''Micropterix calthella'', the marsh marigold moth, is a species of

moth Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not Butterfly, butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is Paraphyly, paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (s ...

belonging to the family Micropterigidae. It is found in damp habitats throughout

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

(except for the far south) and is also distributed eastwards to central

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

. It was first described by

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

in 1761 as '' Phalaena calthella''.

Description

Pupa A pupa (; : pupae) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages th ...

e are brown with dark oculi and paler abdominal segments. Adults are small, with a forewing length of up to and a

wingspan The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the opposite wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of , and a wandering albatross (''Diomedea exulans'') caught in 1965 had a wingsp ...

of . The species is more plainly marked than many other European species of ''Micropterix'', and has dark bronze-coloured (or pale shining bronzy-golden) forewings with a purple sheen in places and distinctive purple bases. The hindwings are rather dark bronzy-grey. The head is deep ferruginous-yellow.

Behaviour

Eggs are laid amongst vegetation on the soil surface. They are translucent white turning grey, prior to hatching. The larvae feed on tender, young growth of herbacaeous plants and pupate in a tough, silken cocoon. Like other members of the family, ''Micropterix calthella'' has functional jaws in its imaginal stage. As adult, it feeds on

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by most types of flowers of seed plants for the purpose of sexual reproduction. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced Gametophyte#Heterospory, microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm ...

grains from a wide variety of plants such as maple ('' Acer'' species), bugle ('' Ajuga'' species), '' Caltha'', ''

Cardamine ''Cardamine'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae, known as bittercresses and toothworts. It contains more than 200 species of annuals and perennials. Species in this genus can be found in diverse habitats w ...

'', sedge (''

Carex ''Carex'' is a vast genus of over 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family (biology), family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges, however those of ge ...

'' species), hawthorn (''

Crataegus ''Crataegus'' (), commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, Voss, E. G. 1985. ''Michigan Flora: A guide to the identification and occurrence of the native and naturalized seed-plants of the state. Part II: Dicots (Saururaceae–Cornacea ...

'' species), mercuries ('' Mercurialis'' species) and buttercup ('' Ranunculus'' species). The adults possess sociable behavior. Micropterix calthella - Lissan House.jpg, Lissan House, Cookstown, Northern Ireland; feeding on pollen of '' Ranunculus repens''. Britishentomologyvolume6Plate751.jpg, Illustration from John Curtis's ''British Entomology'' Volume 6 File:Betts Lane field at Nazeing, Essex, England 01.JPG , Meadow habitat, England

Taxonomy

The moth was first named by Carl Linnaeus in 1761 as ''Phalaena calthella'', from a

specimen Specimen may refer to: Science and technology * Sample (material), a limited quantity of something which is intended to be similar to and represent a larger amount * Biological specimen or biospecimen, an organic specimen held by a biorepository f ...

found in

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

. The generic name ''Phalaena'' is from the

Greek language Greek (, ; , ) is an Indo-European languages, Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic languages, Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), south ...

and has a number of possible meanings. It may mean the rest of the moths; or possibly a devouring monster or whale, which may be derived from the destructive properties of

clothes moth Clothes moth or clothing moth is the common name for several species of moth considered to be pests, whose larvae eat animal fibres (hairs), including clothing and other fabrics. These include: * ''Tineola bisselliella'', the common clothes mot ...

s; or possibly from ''

phallus A phallus (: phalli or phalluses) is a penis (especially when erect), an object that resembles a penis, or a mimetic image of an erect penis. In art history, a figure with an erect penis is described as ''ithyphallic''. Any object that symbo ...

'' an association by the Greeks of lepidoptera and

semen Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is a bodily fluid that contains spermatozoon, spermatozoa which is secreted by the male gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphrodite, hermaphroditic animals. In humans and placen ...

, which was supposed to attract moths; or ''paros'' i.e. a light and the attraction of moths to lights. The specific name ''calthella'', is named after the marsh marigold ('' Caltha palustris''); the moth can be found feeding on its pollen. Later the moth was renamed as ''Micropterix calthella'', with the genus raised by the German

entomologist Entomology (from Ancient Greek ἔντομον (''éntomon''), meaning "insect", and -logy from λόγος (''lógos''), meaning "study") is the branch of zoology that focuses on insects. Those who study entomology are known as entomologists. In ...

Jacob Hübner Jacob Hübner (20 June 1761 – 13 September 1826, in Augsburg) was a German entomologist. He was the author of ''Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge'' (1796–1805), a founding work of entomology. Scientific career Hübner was the author of '' ...

in 1825. It comes from the Greek for mikros – little, and pterux – a wing.

References

External links

''Micropterix calthella'' at Naturhistoriska riksmuseet

Lepiforum

Description

Behaviour

Taxonomy

References

External links

Further reading