Mes Aynak (

Pashto Pashto ( , ; , ) is an eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family, natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. It has official status in Afghanistan and the Pakistani province of Khyb ...

/ Persian: , meaning "little source of copper"), also called Mis Ainak or Mis-e-Ainak, was a major Buddhist settlement southeast of

Kabul Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province. The city is divided for administration into #Districts, 22 municipal districts. A ...

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...

, located in a barren region of Logar Province. The site is also the location of Afghanistan's largest

copper Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orang ...

deposit. The site of Mes Aynak possesses a vast complex of Buddhist monasteries, homes, over 400 Buddha statues,

stupa In Buddhism, a stupa (, ) is a domed hemispherical structure containing several types of sacred relics, including images, statues, metals, and '' śarīra''—the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns. It is used as a place of pilgrimage and m ...

s and market areas. The site contains artifacts from the Bronze Age, and some of the artifacts recovered have dated back over 3000 years. The wealth of Mes Aynak's residents has been well represented in the site's far-reaching size and well-guarded perimeter. Archaeologists are only beginning to find remnants of an older 5,000-year-old

Bronze Age The Bronze Age () was a historical period characterised principally by the use of bronze tools and the development of complex urban societies, as well as the adoption of writing in some areas. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of ...

site beneath the Buddhist level, including an ancient copper smelter. Afghanistan's eagerness to unearth the copper below the site is leading to the site's destruction rather than its preservation. Archaeologists have photographed the site and the relics have been excavated.

Etymology

The word ''Mes Aynak'' () literally means "little source of copper"; ''mis'' () is "copper", while ''aynak'' () is a

diminutive A diminutive is a word obtained by modifying a root word to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment, and sometimes to belittle s ...

form of ''ayn'' (), which means "source".

History

As its name suggests, the presence of copper at Mes Aynak has been known about for some time, while the site's archaeological wealth had been discovered by Russian and Afghan geologists in 1973–1974. Mes Aynak was at the peak of its prosperity between the 5th and 7th centuries AD. Coins of the Alchon Hun rulers Khingila and Mehama were found here, which confirms the Alchon presence in this area around 450-500 CE. A period of slow decline began in the 8th Century, and the settlement was finally abandoned 200 years later.Dalrymple, William (31 May 2013
Mes Aynak: Afghanistan's Buddhist buried treasure faces destruction
guardian.co.uk On 17 May 2020, the

Taliban , leader1_title = Supreme Leader of Afghanistan, Supreme leaders , leader1_name = {{indented plainlist, * Mullah Omar{{Natural Causes{{nbsp(1994–2013) * Akhtar Mansour{{Assassinated (2015–2016) * Hibatullah Akhundzada (2016–present) ...

attacked a security checkpoint near the Mes Aynak mine. Eight security guards were killed and five others were wounded.

Mining lease

In November 2007, a 30-year lease was granted for the copper mine to the China Metallurgical Group (MCC) for US$3 billion, making it the biggest foreign investment and private business venture in Afghanistan's history. Allegations have persisted that the then-minister of mines obstructed the contracting process and accepted a large bribe to eliminate the other companies involved in the bid. The Afghan Mining Ministry estimates that the mine holds some six million tons of copper (5.52 million metric tons). The mine is expected to be worth tens of billions of dollars, and to generate jobs and economic activity for the country, but threatens the site's archaeological remains. The site is accessed via a motorable track from the surfaced road between Kabul and Gardez. The mining lease holders propose to build a

railway Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in railway track, tracks, which usually consist of two parallel steel railway track, rails. Rail transport is one of the two primary means of ...

to serve the copper mine. As of July 2012, MCC has not developed an environmental impact plan, and has remained secretive about feasibility studies, and the plan regarding the opening and closing of the mine, as well as any guarantees contained in the

contract A contract is an agreement that specifies certain legally enforceable rights and obligations pertaining to two or more parties. A contract typically involves consent to transfer of goods, services, money, or promise to transfer any of thos ...

. International experts have warned that the project, and other similar projects in Afghanistan, could be threatened because MCC has not fulfilled promises made to the Afghan government, such as the lack of provision of proper housing for relocated villagers. Other investments that have yet to be fulfilled include a railway, a 400-megawatt power plant and a coal mine.Nissenbaum, Dion (14 June 2012
Afghanistan mining wealth thwarted by delays
The Australian, theaustralian.com A report by Global Witness, an independent advocacy group that focuses on natural resource exploitation, said there was a "major gap" between the government's promises of transparency and its follow-through.

Archaeological work

Archaeologists believe that Mes Aynak is a major historical heritage site. It has been called "one of the most important points along the

Silk Road The Silk Road was a network of Asian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. Spanning over , it played a central role in facilitating economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between the ...

" by French archaeologist, Philippe Marquis. There are thought to be 19 separate archaeological sites in the valley including two small forts, a citadel, four fortified monasteries, several Buddhist stupas and a Zoroastrian fire temple, as well as ancient copper workings, smelting workshops, a mint, and miners habitations. In addition to the Buddhist monasteries and other structures from the Buddhist era that have already been identified, Mes Aynak also holds the remains of prior civilizations likely going as far back as the 3rd century BC. Historians are particularly excited by the prospect of learning more about the early science of metallurgy and mining by exploring this site. It is known to contain coins, glass, and the tools for making these, going back thousands of years. All of this historical material is in imminent danger of destruction by the mining endeavor. In response to negative reports in the press comparing the Chinese mining company to those who destroyed the Buddhas of Bamiyan, a plan for minimal

archaeological excavation In archaeology, excavation is the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains. An excavation site or "dig" is the area being studied. These locations range from one to several areas at a time during a project and can be condu ...

was put in place. This plan still foresees the destruction of the site and everything still buried beneath it, but it does allow for the removal of whatever artifacts can be carried away by a small archaeological team led by DAFA, the French archaeological mission to Afghanistan.

Rescue excavations

Between May 2010 and July 2011 archaeologists excavated approximately 400 items; more than what the National Museum of Afghanistan housed before the war. The site covers roughly , encompassing several separate monasteries and a commercial area. It appears that Buddhists who began settling the area almost two millennia ago were drawn by the availability of copper. More recently, a stone statue, or stele, found in 2010 has been identified as a depiction of Prince Siddhartha before he founded Buddhism and has been taken to support the idea that there was an ancient monastic

cult Cults are social groups which have unusual, and often extreme, religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs and rituals. Extreme devotion to a particular person, object, or goal is another characteristic often ascribed to cults. The term ...

dedicated to Siddhartha's pre-enlightenment life. In June 2012, a conference of experts in the fields of geology, mining engineering, archaeology, history and economic development met at SAIS in Washington, D.C., to assess the situation in Mes Aynak. The provisional findings were tentatively encouraging: because of the length of time before mining can actually start at the site (approximately five years), it is indeed possible for collaboration between archaeologists and mining engineers to work to save Mes Aynak's cultural treasures. The site could either become a positive model for mineral extraction working to preserve cultural heritage or become an irreparable failure. However, a number of measures, that are not currently in place, must be met first. The site is still scheduled for destruction in January 2013.Experts Show How to Preserve Ancient Mes Aynak Ruins While Safely Mining Copper Near Kabul, Afghanistan
ARCH International, archinternational.org Excavators at Mes Aynak have been denounced as "promoting Buddhism" and threatened by the Taliban and many of the Afghan excavators who are working for purely financial reasons don't feel any connection to the Buddhist artifacts.

Recent developments

The U.S. Embassy in Kabul has provided a million dollars of U.S. military funding to help save the Buddhist ruins. As of June 2013 there is an international team of 67 archaeologists on site, including French, English, Afghans and Tajiks. There are also approximately 550 local labourers, which is set to increase to 650 in the summer. When this occurs Mes Aynak will become "the largest rescue dig anywhere in the world". All these personnel are protected by 200 armed guards. The team are using ground-penetrating radar, georectified photography and aerial 3D images to produce a comprehensive digital map of the ruins. The rescue work was continuing as of June 2014, in spite of difficulties. There were only 10 international experts working at the site, and fewer than 20 Afghan archaeologists from Kabul's Institute of Archaeology. A team of seven Tajik archaeologists was also helping. Marek Lemiesz, a senior archaeologist at the site, said that more help was needed. Security was also a concern. There were also indications that mining plans were being delayed because of the declining copper prices. On 24 July 2024, the start of the mes aynak mine project was inaugurated with the start of the road to the mine.

Site overview-archaeological excavation gallery

File:Mes Aynak temple.JPG, Mes Aynak Stupa File:Mes Aynak temple overview.JPG, Mes Aynak monastery overview File:Mes Aynak temple overview 2.JPG, Mes Aynak monastery overview File:Mes Aynak temple structure.JPG, Mes Aynak monastery structure File:Mes Aynak north overview.JPG, Mes Aynak north overview File:Mes Aynak structure 2.JPG, Mes Aynak monastery structure File:Mes Aynak overview.JPG, Mes Aynak overview File:Mes Aynak hill top excavation.JPG, Mes Aynak hill top excavation File:Mes Aynak hill top excavation 2.JPG, Mes Aynak hill top excavation 2 File:Mes Aynak overview East hill.JPG, Mes Aynak overview East hill File:Mes Aynak hill top excavation workers.JPG, Mes Aynak hill top excavation workers File:Mes Aynak overview East 2.JPG, Mes Aynak overview East 2

Artifacts

File:Drachm, Vahram IV, Silver, Mes Aynak, 388–399 CE.164975.jpg, Drachm, Vahram IV, Silver, Mes Aynak, 388–399 CE. File:Home altar, unfired clay, gypsum and wood, Mes Aynak, 4th-6th century CE, 165036.jpg , Home altar, unfired clay, gypsum and wood, Mes Aynak, 4th-6th century CE File:Head of a donator, polychromed stucco, Mes Aynak, 3rd-6th century CE, 165092.jpg, Head of a donator, polychromed stucco, Mes Aynak, 3rd-6th century CE File:King and his warriors, relief, Mes Aynak, 3rd-6th century CE, 164995.jpg, King and his warriors, relief, Mes Aynak, 3rd-6th century CE File:Statue of bodhisattva Śäkyamuni, Schist. Mes Aynak, 3rd-5th century CE, 165046.jpg, Statue of bodhisattva Śäkyamuni, Schist. Mes Aynak, 3rd-5th century CE

Paintings

File:Mes Aynak Buddha painting.jpg, Mes Aynak Buddha painting File:Photography of wall painting.JPG, Photography of wall painting

Documentary

A documentary titled '' Saving Mes Aynak'', directed by Brent E. Huffman, tells the story of the archaeological site, as well as the dangerous environment the mine has created for archaeologists, Chinese workers, and local Afghans. The film follows several main characters, including Philippe Marquis, a French archaeologist leading emergency conservation efforts; Abdul Qadeer Temore, an Afghan archaeologist at the Afghan National Institute of Archaeology; Liu Wenming, a manager for the China Metallurgical Group Corporation; and Laura Tedesco, an American archaeologist working for the U.S. State Department. In July 2014 it was announced that ''Saving Mes Aynak'' will be completed by the end of 2014, and is being made with Kartemquin Films. The documentary ''Saving Mes Aynak'' premiered at the 2014 IDFA film festival in Amsterdam and in the US at the 2015 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival. In April 2015, Brent E. Huffman announced a plan to raise awareness of Mes Aynak through a #SaveMesAynak Global Screening Day and a fundraising campaign. In June 2015, the film was offered for free streaming within Afghanistan.

References

External links

A restored Buddha from Mes AynakMes Aynak
on Global Heritage Network
''Ancient Buddhas, Modern Peril''Saving Mes Aynak
website

on Al Jazeera
"Rescuing Mes Aynak". Hannah Bloch, photographs by Simon Norfolk. National Geographic
{{Authority control Central Asian Buddhist sites Archaeological sites in Afghanistan Buddhism in Afghanistan Buddhist art Former populated places in Afghanistan