Public Sector Undertakings (PSU) in India are government-owned entities in which at least 51% of stake is under the

ownership Ownership is the state or fact of legal possession and control over property, which may be any asset, tangible or intangible. Ownership can involve multiple rights, collectively referred to as '' title'', which may be separated and held by dif ...

of the

Government of India The Government of India (ISO 15919, ISO: Bhārata Sarakāra, legally the Union Government or Union of India or the Central Government) is the national authority of the Republic of India, located in South Asia, consisting of States and union t ...

state governments State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...

. These types of firms can also be a joint venture of multiple PSUs. These entities perform commercial functions on behalf of the government. Depending on the level of government ownership, PSUs are officially classified into two categories: Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs), owned by the central government or other CPSUs; and State Public Sector Undertakings (SPSUs), owned by state governments. CPSU and SPSU is further classified into Strategic Sector and Non-Strategic Sector. Depending on their financial performance and progress, CPSUs are granted the status of Maharatna,

Navaratna ''Navaratna'' () is a Sanskrit compound word meaning "nine gems" or "ratnas". Jewellery created in this style has important cultural significance in many southern, and south-eastern Asian cultures as a symbol of wealth, and status, and is claim ...

, and Miniratna (Category I and II). Following

India's independence The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events in South Asia with the ultimate aim of ending British colonial rule. It lasted until 1947, when the Indian Independence Act 1947 was passed. The first nationalistic movement t ...

in 1947, the limited pre-existing industries were insufficient for sustainable economic growth. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, adopted during the Second Five-Year Plan, laid the framework for PSUs. The government initially prioritized strategic sectors, such as communication, irrigation, chemicals, and

heavy industries Heavy industry is an industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large and heavy equipment and facilities (such as heavy equipment, large machine tools, huge buildings and large-scale infrastructure); o ...

, followed by the

nationalisation Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization contrasts with priv ...

corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...

s. PSUs subsequently expanded into consumer goods production and service areas like contracting, consulting, and transportation. Their goals include increasing exports, reducing imports, fostering infrastructure development, driving economic growth, and generating job opportunities. Each PSU has its own recruitment rules and employment in PSUs is highly sought after in India due to high pay and its

job security Job security is the probability that an individual will keep their job; a job with a high level of security is such that a person with the job would have a small chance of losing it. Many factors threaten job security: globalization, outsourcing ...

, with most preferring candidates with a

GATE A gate or gateway is a point of entry to or from a space enclosed by walls. The word is derived from Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Germanic ''*gatan'', meaning an opening or passageway. Synonyms include yett (which comes from the same root w ...

score. These jobs are very well known for very high pay scale compared to other Government jobs such as UPSC, facilities such as bunglows,

pensions A pension (; ) is a fund into which amounts are paid regularly during an individual's working career, and from which periodic payments are made to support the person's retirement from work. A pension may be either a "defined benefit plan", wher ...

and other subsidized facility and for also very good planned townships settlement life.A PSU non-executives such as workers have a huge payscale difference compared to private sector. In 1951, there were five PSUs under the ownership of the government. By March 2021, the number of such government entities had increased to 365. These government entities represented a total investment of about ₹16,410,000,000,000 as of 31 March 2019. Their total paid-up capital as of 31 March 2019 stood at about ₹200.76 lakh crore. CPSEs have earned a revenue of about ₹24,430,000,000,000 + ₹1,000,000,000,000 during the financial year 2018–19.

History

When India achieved independence in 1947, it was primarily an agrarian entity, with a weak industrial base. There were only eighteen state-owned

Indian Ordnance Factories The Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services) (abbreviated: DOO(C&S)) is an authority under the Department of Defence Production (DDP) of Ministry of Defence (MoD), Government of India. Its primary work is to management, give instructio ...

, previously established to reduce the dependency of the

British Indian Army The Indian Army was the force of British Raj, British India, until Indian Independence Act 1947, national independence in 1947. Formed in 1895 by uniting the three Presidency armies, it was responsible for the defence of both British India and ...

on imported arms. The British Raj had previously elected to leave agricultural production to the

Private sector The private sector is the part of the economy which is owned by private groups, usually as a means of establishment for profit or non profit, rather than being owned by the government. Employment The private sector employs most of the workfo ...

, with tea processing firms, jute mills (such as the

Acland Mill The Acland Mill was the first jute mill established in India. The mill was established in 1855 by British entrepreneur George Acland and Bengali financier Babu Bysumber Sen in Rishra, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day West Bengal, ...

railways Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in tracks, which usually consist of two parallel steel rails. Rail transport is one of the two primary means of land transport, next to roa ...

, electricity utilities, banks, coal mines, and steel mills being just some of the economic entities largely owned by private individuals like the industrialist

Jamsetji Tata Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata (3 March 1839 – 19 May 1904) was an Indian industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Tata Group, India's largest conglomerate. He established the city of Jamshedpur. Born into a Zoroastrian Parsi family in ...

. Other entities were listed on the

Bombay Stock Exchange BSE Limited, also known as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), is an Indian stock exchange based in Mumbai. It is the 6th largest stock exchange in the world by total market capitalization, exceeding $5 trillion in May 2024. Established with t ...

. Critics of private ownership of India's agricultural and industrial entities—most notably Mahatma Gandhi's independence movement—instead advocated for a self-sufficient, largely agrarian, communal village-based existence for India in the first half of the 20th century. Other contemporary criticisms of India's public sector targeted the lack of well-funded schools, public libraries, universities, hospitals and medical and engineering colleges; a lack seen as impeding an Indian replication of Britain's own industrialization in the previous century. Post-Independence, the national consensus turned in favor of rapid industrialisation of the economy, a process seen as the key to economic development, improved living standards and economic sovereignty. Building upon the

Bombay Plan The Bombay Plan is the name commonly given to a World War II-era set of Import substitution industrialization-based proposals for the development of the post-independence economy of India. The plan, published in 1944/1945 by eight leading Indian in ...

, which noted the necessity of government intervention and regulation in the economy, the first Industrial Policy Resolution announced in 1948 laid down in broad strokes such a strategy of industrial development. Later, the Planning Commission was formed by a cabinet resolution in March 1950 and the Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act was enacted in 1951 with the objective of empowering the government to take necessary steps to regulate industry. The first

Prime Minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...

of India,

Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat, and statesman who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was a pr ...

, promoted an economic policy based on

import substitution industrialisation Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a protectionist trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. It is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency ...

and advocated a

mixed economy A mixed economy is an economic system that includes both elements associated with capitalism, such as private businesses, and with socialism, such as nationalized government services. More specifically, a mixed economy may be variously de ...

. He believed that the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. India's second five year plan (1956–60) and the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 emphasized the development of public sector enterprises to meet Nehru's national

industrialisation Industrialisation ( UK) or industrialization ( US) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. This involves an extensive reorganisation of an economy for th ...

policy. His vision was carried forward by V. Krishnamurthy, a figure known as the "Father of Public sector undertakings in India". Indian statistician

Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis OBE, FNA, FASc, FRS (29 June 1893 – 28 June 1972) was an Indian scientist and statistician. He is best remembered for the Mahalanobis distance, a statistical measure, and for being one of the members of the fi ...

was instrumental to its formulation, which was later termed the Feldman–Mahalanobis model.Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance Of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001) In 1969,

Indira Gandhi Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Given name, ''née'' Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and stateswoman who served as the Prime Minister of India, prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 un ...

's government

nationalised Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization contrasts with ...

fourteen of India's largest private banks, and an additional six in 1980. This government-led industrial policy, with corresponding restrictions on private enterprise, was the dominant pattern of Indian economic development until the 1991 Indian economic crisis. After the crisis, the government began divesting its ownership of several PSUs to raise capital and privatize companies facing poor financial performance and low efficiency.

Management and classification

The public sector undertakings are headed by the head of board of directors also known as ''chairperson cum managing director cum chief executive officer'' and a ''vice chairperson cum deputy managing director cum co-chief executive officer'' along with the members of the board of directors also known as ''executive director cum c-level officer'' who are Group 'A' gazetted officers appointed by the

President of India The president of India (ISO 15919, ISO: ) is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, and the commander-in-chief, supreme commander of the Indian Armed ...

in case of central public sector undertakings, its subsidiaries & its divisions and appointed by the Governor of States of India in case of state public sector undertakings, its subsidiaries & its divisions. All of the public sector undertakings have been awarded additional financial autonomy. ''Public Sector Undertakings'' are government establishments that have comparative advantages", giving them greater autonomy to compete in the global market so as to "support

hem A hem in sewing is a garment finishing method, where the edge of a piece of cloth is folded and sewn to prevent unravelling of the fabric and to adjust the length of the piece in garments, such as at the end of the sleeve or the bottom of the ga ...

in their drive to become global giants".Original govt. announcement about the Navratnas 1997
Financial autonomy was initially awarded to nine PSUs as ''Navratna'' status in 1997. Originally, the term ''

'' meant a talisman composed of nine precious gems. Later, this term was adopted in the courts of the Gupta emperor

Vikramaditya Vikramaditya (Sanskrit: विक्रमादित्य IAST: ') was a legendary king as mentioned in ancient Indian literature, featuring in traditional stories including those in ''Baital Pachisi, Vetala Panchavimshati'' and ''Singhasan ...

and Mughal emperor

Akbar Akbar (Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, – ), popularly known as Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expa ...

, as the collective name for nine extraordinary courtiers at their respective courts. In 2010, the central government established the higher ''Maharatna'' category, which raises a public sector unit's investment ceiling from ₹1,000 crore to ₹5,000 crores. The ''Maharatna'' public sector units can now decide on investments of up to 15 per cent of their net worth in a project while the ''Navaratna'' companies could invest up to ₹1,000 crore without explicit government approval. Two categories of ''Miniratnas'' afford less extensive financial autonomy. Guidelines for awarding ''Ratna'' status are as follows: PSUs in India are also categorized based on their special non-financial objectives and are registered under Section 8 of

Companies Act Companies Act (with its variations) is a stock short title used for legislation in Botswana, Hong Kong, India, Kenya, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom in relation to company law. The Bill for an Act with this short title w ...

, 2013 (erstwhile Section 25 of Companies Act, 1956).

Top profit making CPSUs

List of CPSUs

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) can be classified as Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) or State Public Sector Undertakings (SPSUs). CPSUs are administered by the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE),

Ministry of Finance A ministry of finance is a ministry or other government agency in charge of government finance, fiscal policy, and financial regulation. It is headed by a finance minister, an executive or cabinet position . A ministry of finance's portfoli ...

is the nodal department for all the Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs). As of October 2024, there are 14 Maharatnas, 24 Navratnas and 65 Miniratnas (divided into Category 1 and Category 2).

List of Maharatna

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is an Indian central public sector undertaking which is the largest government-owned oil and gas explorer and producer in the country. It accounts for around 70 percent of India's domestic pro ...

(ONGC) #

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is an Indian Public Sector Undertakings in India, central public sector undertaking and the largest government-owned electrical/ industrial technology company. It is owned by the Government of Indi ...

(BHEL) # Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) #

Coal India Limited Coal India Limited (CIL) is an Indian public sector undertaking and the largest government-owned coal producer in the world. Headquartered in Kolkata, it is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Coal, Government of India. It acc ...

(CIL) # Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) # Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) #

Indian Oil Corporation Limited Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL or IOC), trading as IndianOil, is an Indian multinational oil and gas company under the ownership of the Government of India and administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It is a ...

(IOCL) # National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) #

Power Grid Corporation of India Power Grid Corporation of India Limited is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Power, Government of India. It is engaged mainly in transmission of bulk power across different states of India. I ...

(PGCIL) # Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFCL) # Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (REC) #

Steel Authority of India Limited Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is an Indian Public sector undertakings in India, public sector steel manufacturing corporation based in New Delhi. It is the largest Government of India, government-owned steel producer, with an annual pr ...

(SAIL) #

Oil India Limited Oil India Limited (OIL) is a central public sector undertaking engaged in the business of exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas, transportation of crude oil and production of liquid petroleum gas. The central ...

(OIL) #

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is an Indian public sector aerospace and defence company, headquartered in Bengaluru. Established on 23 December 1940, HAL is one of the oldest and largest aerospace and defence manufacturers in the world. H ...

(HAL) (since 12 October 2024)

List of Navratna

Bharat Electronics Limited Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is an Indian Public Sector Undertakings in India, public sector aerospace and Military, defence Electronics, electronics company, headquartered in Bangalore. It primarily manufactures advanced electronic products ...

(BEL) # Container Corporation of India (CONCOR) #

Engineers India Limited Engineers India Limited (EIL) is an Indian public sector industrial technology, engineering consultancy and technology licensing company. It was set up in 1965 with the mandate of providing indigenous technology solutions across hydrocarbon p ...

(EIL) # Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) # National Aluminium Company (NALCO) # NBCC (India) Limited # National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) # NLC India Limited (Neyveli Lignite) # Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL) # Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) # Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL) # ONGC Videsh Limited # Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited (RCF) # Ircon International # RITES Limited # National Fertilizers Limited (NFL) # Housing And Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO) # Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) #

Central Warehousing Corporation Central Warehousing Corporation is a statutory body which was established under ‘The Warehousing Corporations Act, 1962. It is a public warehouse operator established by the Government of India in 1957 to provide logistics support to the agr ...

(CWC) # Mazagon Dockyard Limited # RailTel Corporation of India Limited (RCIL) (since 30 August 2024) # SJVN Limited # NHPC Limited # Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) # Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) # Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC)

List of Miniratna

;Miniratna Category-I #

Airports Authority of India The Airports Authority of India (AAI) is a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Civil Aviation (India), Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India. It is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining, and managing civi ...

(AAI) # ONGC Videsh Limited # Antrix Corporation (ANTRIX) # Balmer Lawrie # Braithwaite & Co. #

Bharat Coking Coal Limited Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) is a subsidiary of Coal India Limited which is inturn under the ownership of Ministry of Coal, Government of India, Its headquarters is located at Dhanbad and Kolkata, India. It was incorporated in January, 197 ...

(BCCL) #

Bharat Dynamics Limited Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) is one of India's manufacturers of ammunitions and missile systems. It was founded in 1970 in Hyderabad, India. BDL has been working in collaboration with the Defence Research and Development Organisation and foreig ...

(BDL) #

Bharat Earth Movers Limited BEML Limited, formerly Bharat Earth Movers Limited, is an Indian public sector undertaking which manufactures a variety of heavy equipment, such as that used for earth moving, railways, transport and mining. It is headquartered in Bangalore. BEM ...

(BEML) #

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (commonly known as BSNL) () is an Indian Public Sector Undertakings in India, central public sector undertaking, under the ownership of Department of Telecommunications, which is part of the Ministry of Communicatio ...

(BSNL) # Bridge and Roof Company (India) #

Central Electronics Limited Central Electronics Limited is a Public sector undertakings in India, Government of India Enterprise under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Ministry of Science & Technology. It was established in 1974, with an object ...

(CEL) # Central Coalfields Limited (CCL) # Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited # Chennai Petroleum Corporation (CPCL) #

Cochin Shipyard Cochin Shipyard Ltd (CSL) is the largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India. Cochin Shipyard is part of a line of maritime-related facilities in the port-city of Kochi, in the States and union territories of India, state of Kerala, ...

(CSL) # Cotton Corporation of India Limited (CCIL) # EdCIL (India) Limited (EdCIL) # Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) # Goa Shipyard (GSL) #

Hindustan Copper Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL) is a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Mines, Government of India. HCL is the only vertically integrated government-owned-copper producer in India engaged in a wide spectru ...

(HCL) # HLL Lifecare # Hindustan Newsprint # Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited # Hindustan Steelworks Construction Ltd. # HSCC India Limited # Indian Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC) #

Indian Rare Earths IREL (India) Limited is an Indian Public Sector Undertaking based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It specializes in mining and refining rare earth metals. It has installed capacity to process about 10,000 MT of rare earth bearing mineral. As regards p ...

(IRE) # India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO) # Kudremukh Iron Ore Company (KIOCL) # Mahanadi Coalfields (MCL) # MOIL Limited (MOIL) #

Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), is a division of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) which is under the ownership of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Government of India. Established in 1988, the refin ...

(MRPL) # Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL) #

Mishra Dhatu Nigam Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (abbreviated as MIDHANI) is a metals and metal alloys manufacturing facility in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It operates as a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the administrative control of the Department of Def ...

# MMTC Ltd. (MMTC) #

MSTC Limited MSTC Limited (formerly known as Metal Scrap Trade Corporation Limited) is a central public sector undertakings under the Ministry of Steel, Government of India. It is involved in diversified e-commerce services. Its corporate office is in Kolk ...

# National Fertilizers (NFL) # National Projects Construction Corporation # National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) # National Seed Corporation (NSC) # Northern Coalfields (NCL) # North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited (NEEPCL) # Numaligarh Refinery # Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited # Projects and Development India Limited (PDIL) # Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers (RCF) # Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India # South Eastern Coalfields (SECL) #

Telecommunications Consultants India Telecommunications Consultants India Limited (TCIL) is a central public sector undertaking. It is under the ownership of the Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications, Government of India. It was set up in 1978 to give co ...

(TCIL) # THDC India Limited #

Western Coalfields Western Coalfields Limited (WCL) is one of the eight Subsidiary Companies of Coal India Limited (CIL) which is under administrative control of the Ministry of Coal. The Company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 has its registered offi ...

(WCL) #

WAPCOS Limited WAPCOS Limited, earlier known as Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) Limited, is an Indian consultancy service provider under the ownership of the Government of India and administrative control of the Ministry of Jal Shakti. The firm p ...

;Miniratna Category-II (11) # Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India # Bharat Pumps & Compressors # Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Limited # # Engineering Projects (India) Limited # FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals (India) Limited # Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited # HMT International Limited # Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited # MECON #

National Film Development Corporation of India The National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) based in Mumbai is the central agency established in 1975, to encourage high quality Indian cinema. It functions in areas of film financing, production and distribution and under the Min ...

(NFDC) # Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Limited

List of Other CPSUs

# Agrinnovate India Ltd. # AFC India Limited # Anushakti Vidhyut Nigam Limited # Aravali Power Company Private Limited (APCPL) Jharli, Jhajjar # Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Limited # Bengal Immunity Limited # Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) # Bharat Broadband Network (BBNL) # Bharat Coal Gasification and Chemicals Ltd (BCGCL) # Bharat Gold Mines Limited # Bharat Wagon and Engineering # Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation # Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran # Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Ltd (BVFCL) # Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited #

BrahMos Aerospace BrahMos Aerospace is an Indo-Russian multinational aerospace and defense corporation, with core manufacturing concentrations in cruise missiles. Headquartered in New Delhi, India, it was founded as a joint venture between the India's Defence R ...

# BHAVINI # Biotech Consortium India Limited # BHEL Electrical Machines Ltd. (EML) # Bhor Sagar Port Limited # BEML Midwest ltd. # Bundelkhand Saur Urja Limited # Convergence Energy Services Limited # CSC e-Governance Services India Limited #

Cement Corporation of India Cement Corporation of India Limited (CCI) is the only cement manufacturing Public Sector Undertaking of Government of India. The company was incorporated as a wholly government-owned corporation on 18 January 1965, with the objective of settin ...

# Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Limited (CIWTC) # Certification Engineers International Limited #

City and Industrial Development Corporation The City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra (CIDCO) is an Indian city planning agency and richest government authority in India which is formed and controlled by the Government of Maharashtra. CIDCO was formed on 17 March 197 ...

# Chenab Valley Power Projects #

Damodar Valley Corporation Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) is a statutory corporation which operates in the Damodar River area of West Bengal and Jharkhand states of India to handle the Damodar Valley Project, the first multipurpose river valley project of independent ...

(DVC) # Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India #

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) is a centre-state joint venture that operates the Delhi Metro and Noida Metro. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail, and high-speed r ...

(DMRC) # Delhi Transco Limited #

Delhi Transport Corporation The Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a public sector passenger road transport corporation that manages bus services in Delhi, India. It was incorporated in November 1971 as a wholly-owned corporation of the Government of India to provide ...

Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) is a specialised division of Reserve Bank of India which is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It was established on 15 July 1978 under the Deposit I ...

Digital India Corporation Digital India Corporation (DIC) is an Indian not-for-profit company established by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India, under Section 8 of Companies Act 2013. The organization is currently respons ...

# Dredging Corporation of India #

Electronics Corporation of India Limited Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL; ) is a Miniratna Category-I public sector enterprise under the Department of Atomic Energy, established on 11 April 1967 by A. S. Rao at Hyderabad, under the Prime Ministership of Smt Indira Ga ...

(ECIL) # Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) # Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India # Fresh & Healthy Enterprises Limited # Fertilizer Corporation of India # Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited #

Food Corporation of India The Food Corporation of India (FCI) is a public sector company. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, formed by the enactment of Food Corporation Act, 1964 by the Parliament of India. Its t ...

(FCI) # Green Gas Limited # Green Valley Renewable Energy Limited # Government e Marketplace # Grid Conductors Ltd # Hemisphere Properties India Limited # Hindustan Antibiotics Limited # Hindustan Insecticides Limited # Hindustan Organic Chemicals Limited (HOCL) # Hindustan Fertilizers Corporation Limited (HFCL) # Hindustan Prefab Limited # Hindustan Shipyard Limited(HSL) # Hindustan Salts Limited # Hindustan Urvarak & Rasayan Limited(HURL) # Hindustan Vegetable Oils Corporation # Hindustan Teleprinters Limited (HTL) # HSCC (India) Limited # Hotel Corporation of India Limited (HCIL) # Jal Power Corporation Ltd. # Jute Corporation of India # Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited # Khadi Natural # Khanij Bidesh India Ltd. # Life Spring Hospitals (P) Ltd. #

Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation (KMRC) is a Government of India enterprise formed in 2008. The agency was formed to oversee the implementing Kolkata Metro Green Line, also known as East–West Metro, connecting the twin cities Kolkata and Ho ...

Konkan Railway Corporation Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) is an Indian public sector undertaking which operates Konkan Railway and also undertakes other railway-related projects. It is wholly-owned by the Government of India under the administrative control of ...

# Konkan LNG # Krishnapatnam Railway Company Limited # Karnataka Vijayanagar Steel Limited, NMDC Steel # Madras Fertilizers #

Mahanagar Gas Mahanagar Gas Limited (MGL) is an Indian natural gas distribution company, incorporated on 8 May 1995. MGL is an enterprise of GAIL, GAIL (India) Limited (Maharatna Company of Government of India) and Government of Maharashtra. Operations Ma ...

# Millennium Telecom Ltd. # Metal & Steel Factory # Meja Urja Nigam Private Limited (MUNPL) #

National Research Development Corporation The National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) was a non-departmental government body established by the British Government to transfer technology from the public sector to the private sector. History The NRDC was established by Attlee's La ...

# National Capital Region Transport Corporation # National Centre for Financial Education #

National Dairy Development Board The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is a statutory body set up by an Act of the Parliament of India and an Institution of National Importance. It is under administrative control of the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairyin ...

# National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) # National Highways Logistics Management Company # National Projects Construction Corporation Ltd (NPCC) #

National Payments Corporation of India National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is an Indian public sector company that operates retail payments and settlement systems in India. The organization is an initiative of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks' Associa ...

(NPCI) # National Land Monetisation Corporation (NLMC) # National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NIC) # National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation Limited # Narmada Hydroelectric Development Corporation # National High Power Test Laboratory(NHTPL) #

National Textile Corporation National Textile Corporation is a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. It owns 23 working textile mills which produce yarn and fabric. The company was incorporated in April 1968. NT ...

# NIIF Infrastructure Finance Limited # Orissa Drugs & Chemicals Ltd (ODCL) # Bharat Refractories Limited, Bokaro #

NewSpace India Limited NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) is a Public Sector Undertakings in India, Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) of the Government of India, under the Department of Space. NSIL is responsible for producing, assembling and integrating the launch vehicle ...

# NEPA Mills Ltd. # NSEIT # NSPCL (NTPC- SAIL Power Company Limited) #

Open Network for Digital Commerce Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) is a public technology initiative launched by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Government of India to foster decentralized open e-commerce model and is led by a privat ...

# Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC Limited) # Industrial Finance Corporation of India Limited # Indian Dairy Machinery Company Ltd. (IDMC) # India Debt Resolution Company Limited (IDRCL) # IHB Limited (a joint venture of IOCL, HPCL & BPCL) # Indian Financial Technology and Allied Services # Indian Highway Management Company Limited (IHMCL) # Indian Vaccine Corporation Limited # Indian Medicine Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd. #

Indian Immunologicals Limited Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) is a subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board. It is based in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. IIL is registered in India as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956 (Ministry of Corporate ...

# India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL) # Indian Port Rail Corporation Limited(IPRCL) # India Ports Global Limited # Indraprastha Gas Limited # Indradhanush Gas Grid Limited (IGGL) # Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services # India SME Asset Reconstruction Company Limited # India Government Mint # Indian Potash Limited # Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd # Inland & Coastal Shipping Ltd. #

Inland Waterways Authority of India Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India. It was constituted under IWAI Act-1985 by the Parliament of India.http://iwai.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=882 See section 3 of the act Its he ...

# Instrumentation Limited # Intelligent Communication Systems India Limited (ICSIL) # Irrigation and Water Resources Finance Corporation Limited # Petronet LNG # Pipavav Railway Corporation Ltd. (PRCL) #

Power System Operation Corporation Grid Controller of India Limited (GRID-INDIA) is a division of the Ministry of Power, Government of India. The new name of Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO) is Grid Controller of India Limited (Grid-India) since 9 November ...

# Praga Tools # Prize Petroleum Company Limited # Protean eGov Technologies Ltd (Formerly NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited) #

PTC India PTC India Limited, formerly Power Trading Corporation of India Limited, is an Indian company that provides power trading solutions, cross border power trading, and consultancy services. Headquartered in New Delhi, the company also has operations ...

(formerly Power Trading Corporation India Limited) # Punjab Logistics Infrastructure Limited # Railway Energy Management Company Limited (REMCL) # Rajasthan Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Limited(RDPL) # Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited #

Ratnagiri Gas and Power Ratnagiri Gas and Power Private Limited (RGPPL) is a Subsidiary of NTPC Limited. The company was established to take over and revive the assets of the defunct Dabhol Power Company. RGPPL owns one of India's largest and only LNG based power plan ...

# Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation (RHPC) # Receivables Exchange of India Ltd (RXIL) # Ropeways and Rapid Transport System Development Corporation # Sagarmala Development Company # SIDCUL CONCOR Infra Company Limited # Semiconductor Complex Limited # Smith Stanisteet Pharmaceuticals Limited # Sethusamudram Corporation Limited # Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India # Sponge Iron India Ltd (SIIL) # STCI Finance Limited # State Farms Corporation of India # Tourism Finance Corporation Of India Ltd. # Tusco Limited. # Talcher Fertilizers Limited. # The Industrial Credit Company Limited # UTI Infrastructure Technology and Services Limited (UTIITSL) # Triveni Structurals Limited # Utkarsha Aluminium Dhatu Nigam Limited # UV Asset Reconstruction Company Limited #

Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVANI) () is an Indian public sector defence company, headquartered in Avadi, Chennai established in 2021 as part of the restructuring and corporatisation of the Ordnance Factory Board into seven different Publi ...

Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited (AWEIL) is an Indian defence public sector undertaking, headquartered in Kanpur, India. AWE primarily manufactures small arms and artillery guns for the Indian Armed Forces, foreign militaries, and d ...

Gliders India Limited Gliders India Limited (GIL) is an Indian state-owned defence company, headquartered at Ordnance Parachute Factory in Kanpur, India established in 2021 as part of the restructuring and corporatisation of the Ordnance Factory Board into seven diff ...

India Optel Limited India Optel Limited is an Indian state-owned defence company, headquartered in Dehradun, India established in 2021 as part of the restructuring and corporatization of the Ordnance Factory Board into seven different Public Sector Undertakings. I ...

Munitions India Limited Munitions India Limited (MIL) is an Indian state-owned defence company, headquartered in Pune, India, established in 2021 as part of the restructuring and corporatisation of the Ordnance Factory Board into seven different Public Sector Undertaki ...

Troop Comforts Limited Troop Comforts Limited (TCL) is an Indian state-owned defence company, headquartered in Kanpur, India established in 2021 as part of the restructuring and corporatisation of the Ordnance Factory Board into seven different Public Sector Undertaki ...

Yantra India Limited Yantra India Limited is a major Indian public sector defence company, headquartered in Nagpur, India. Established in 2021 as part of the government’s restructuring and corporatisation of the Ordnance Factory Board into seven different Public S ...

# Indo-Russia Rifles (IRRPL)

List of CPSUs privatized

Air India Air India is the flag carrier of India with its main hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, and secondary hubs at Kempegowda International Airport in Bengaluru and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport in Mumbai, alo ...

– sold to

Tata Group The Tata Group () is an Indian multinational conglomerate group of companies headquartered in Mumbai. Established in 1868, it is India's largest business conglomerate, with products and services in over 160 countries, and operations in 100 c ...

in 2020 *

Axis Bank Axis Bank Limited, formerly known as UTI Bank (1993–2007), is an Indian Multinational corporation, multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in Mumbai. It is India's third largest private sector bank by assets and fo ...

, split from UTI was privatized in 2007 * Bharat Aluminium Company – sold to

Vedanta Limited Vedanta Limited is an Indian multinational mining company headquartered in Mumbai, with its main operations in iron ore, gold and aluminium mines in Goa, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Odisha. History Sterlite Industries Vedanta (then called Sterlit ...

in 2000, BALCO closed in 2002 * CMC Limited – sold to

Tata Consultancy Services Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) is an Indian Multinational corporation, multinational technology company specializing in information technology services and consulting. Headquartered in Mumbai, it is a part of the Tata Group and operates in 150 ...

in 2001, merged with TCS in 2016 * Lagan Engineering – in 2001 * Hindustan Zinc Limited – sold to

in 2001 * HTL Limited - sold to HFCL in 2001 *

Maruti Udyog Limited Maruti Suzuki India Limited is a publicly listed Indian subsidiary of Japanese automaker Suzuki, Suzuki Motor Corporation. It is the largest automobile manufacturer in India, specialising in Subcompact car, small cars. The company was establish ...

- sold to

Suzuki is a Japanese multinational mobility manufacturer headquartered in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka. It manufactures automobiles, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), outboard motor, outboard marine engines, wheelchairs and a va ...

* Modern Food Industries – sold to

Hindustan Unilever Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is an Indian fast-moving consumer goods company, headquartered in Mumbai. It is a subsidiary of the Anglo-Dutch company Unilever. Its products include foods, beverages, cleaning agents, personal care products a ...

in 2000 * Neelachal Ispat Nigam Limited - sold to Tata Steel Long Products in 2022 * Paradeep Phosphates Limited(PPL) - sold to Adventz Group in 2001 *

Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited Tata Communications Limited (previously known as Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited) is an Indian telecommunications company. It was a government-owned telecommunications service provider before being sold to the Tata Group in 2002 under the Third ...

– sold to

in 2002 * Jessop & Company – sold to Ruia Group in 2003 but bankrupt in 2013 *

ICICI Bank ICICI Bank Limited is an Indian multinational bank and financial services company headquartered in Mumbai with a registered office in Vadodara. It offers a wide range of banking and financial services for corporate and retail customers throu ...

, ICICI Ltd. a government entity, parent company of ICICI Bank was

merged Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are business transactions in which the ownership of a company, business organization, or one of their operating units is transferred to or consolidated with another entity. They may happen through direct absorpt ...

with ICICI Bank leading to its privatization in 2002. * Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited – sold to

Reliance Industries Reliance Industries Limited is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai. Its businesses include energy, petrochemicals, natural gas, retail, entertainment, telecommunications, mass media, and textiles. Reliance is the ...

in 2002 and merged with reliance in 2007. * IDFC in 2005 via IPO cutdown ownership from 100% to 34.91% In October 2024 IDFC merged into IDFC Bank leading to full privatization. * Protean eGov Technologies, formerly known as NSDL e-Gov Infrastructure Limited(a subsidiary of NSDL),

to sell stakes via SUUTI(Specified Undertaking of The Unit Trust of India),

IDBI Bank The IDBI Bank Limited (IDBI Bank or IDBI) is a Scheduled Commercial Bank under the ownership of Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and Government of India. It was established by Government of India as a wholly owned subsidiary of Re ...

Union Bank of India Union Bank of India (UBI) is an Indian public sector bank headquartered in Mumbai. It has 153+ million customers and a total business of Rs.22,92,644 crores as of 31 March 2025. After the merging with Corporation Bank and Andhra Bank, which c ...

and

State Bank of India State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian Multinational corporation, multinational Public sector undertakings in India, public sector bank and financial service body headquartered in Mumbai. It is the largest bank in India with a 23% market shar ...

through IPO in 2023.

List of Central PSUs (Financial Services)

Nationalised banks

Currently there are 12 Nationalised Banks in

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

(Government Shareholding power is denoted in %, ): *

(57.51%) *

Bank of Baroda Bank of Baroda (BOB or BoB) is an Public sector banks in India, Indian government Public sector bank headquartered in Vadodara, Gujarat. It is the third largest Public sector banks in India, public sector bank in India after State Bank of India ...

(63.97%) *

(74.76%) *

Punjab National Bank Punjab National Bank alias PNB is an Public sector banks in India, Indian government bank based in New Delhi. It was founded in May 1894 and is the List of banks in India, second-largest public sector bank in India in terms of its business volum ...

(70.08%) *

Canara Bank Canara Bank is an Indian public sector bank based in Bangalore, India. Established in 1906 at Mangalore by Ammembal Subba Rao Pai. The bank was nationalized in 1969. Canara Bank also has offices in London, Dubai and New York. History Amm ...

(62.93%) * Punjab & Sind Bank (98.25%) *

Indian Bank Indian Bank is an Indian public sector bank, established in 1907 and headquartered in Chennai. It serves over 100 million customers with 40,002 employees, 5,901 branches with 5,268 ATMs and Cash deposit machines. Total business of the bank has ...

(73.84%) * Bank of Maharashtra 86.46%) *

Bank of India Bank of India (BoI) is an Indian public sector bank headquartered in Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai. Founded in 1906, it has been government-owned since nationalisation in 1969. BoI is a founding member of SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter ...

(73.38%) *

Central Bank of India The Central Bank of India (CBI) is an Public sector banks in India, Indian public sector bank based in Mumbai. Despite its name, CBI is not the central bank of India, a role served by the Reserve Bank of India. History The Central Bank of ...

(93.08%) *

Indian Overseas Bank Indian Overseas Bank (IOB) is an Indian public sector bank based in Chennai. During the nationalisation, IOB was one of the 14 major banks taken over by the government of India. On 5 December 2021, IOB got Degidhan Award 2020–21 by Ministry ...

(96.38%) *

UCO Bank UCO Bank, formerly United Commercial Bank, is an Public sector banks in India, Indian public sector bank, and financial services government owned body headquartered in Kolkata. It is a medium sized Public sector banks in India, public sector ban ...

(95.39%)

Regional rural banks

Currently there are 28 Regional Rural Banks in India, as of 1 April 2020: Andhra Pradesh * Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank * Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank *Chaitanya Godavari Gramin Bank *Saptagiri Gramin Bank Arunachal Pradesh *Arunachal Pradesh Rural Bank Assam * Assam Gramin Vikash Bank Bihar * Dakshin Bihar Gramin Bank * Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Chhattisgarh *Chhattisgarh Rajya Gramin Bank Gujarat *Baroda Gujarat Gramin Bank *Saurashtra Gramin Bank Haryana *Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank Himachal Pradesh *Himachal Pradesh Gramin Bank Jammu and Kashmir *J&K Grameen Bank *Ellaquai Dehati Bank Jharkhand * Jharkhand Rajya Gramin Bank Karnataka *Karnataka Gramin Bank * Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank Kerala * Kerala Gramin Bank Madhya Pradesh * Madhyanchal Gramin Bank *Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank Maharashtra * Maharashtra Gramin Bank *Vidharbha Konkan Gramin Bank Manipur *Manipur Rural Bank Meghalaya *Meghalaya Rural Bank Mizoram * Mizoram Rural Bank Nagaland *Nagaland Rural Bank Odisha * Odisha Gramya Bank * Utkal Grameen Bank Puducherry * Puduvai Bharathiar Grama Bank Punjab *Punjab Gramin Bank Rajasthan *Baroda Rajasthan Kshetriya Gramin Bank *Rajasthan Marudhara Gramin Bank Tamil Nadu *Tamil Nadu Grama Bank Telangana *Telangana Grameena Bank Tripura * Tripura Gramin Bank Uttar Pradesh *Baroda Up gramin bank * Gramin Bank of Aryavart * Prathama UP Gramin Bank Uttarakhand * Uttarakhand Gramin Bank West Bengal * Paschim Banga Gramin Bank * Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank * Uttarbanga Kshetriya Gramin Bank

Nationalized insurance companies

Currently there are 7 Nationalized Insurance Companies (Government Shareholding power denoted in %, as of 1 April 2020): *

Life Insurance Corporation of India The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) is an Indian Public Sector Undertakings in India, public sector life insurance company headquartered in Mumbai. It is India's largest insurance company as well as the largest institutional investor ...

(96.50%) *

General Insurance Corporation of India General Insurance Corporation, (abbreviated as GIC), is an Indian Public Sector Undertakings in India, public sector Reinsurance, reinsurance company, headquarters in Mumbai, India. It was incorporated on 22 November 1972 under Companies Act, ...

(85.78%) *

New India Assurance The New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (''NIACL'') is an Indian Public Sector Undertakings in India, public sector insurance company owned by the Government of India and administered by the Ministry of Finance (India), Ministry of Finance. Headquart ...

(85.44%) * National Insurance Company(100%) * The Oriental Insurance Company(100%) * United India Insurance Company(100%) *

Agriculture Insurance Company of India Agriculture Insurance Company of India Limited (AIC) is an Indian public sector undertaking headquartered in New Delhi. It is a government-owned agricultural insurer under ownership of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. History AI ...

(100%)

Nationalized Market exchanges

Currently there are 7 Nationalized Financial Market Exchanges in India: *

Calcutta Stock Exchange Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) was an Indian stock exchange based in Kolkata, India. It is owned by Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It is one of oldest stock exchanges in Asia and third largest bourse in India. It was founded in May ...

*Indian Commodity Exchange *Metropolitan Stock Exchange * Multi Commodity Exchange * National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange *

National Stock Exchange of India National Stock Exchange of India Limited, also known as the National Stock Exchange (NSE), is an Indian stock exchange based in Mumbai. It is the List of stock exchanges, 5th largest stock exchange in the world by total market capitalization, ...

History

Management and classification

Top profit making CPSUs

List of CPSUs

List of Maharatna

List of Navratna

List of Miniratna

List of Other CPSUs

List of CPSUs privatized

List of Central PSUs (Financial Services)

Nationalised banks

Regional rural banks

Nationalized insurance companies

Nationalized Market exchanges

List of State PSUs

Andhra Pradesh

Gujarat

Kerala

Maharashtra

Tamil Nadu

See also

References