the codex and the supposed "
Caesarean
Caesarean section, also known as C-section, cesarean, or caesarean delivery, is the surgical procedure by which one or more babies are delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen. It is often performed because vaginal delivery would ...
" witnesses, especially in the
Gospel of Mark
The Gospel of Mark is the second of the four canonical Gospels and one of the three synoptic Gospels, synoptic Gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from baptism of Jesus, his baptism by John the Baptist to his death, the Burial of Jesus, ...
, but conceded it is only a tertiary witness to the type. However these variant readings are considered to be more in line with the
Alexandrian readings than the Caesarean. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names:
Alexandrian,
Western
Western may refer to:
Places
*Western, Nebraska, a village in the US
*Western, New York, a town in the US
*Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
*Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
*Western world, countries that id ...
, and
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman E ...
. The Caesarean text-type however (initially identified by Streeter) has been contested by several text-critics, such as
Kurt and
Barbara Aland. According to biblical scholars
Kurt and
Barbara Aland, in the Gospel of Mark it agrees 88 times against the original text, 23 times supports the original text against the Byzantine, and 63 times it agrees with both. It also has 35 independent or distinctive readings. Kurt Aland placed the text of the codex in
Category III for the Gospel of Mark, and in
Category V for the rest of the books in his New Testament manuscript classification system. Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of
yzantinereadings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified." Category V manuscripts are described as "manuscripts with a purely or predominantly Byzantine text." It is one of only two catena manuscripts which are cited for variants in the gospel text in the Nestle-Aland critical edition of the New Testament (the other being
Codex Zacynthius).
The manuscript belongs to Family 1424 together with
M (021),
7,
27,
71,
115,
160,
179,
185,
267
__NOTOC__
Year 267 ( CCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Paternus and Arcesilaus (or, less frequently, year 1020 ''Ab urbe condita''). The d ...
,
349
__NOTOC__
Year 349 (Roman numerals, CCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Limenius and Catullinus (or, less frequently, year 1102 ''Ab urbe condita''). T ...
,
517,
659,
692,
827, 945, 954, 990, 1010, 1082, 1188, 1194, 1207, 1223, 1391, 1402, 1606, 1675, 2191 and other manuscripts (which comprise
von Soden's I group). The whole
Family 1424 Family 1424 is a group of New Testament manuscripts. It is classified to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual subfamilies of this group, though it has many non-Byzantine readings (Caesarean text-type, Caesarean). Name of the family came fro ...
is currently thought to deserve more textual study than it has received.
According to the
Claremont Profile Method
The Claremont Profile Method is a method for classifying ancient manuscripts of the Bible. It was elaborated by Ernest Cadman Colwell and his students. Professor Frederik Wisse attempted to establish an accurate and rapid procedure for the classi ...
it represents textual cluster 1675 in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20, as a diverging member.
; Textual variants
: Matthew 11:2
:: Ιησου (''of Jesus'') - 1424
D 0233 ℓ241
: John 12:5
:: διακοσιων (''two hundred'') - 1424
ƒ 579 ''pc''
History
Currently it is dated by the
INTF to the 9th or 10th century.
The codex was written by a monk named Sabas. It was formerly held in the monastery Ikosifinissa in
Drama
Drama is the specific Mode (literature), mode of fiction Mimesis, represented in performance: a Play (theatre), play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on Radio drama, radio or television.Elam (1980, 98). Considered as a g ...
.
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to th ...
). The codex was taken after the
Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkans, Balkan states in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg), Greece, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia, Kingdom of Montenegro, M ...
of 1912-1913 from Ikosifinissa to western Europe. It was brought by
Franklin Gruber to
Chicago
Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of Unite ...
.
Biblical scholar
Kirsopp Lake
Kirsopp Lake (7 April 187210 November 1946) was an English New Testament Biblical scholar, scholar, Church history, Church historian, Palaeography#Greek Palaeography, Greek palaeographer, and Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard ...
photographed the codex in 1902.
Until 2016 the codex was located in the
Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, as a part of the
Gruber Collection (Gruber Ms. 152). In 2016, the LSTC decided to return and reinstate it at the monastery from which it originally came.
''Hyde Park seminary to return 9th century New Testament to Greek Orthodox Church''
Chicago Tribune
The ''Chicago Tribune'' is an American daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Founded in 1847, it was formerly self-styled as the "World's Greatest Newspaper", a slogan from which its once integrated WGN (AM), WGN radio and ...
, November 15, 2016
See also
* List of New Testament minuscules (1001-2000)
* Family 1424 Family 1424 is a group of New Testament manuscripts. It is classified to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual subfamilies of this group, though it has many non-Byzantine readings (Caesarean text-type, Caesarean). Name of the family came fro ...
* Textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts (mss) or of printed books. Such texts may rang ...
* Biblical manuscript
A biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. Biblical manuscripts vary in size from tiny scrolls containing individual verses of the Jewish scriptures (see '' Tefillin'') to huge polyglot codices (multi- ...
References
Further reading
* Burnett H. Streeter, "The Four Gospels" (London, 1924), p. 84.
* Kenneth W. Clark, "A Descriptive Catalogue of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in North America". Chicago: ''The University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States. It publishes a wide range ...
'', 1937, pp. 104–106.
External links
Manuscript GA 1424
at the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts.
at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Minuscule 1424
Greek New Testament minuscules
9th-century biblical manuscripts