Minor leagues are professional
sports league
A sports league is a group of individual athletes, sports teams or clubs who form a league to compete against each other and gain points in a specific sport. At its simplest, it may be a local group of amateur athletes who form teams among them ...
s which are not regarded as the premier leagues in those
sports
Sport is a physical activity or game, often competitive and organized, that maintains or improves physical ability and skills. Sport may provide enjoyment to participants and entertainment to spectators. The number of participants in ...
. Minor league teams tend to play in smaller, less elaborate venues, often competing in smaller cities/markets. This term is used in
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...
with regard to several organizations competing in various sports. They generally have lesser fan bases, much smaller revenues and salaries, and are used to develop players for bigger leagues. Minor leagues are also occasionally used as a testing ground for proposed rule changes prior to implementation at the top level.
The minor league concept is a manifestation of the
franchise system used in
North American sports, whereby the group of
major league teams in each sport is fixed for long periods between expansions or other adjustments, which only take place with the consent of the major league owners. In
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...
, and many other parts of the world, association football (soccer), basketball, american football, baseball, handball, hockey, etc. leagues have many divisions below the ''top-flight level'' as part of the
football pyramid. In other parts of the world there is usually either a system of annual
promotion and relegation, meaning that clubs have no fixed status in the hierarchy, or there is only one professional league per country in each sport, rendering the major/minor distinction irrelevant.
American football
While there are various
semi-professional
Semi-professional sports are sports in which athletes are not participating on a full-time basis, but still receive some payment. Semi-professionals are not amateur because they receive regular payment from their team, but generally at a cons ...
football leagues, none have any affiliation with the
National Football League
The National Football League (NFL) is a Professional gridiron football, professional American football league in the United States. Composed of 32 teams, it is divided equally between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National ...
(NFL). The NFL and its teams have had working relationships with several independent leagues in the past, including the
Association of Professional Football Leagues, the
Atlantic Coast Football League, and most recently, the league owned-and-operated
NFL Europe. In modern times, the NFL has developed players not ready for the active roster through each team's
practice squad.
Several NFL owners had purchased teams in the
Arena Football League
The Arena Football League (AFL) was a professional arena football league in the United States. It was founded in 1986, but played its first official games in the 1987 Arena Football League season, 1987 season, making it the third longest-runnin ...
in the mid-2000s, prior to its bankruptcy and restructuring.
Arena football is played under very different conditions, and the AFL had its own minor league,
af2, until 2009. Several other independent
indoor football leagues that play a similar game exist.
Similarly, the
Canadian Football League
The Canadian Football League (CFL; , LCF) is a Professional gridiron football, professional Canadian football league in Canada. It comprises nine teams divided into two divisions, with four teams in the East Division (CFL), East Division and f ...
, though it has developed ties with the NFL in recent years and has moved away from competing with the NFL for talent, plays a visibly different game than the American game, and the two sports favor different types of skills; the CFL arguably holds major league status in its home territory of
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...
.
Several minor or developmental leagues, independent of the NFL, have come and gone. Some, such as the
Alliance of American Football and
Fall Experimental Football League (along with the FXFL's successor, the still extant but non-paying
The Spring League), have explicit minor league and developmental aspirations. Others, such as the
United Football League and both the
2001 and
2020 incarnations of the XFL, have sought to maintain independence and maintain a national profile while acknowledging the lack of funds (particularly from television, which is by far the NFL's largest revenue stream) that would be needed to compete for NFL-caliber talent. The UFL during its existence was recognized and accepted as the second tier of professional football behind the NFL, with several former NFL stars playing in the UFL near the ends of their careers.
Current American football minor leagues
Pro football
''High-level''
*
United Football League (UFL)
''Low-level''
*
Gridiron Developmental Football League (GDFL)
*
Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA)
*
Rivals Professional Football League (RPFL)
Semi-pro
*
American 7s Football League
*
Alberta Football League
*
Empire Football League
*
Florida Football Alliance
*
Maritime Football League
*
New England Football League
*
Northern Football Conference
*
North Louisiana Football Alliance
Indoor American football
Arena football is a variety of gridiron football designed to be played indoors. The game is played on a smaller field than American football, American or Canadian football, Canadian football, designed to fit in the same surface area as a standa ...
''High-level''
*
Indoor Football League
The Indoor Football League (IFL) is a Professional gridiron football, professional indoor American football league in the United States. The league comprises 14 teams, divided equally between the Eastern Conference (EC) and Western Conference ...
*
National Arena League
''Mid-level''
*
American Indoor Football
American Indoor Football (AIF) is a professional Indoor American football, indoor football league, one of the several regional professional indoor football leagues in North America.
The AIFL began as a regional league with six franchises on the ...
*
The Arena League
''Low-level''
*
American Arena League
*
Great Lakes Arena Football
Flag football
*
American Flag Football League
Women's
*
Women's Football Alliance
*
Legends Football League
The Extreme Football League (X League) is a women's Semi-professional sports, semi-professional indoor American football league operating in the United States. The league was originally founded in 2009 as the Lingerie Football League (LFL), and ...
*
United States Women's Football League
Association football (soccer)
Men
Below
Major League Soccer
Major League Soccer (MLS) is a professional Association football, soccer league in North America and the highest level of the United States soccer league system. It comprises 30 teams, with 27 in the United States and 3 in Canada, and is sanc ...
several lower-level leagues operate on both sides of the U.S.–Canada border as part of the
American and
Canadian
Canadians () are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being ''C ...
soccer
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 Football player, players who almost exclusively use their feet to propel a Ball (association football), ball around a rectangular f ...
pyramids. As is standard for
sports in both countries, the formal
promotion and relegation system is not used, although teams have been informally "promoted" from lower leagues up to Major League Soccer. The
United Soccer League operates the
USL League Two (formerly the Premier Development League, or PDL), a semi-professional league that has some age restrictions. The
National Premier Soccer League operates at approximately the same level as USL League Two.
In 2013 Major League Soccer announced a partnership with the USL organization which began formal affiliation between some USL teams and MLS teams. The partnership continued to deepen through the 2010s; by the end of that decade, most MLS teams fielded their reserve teams in the USLC, while a few had their reserve sides in USL1 instead of the USLC. For several years, MLS nominally required all of its teams to either field a reserve team in the USL or officially affiliate with a separately owned USL team, but this was never strictly enforced. No formal relationship existed between NASL and the other leagues; NASL's commissioner had said he believed it would "stay that way for some time".
However, MLS clubs started withdrawing their reserve sides from the USL system in 2020 amid rumors that MLS would relaunch its former
MLS Reserve League in the coming years; these rumors were proved correct by the 2022 establishment of
MLS Next Pro.
MLS Next (stylized in all caps) is a system of youth
soccer
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 Football player, players who almost exclusively use their feet to propel a Ball (association football), ball around a rectangular f ...
leagues that are managed, organized and controlled by
Major League Soccer
Major League Soccer (MLS) is a professional Association football, soccer league in North America and the highest level of the United States soccer league system. It comprises 30 teams, with 27 in the United States and 3 in Canada, and is sanc ...
. It was introduced by the league in 2020.
Semi-professional and amateur leagues sanctioned by the
United States Adult Soccer Association
The United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA) is a national organization for Amateur sports, amateur Association football, soccer in the United States. It consists of 54 state associations in four regions, as well as national, regional, and ...
are
USL League Two,
National Premier Soccer League,
NISA Nation and
United Premier Soccer League.
The system, introduced in mid-2020, was active for the first time during the 2020–21 season. It is a successor to the
U.S. Soccer Development Academy. The system covers the under-13, under-14, under-15, under-16, under-17 and under-19 age groups.
Women
The developmental pathway for players outside the
collegiate system has so far been mostly an ad hoc affair, with semi-professional and amateur leagues including the former
USL W-League. The current
United Women's Soccer,
UWS League 2 and
Women's Premier Soccer League not being sanctioned directly through the
United States Soccer Federation, but through the affiliated
United States Adult Soccer Association
The United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA) is a national organization for Amateur sports, amateur Association football, soccer in the United States. It consists of 54 state associations in four regions, as well as national, regional, and ...
.
The USL organization has announced plans to create a full women's developmental pathway, establishing the semi-professional third-level
USL W League (USLW; not to be confused with its former W-League) in 2022 and planning to launch the
USL Super League (USLS) in 2023. The USL has applied for U.S. Soccer sanctioning of USLS; it has not yet announced its sanctioning plans for USLW.
Indoor soccer
The
Major Arena Soccer League 2 (M2) is a North American indoor soccer league that serves as the developmental league of the
Major Arena Soccer League.
Baseball
Minor league baseball
Minor League Baseball (MiLB) is a professional baseball organization below Major League Baseball (MLB), constituted of teams affiliated with MLB clubs. It was founded on September 5, 1901, in response to the growing dominance of the National Le ...
is almost as old as the professional game itself, and at first consisted of attempts to play baseball in smaller cities and towns independent of the
National League, the first true major league. Soon,
scouts
Scouting or the Scout Movement is a youth social movement, movement which became popularly established in the first decade of the twentieth century. It follows the Scout method of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activi ...
for the National League were traveling to watch minor league teams play and attempting to sign the more talented ones away. Soon
Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball league composed of 30 teams, divided equally between the National League (baseball), National League (NL) and the American League (AL), with 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. MLB i ...
began formal developmental agreements with some minor league teams, while others remained
independent.
Since it was first developed in the 1920s by
St. Louis Cardinals executive
Branch Rickey, the formal developmental affiliations have come to dominate minor league baseball, and the majority of minor leagues are part of the affiliated system. A general decline in minor league attendance occurred following the advent of television; minor league clubs only survived in many markets because their major league affiliations included financial support. The trend began to reverse in the 1990s, as new independent minor leagues began for the first time in decades and have become successful to varying levels.
In 2021, a major reorganization of the minor leagues saw the number of affiliated teams (i.e., those with formal links to MLB teams) reduced from 160 to 120, the Short-Season A level eliminated from the minor leagues, and all leagues above Rookie level in the affiliated system renamed. Also, four independent leagues were officially designated as "MLB Partner Leagues". In 2022, the leagues renamed in 2021 reverted to their traditional names.
*
Minor League Baseball
Minor League Baseball (MiLB) is a professional baseball organization below Major League Baseball (MLB), constituted of teams affiliated with MLB clubs. It was founded on September 5, 1901, in response to the growing dominance of the National Le ...
**
International League
The International League (IL) is a Minor League Baseball league that operates in the United States. Along with the Pacific Coast League, it is one of two leagues playing at the Triple-A (baseball), Triple-A level, which is one grade below Major ...
(Class AAA)
**
Pacific Coast League (Class AAA)
**
Eastern League (Class AA)
**
Southern League (Class AA)
**
Texas League (Class AA)
**
Midwest League (Class A+)
**
Northwest League
The Northwest League is a Minor League Baseball league that operates in the Northwestern United States and Western Canada. A Class A Short Season league for most of its history, the league was promoted to High-A as part of Major League Baseba ...
(Class A+)
**
South Atlantic League (Class A+)
**
California League (Class A)
**
Carolina League (Class A)
**
Florida State League (Class A)
**
Arizona Complex League (rookie)
**
Florida Complex League
The Florida Complex League (FCL) is a rookie-level Minor League Baseball league that operates in Florida, United States. Before 2021, it was known as the Gulf Coast League (GCL). Together with the Arizona Complex League (ACL), it forms the low ...
(rookie)
**
Dominican Summer League (rookie)
* Off-season leagues
**
Arizona Fall League
**
Colombian Professional Baseball League
**
Dominican Winter Baseball League
**
Mexican Pacific League
**
Puerto Rico Baseball League
**
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
*
Independent baseball league
** MLB Partner Leagues:
***
American Association
***
Atlantic League
***
Frontier League
***
Pioneer League
** Other leagues:
***
Empire League
***
Mexican League
***
Pacific Association
***
Pecos League
***
United Shore Professional Baseball League
Basketball
The
National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league in North America composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada). The NBA is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Ca ...
has affiliated minor leagues: the NBA G League (formerly called the "NBA D-League") and NBA Summer League. The now-defunct Continental Basketball Association (CBA) served some of the purposes of a minor league for the NBA for many years. However, there were no direct developmental agreements between CBA and NBA teams the way that there are between Major League Baseball and National Hockey League teams and their minor league affiliates.
Current basketball minor leagues
Affiliated
* NBA G League
* NBA Summer League
Independent
''Pro''
* Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL)
* National Basketball League of Canada (NBL Canada)
* The Basketball League (TBL)
* The Basketball Tournament (TBT)
''Semi-Pro''
* American Basketball Association (2000–present), American Basketball Association (ABA)
* Central Basketball Association (CBA)
* East Coast Basketball League (ECBL)
* Florida Basketball Association (FBA)
* Maximum Basketball League (MBL)
* North American Basketball League (NABL)
* Official Basketball Association (OBA)
* Premier Basketball League (PBL)
* United Basketball League (UBL)
* Universal Basketball Association (UBA)
Ice hockey
The sport with the next most extensive system of minor league teams other than baseball is ice hockey. In North America, between 1988 and 2005, 233 minor league ice hockey teams played in a total of 160 cities in 13 minor professional leagues. The vast majority of these teams played in the United States, with only 21 of these teams based in Canadian cities. 123 of these minor professional teams played in the southern United States.
One reason given for the large number of American-based teams is that minor league franchises will frequently move from city to city, and even between leagues.
In contrast, Canadian cities more commonly host junior ice hockey, major junior teams, which develop teenage prospects prior to their move to the professional leagues.
All National Hockey League teams have a farm team in the American Hockey League and often have a secondary affiliated team in the ECHL. On "the farm", the NHL team will develop young players, occasionally rehabilitate older players who are injured or whose quality of play has slumped. These teams, in turn, have lower-level minor leagues to draw players from and pass players down to. Minor professional ice hockey leagues should not be confused with Junior ice hockey, Junior (amateur players) or Senior ice hockey, Senior (semi-professional to amateur) ice hockey leagues.
The American Hockey League is the most prominent of the minor hockey leagues in North America.
Current ice hockey minor leagues
Affiliated
* American Hockey League (AHL)
* ECHL, East Coast Hockey League (ECHL)
Independent
* Federal Prospects Hockey League (FPHL)
* Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH)
* SPHL (formerly known as the Southern Professional Hockey League)
Junior
* North American Hockey League (NAHL)
* United States Hockey League (USHL)
* Western Hockey League (WHL)
* Ontario Hockey League (OHL)
* Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL)
Senior ice hockey
* Mountain West Hockey League (MWHL)
* Allan Cup Hockey (Ontario Sr. AAA)
* Big 6 Hockey League (Saskatchewan Sr. AAA)
* Allan Cup Hockey West (Alberta Sr. AAA)
North East Senior Hockey League(New Brunswick Sr. AAA)
* North Peace Hockey League (Alberta Sr. AAA)
Former minor leagues
* Atlantic Coast Hockey League (2002–03), Atlantic Coast Hockey League (ACHL), now part of the Southern Professional Hockey League
* Central Hockey League (CHL), merged into the ECHL
* International Hockey League (1945–2001), International Hockey League (IHL), merged into the American Hockey League
* International Hockey League (2007-2010), International Hockey League (2007) (IHL), formerly the ''United Hockey League'' and ''Colonial Hockey League'', merged into the Central Hockey League
* South East Hockey League (SEHL), now part of the Southern Professional Hockey League
* West Coast Hockey League (WCHL), merged into the ECHL
* Western Hockey League (1952–1974) (WHL), merged into the Central Professional Hockey League, Central Hockey League
* Western Professional Hockey League (WPHL), merged into the Central Hockey League
* World Hockey Association 2 (WHA2), now part of the Southern Professional Hockey League
Cricket
Minor League Cricket (MiLC) is a developmental league of Major League Cricket that began play in 2021.
Other sports
Other sports organizations considered to be minor leagues are golf's Korn Ferry Tour and Epson Tour, respectively affiliated with the PGA Tour and LPGA; NASCAR's NASCAR Xfinity Series, Xfinity Series, NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Craftsman Truck Series and Whelen All-American Series (and to a lesser extent Automobile Racing Club of America, ARCA and its ARCA Menards Series since ARCA's buyout by NASCAR in 2018); Monster Jam's Triple Threat Series; Overwatch Contenders; the FIA Formula 2 Championship and FIA Formula 3 Championship for Formula One; and various other affiliated satellite tours of other individual sports, including the Challengers Tour of Professional Tennis.
See also
* List of developmental and minor sports leagues
* Youth system
* List of top level minor league sports teams in the United States by city
*
Minor League Baseball
Minor League Baseball (MiLB) is a professional baseball organization below Major League Baseball (MLB), constituted of teams affiliated with MLB clubs. It was founded on September 5, 1901, in response to the growing dominance of the National Le ...
* Minor League Cricket
*
Association of Professional Football Leagues
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Minor League
Terminology used in multiple sports