Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form of the dart poison curare, is derived from the South American liana '' Chondrodendron tomentosum''. Several other South American genera belonging to the family have been used to prepare the 'pot' and 'calabash' forms of curare. The family contains 68

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

with some 440 species, which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.

Description

* Twining woody climbing plants, winding anti-clockwise ('' Stephania'' winds clockwise) or vines, rarely upright

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

s or small trees, more rarely still herbaceous plants or

epiphyte An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...

s (''Stephania cyanantha''), perennial or deciduous, with simple to uni-serrate hairs. * Alternate spiral

leaves A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

, simple, whole, dentate, lobed to palmatifid (bi- o trifoliate in '' Burasaia''), frequently peltate, petiolated, petiole frequently pulvinate at both extremes, without stipules, sometimes with spines derived from the petioles ('' Antizoma''), venation, parallelodromous, penninerved or frequently palmatinerved, bifacial, rarely isofacial, in '' Angelisia'' and '' Anamirta'' with hydathodes derived from trichomes, domatia present in 5 genera as pits or hair tufts. Various types of

stoma In botany, a stoma (from Greek ''στόμα'', "mouth", plural "stomata"), also called a stomate (plural "stomates"), is a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange. The pore is bor ...

ta, frequently cyclocytic. * Rapidly growing

stem Stem or STEM may refer to: Plant structures * Plant stem, a plant's aboveground axis, made of vascular tissue, off which leaves and flowers hang * Stipe (botany), a stalk to support some other structure * Stipe (mycology), the stem of a mushro ...

s with trilacunar nodes. Phylloclades are present in ''Cocculus balfourii''. *

Dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...

plants, sometimes perfect flowers in ''Tiliacora acuminata'' and ''Parabaena denudata''. * Inflorescences in racemiform,

paniculate A panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a panicle ar ...

or thyrse with partial inflorescences in a capituliform cyme or pseudo-umbel, multifloral, rarely single or paired flowers, axillary or on sharp branches or cauliflorous trunks, females frequently less branched. * Flowers small, regular to zygomorphic ('' Antizoma'', ''

Cyclea ''Cyclea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Menispermaceae. Accepted species * '' Cyclea atjehensis'' * ''Cyclea barbata ''Cyclea barbata'' is a species of flowering plants that was commonly used as a medicinal plant in Java. It ...

'', ''

Cissampelos ''Cissampelos'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Menispermaceae. Various species of this genus have a history of use in various traditions of herbal medicine. Moreover, many of these plants were used as curare applied as arrow poison ...

''), cyclic to irregularly spiral, hypogynous, basically trimers.

Receptacle Receptacle may refer to: Biology * Receptacle (botany), a plant anatomical part * Seminal receptacle, a sperm storage site in some insects Electrical engineering * Automobile auxiliary power outlet, formerly known as ''cigarette lighter recep ...

sometimes with developed gynophore. Sepals (1-)3-12 or more, usually in (1-)2(-many) whorls of 3, rarely 6, free to slightly fused, imbricate or valvate, sometimes less numerous in female flowers.

Petal Petals are modified Leaf, leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often advertising coloration, brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''c ...

s 0–6, in 2 whorls of 3, rarely of 6, free or fused, frequently holding the opposite stamen, sometimes less numerous in female flowers. Androecium of (1-)3-6(-40)

stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...

s free of the perianth, free or fused together in 2–5, fasciculate or monadelphous, introrse, dehiscence along longitudinal, oblique or transversal slits. Female flowers sometimes with staminodes. Gynoecium apocarpous, superior, of (1-)3-6(-32) carpels, usually oppositipetalous, stigma apical, dry, papillous, ovules 2 per carpel, anatropous, hemianatropous to campilotropous, uni- or bitegmic, crassinucellate, the superior epitropous and fertile, the inferior apotropous and abortive, placentation marginal ventral. Male flowers sometimes with carpelodes. * Fruit compound, each unit in a straight or flattened, asymmetric

drupe In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is an indehiscent fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the ''pit'', ''stone'', or '' pyrena'') of hardened endocarp with a seed (''kernel'') ...

, more or less stipitate (rarely only one developed), not coalescing, exocarp sub-coriaceous or membranous, mesocarp pulpy, fleshy or fibrous, endocarp woody to petrous, rough, tuberous, echinate or ribbed, often with a recess in the placenta called a condyle. * Seeds slightly curved or spiral (''

Limaciopsis ''Limaciopsis'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Western Central Tropical Africa to Angola. Species: * ''Limaciopsis loangensis'' Engl. References Menispermaceae Menispermaceae ...

'', ''

Spirospermum ''Spirospermum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid ...

''), with

endosperm The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following double fertilization. It is triploid (meaning three chromosome sets per nucleus) in most species, which may be auxin-driven. It surrounds the embryo and ...

absent or present, totally or only ventrally ruminate or not ruminate, oleaginous,

embryo An embryo is an initial stage of development of a multicellular organism. In organisms that reproduce sexually, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male spe ...

straight or curved, with two cotyledons flat or cylindrical, leafy or fleshy, divaricate or applied. *

Pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...

tricolpate, without operculum nor

rib In vertebrate anatomy, ribs ( la, costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton. In most tetrapods, ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the ches ...

s, tectum perreticulate columellate, endexine granular; or the pollen can be colporate ('' Abuta''), syncolporate ('' Tinospora''), pororate or hexa-cryptoporate (with 6 apertures). * Chromosomal number: ''x'' = 11, 13, 19, 25. ''2n'' can be up to 52.

Ecology

It is thought that the cauliflorous species are pollinated by small

bee Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyly, monophyletic lineage within the ...

s, beetles or flies although there are no direct observations of this. Birds disperse the purple or black drupes, for example '' Sayornis phoebe'' (a tyrant flycatcher) eats the fruit of '' Cocculus''. In ''Tinospora cordifolia'' a lapse of 6–8 weeks has been observed between fertilization and the first zygotic cell division. The menispermaceae predominantly inhabit low altitude tropical forests (up to 2,100m), where they are climbers, but some genera and species have adapted to arid locations ('' Antizoma'' species have adapted to the South African deserts or ''

Cocculus balfouri ''Cocculus'' is a genus of 11 species of woody vines and shrubs, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of North America, Asia and Africa. The common name moonseed is also used for the closely related genus ''Menispermum''. Selected ...

'' and its phylloclades have adapted to the climate on the island of Socotra) and other temperate climates. C3 photosynthesis has been recorded in '' Menispermum''.

Phytochemistry

The family contains a wide range of

benzylisoquinoline Substitution of the heterocycle isoquinoline at the C1 position by a benzyl group provides 1‑benzylisoquinoline, the most widely examined of the numerous benzylisoquinoline structural isomers. The 1-benzylisoquinoline moiety can be identified wi ...

compounds ( alkaloids) and lignans such as furofuran, flavones and flavonols and some proanthocyanidins. The most notable are the wide variety of alkaloids derived from benzyl tetrahydroisoquinoline and aporphine, which accumulate as dimers, as well as the alkaloids derived from morphinan and from

hasubanan Hasubanan is an alkaloid with the chemical formula of C16H21N. It forms the central core of a class of alkaloids known collectively as hasubanans. The compound is derived from reticuline, as is morphinan, but is comparatively more oxidized an ...

and other diverse types of alkaloid such as derivative of aza-fluoranthene. Sesquiterpenes such as picrotoxin and diterpenes such as

clerodane diterpene Clerodane diterpenes, sometimes referred to as clerodane diterpenoids, are a large group of secondary metabolites that have been isolated from several hundreds of different plant species, as well as fungi, bacteria and marine sponges. They are bicy ...

are also present, while the triterpenes are scarce and where present are similar to oleanane. Ecdysone steroids have also been found. Some species are cyanogenic.

Uses

The Menispermaceae have been used in traditional pharmacopeia and drugs have been formulated from these plants that are of great use in modern medicine. These drugs are based on alkaloids and include tubocurarine from curare, a poison used by indigenous South American tribes on their poison darts, that is obtained from species of Curarea,

Chondrodendron ''Chondrodendron'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Central & Southern Tropical America. Species: *'' Chondrodendron microphyllum'' *'' Chondrodendron platyphyllum'' *''Chondrodendron ...

Sciadotenia ''Sciadotenia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Panama to Southern Tropical Africa. Species: *''Sciadotenia acutifolia'' *''Sciadotenia amazonica'' *'' Sciadotenia brachypoda'' *'' ...

and

Telitoxicum ''Telitoxicum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, North Region, Brazil, Northeast Region, Brazil, Peru, Southeast Region, Brazil, Suriname, and ...

. A similar poison was used in Asia ( ipos) that was obtained from species of Anamirta, Tinospora, Coscinium and Cocculus. Tubocurarine and its synthetic derivatives are used to relax muscles during surgical interventions. The roots of "kalumba" or "colombo" ('' Jateorhiza palmata'') are used in Africa for stomach problems and against dysentery. Species of '' Tinospora'' are used in Asia as antipyretics, the fruit of '' Anamirta cocculus'' is used to poison fish and birds and the stems of ''

Fibraurea ''Fibraurea'' is a plant genus in the family Menispermaceae. Species The Catalogue of Life lists the following: *'' Fibraurea darshanii'' Udayan & K.Ravik.: India ( Karnataka, Kerala) *'' Fibraurea recisa'' Pierre: southern China, Indo-Chi ...

'' are used to dye fabric yellow. The South East Asian species ''

Coscinium fenestratum ''Coscinium fenestratum'', or yellow vine as it is sometimes referred to in English, is a flowering woody climber, native to South Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia. It is rare and critically endangered in many of its habitats. ''Coscinium fene ...

'', a local Thai remedy for stomach ailments ( which contains berberine and related alkaloids ) was recently implicated in mass harvesting operations to prepare extracts usable as precursors in the manufacture of the drug MDMA.

Fossil record

The Middle Cretaceous genus '' Callicrypta'' from Siberia has been placed into Menispermaceae. The Paleocene fossil record for the family includes at least 11 genera identified from compression leaf fossils found in Alaska and 15 genera and approximately 22 different Menispermaceae species identified from the

Early Eocene In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between , is preceded by the Thanetian Age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by the Eocene Lutetian Age. The Ypresian i ...

London Clay. The London Clay genera '' Eohypserpa'' and '' Tinomiscoidea'' named by Reid &

Chandler Chandler or The Chandler may refer to: * Chandler (occupation), originally head of the medieval household office responsible for candles, now a person who makes or sells candles * Ship chandler, a dealer in supplies or equipment for ships Arts ...

(1933) from mineralized nuts and an additional three genera '' Atriaecarpum'', '' Davisicarpum'', and '' Palaeosinomenium'' were later described by Chandler (1961, 1978). Additional species from those genera were identified in the Clarno nut beds by Scott and Manchester respectively. Menispermaceae is one of the most diverse families found in the Middle Eocene Clarno nut beds of central Oregon. Species belonging to thirteen different genera, most extinct, have been described based on cast or permineralized fruit and nut fossils from the beds, and four different foliage types are known from associated compression fossils. '' Chandlera'' and '' Odontocaryoideae'' were described by Scott (1954), while Manchester (1994) described '' Curvitinospora'' and '' Thanikaimonia''.

Phylogeny and internal classification

The APG IV system (2016; unchanged from the prior systems of

1998 1998 was designated as the ''International Year of the Ocean''. Events January * January 6 – The '' Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon, and later finds evidence for frozen water, in soil in permanently ...

2003 File:2003 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; A des ...

, and

2009 File:2009 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The vertical stabilizer of Air France Flight 447 is pulled out from the Atlantic Ocean; Barack Obama becomes the first African American to become President of the United States; 2009 Iran ...

) recognizes this family and places it with the eudicots order Ranunculales. Their trimerous flower structure is similar to the Lardizabalaceae and Berberidaceae, although they differ from them in other important characteristics. The APW (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) considers that they form part of the Order Ranunculales, and that they are a sister group on the branch formed by the Lardizabalaceae and Berberidaceae families in a reasonably advanced clade of the order. Kinship with the Berberidaceae is further borne out by similarities in phytochemistry e.g. in the presence of berberine and related alkaloids. It is a medium-sized family of 70

totaling 420 extant species, mostly of climbing plants. The great majority of the genera are tropical, but with a few (notably '' Menispermum'' and '' Cocculus'') reaching temperate climates in eastern

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

and eastern Asia. The genetic factors within Menispermaceae are very narrow resulting in many genera with one or a few species. According to Kessler (1993) There wasn't sufficient data from genetic studies to evaluate subfamily and tribal division into five tribes (see Kessler, 1993, in the References section). As such division was fundamentally based on morphologic characteristics of the seeds with doubts as to whether the tribes are monophyletic. Further molecular research compiled and conducted by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has clarified many of the interrelationships of the family. Chasmantheroideae Burasaieae *''

Aspidocarya ''Aspidocarya'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Eastern Himalaya to Southern Central China. Species: *'' Aspidocarya uvifera'' References Menispermaceae Menispermaceae gener ...

'' J. D. Hooker & Thomson *''

Borismene ''Borismene'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Menispermaceae native to the Amazon Rainforest. Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, ...

'' Barneby *'' Burasaia'' Thouars *''

Calycocarpum ''Calycocarpum'' (cupseed) is a monotypic genus of plants in the family Menispermaceae. The only species currently accepted is ''Calycocarpum lyonii'' endemic to the southeastern United States. ''Calycocarpum lyonii'' has been reported from T ...

'' Torrey & A. Gray *''

Chasmanthera ''Chasmanthera'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid ...

'' Hochst. *†'' Chandlera'' Scott *''

Chlaenandra ''Chlaenandra'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is New Guinea. Species: * ''Chlaenandra ovata'' Miq. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q8356497 Menispermaceae Menispermaceae genera ...

'' Miquel *'' Dialytheca'' Exell & Mendonça *''

Dioscoreophyllum ''Dioscoreophyllum'' is a genus of three species of flowering plants in the family Menispermaceae, native to Africa. The species are liana A liana is a long- stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses tree ...

'' Engler *''

Diploclisia ''Diploclisia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Southern China, Tropical Asia. Species: *'' Diploclisia affinis'' *'' Diploclisia glaucescens'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5370 ...

'' Miers *''

Disciphania ''Disciphania'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Mexico, Central and southern Tropical America. Species: *''Disciphania calocarpa'' *''Disciphania cardiophylla'' *''Disciphania contr ...

'' Eichler *''

Fawcettia ''Tinospora'' is a genus of succulent woody climbing shrubs. Thirty-four species are currently recognized. Species generally send down long aerial roots from host trees. They have corky or papery bark. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical ...

'' F. Mueller *''

'' Loureiro *'' Hyalosepalum'' Troupin *'' Jateorhiza'' Miers *''

Kolobopetalum ''Kolobopetalum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Western and Western Central Tropical Africa. Species: *'' Kolobopetalum auriculatum'' *'' Kolobopetalum chevalieri'' *'' Kolobopet ...

'' Engler *'' Leptoterantha'' Troupin *''

Odontocarya ''Odontocarya'' is a plant genus in the family Menispermaceae. It includes 38 species native to the tropical Americas, ranging from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Species 38 species are accepted. *''Odontocarya acuparata'' Miers *''Odont ...

'' Miers (including '' Synandropus'') *'' Orthogynium'' Baillon *'' Parabaena'' Miers *'' Paratinosopora'' Wei Wang *''

Penianthus ''Penianthus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Western and Western Central Tropical Africa. Species: *'' Penianthus camerounensis'' *'' Penianthus longifolius'' *'' Penianthus zenk ...

'' Miers *''

Platytinospora ''Platytinospora'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. The only species is ''Platytinospora buchholzii''. Its native range is Cameroon. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q9060583 Menispermaceae Men ...

'' (Engler) Diels *''

Rhigiocarya ''Rhigiocarya'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Western and Western Central Tropical Africa. Species: *'' Rhigiocarya peltata'' *'' Rhigiocarya racemifera'' References {{Taxonbar ...

'' Miers *'' Sarcolophium'' Troupin *'' Sphenocentrum'' Pierre *'' Syntriandrium'' Engler *'' Tinomiscium'' J. D. Hooker & Thomson *'' Tinospora'' Miers Coscinieae *'' Anamirta'' Colebrooke *''

Arcangelisia ''Arcangelisia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Hainan to Indo-China and New Guinea. Species: *'' Arcangelisia flava'' *'' Arcangelisia gusanlung'' *'' Arcangelisia tympanopoda' ...

'' Beccari *'' Coscinium'' Colebrooke Menispermoideae Anomospermeae *'' Abuta'' Aublet *''

Anomospermum ''Anomospermum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Menispermaceae. It consists of six species from tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in th ...

'' Miers (including ''

Orthomene ''Orthomene'' is a genus of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel' ...

'') *''

Caryomene ''Caryomene'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tu ...

'' Barneby & Krukoff *''

'' Miers *'' Echinostephia'' (Diels) Domin *'' Elephantomene'' Barneby & Krukoff (including '' Cionomene'') *'' Elissarrhena'' Miers *''

Hypserpa ''Hypserpa'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Tropical and Subtropical Asia and the Western Pacific. Species: *'' Hypserpa ademae'' *'' Hypserpa calcicola'' *'' Hypserpa decumbens' ...

'' Miers *''

Legnephora ''Legnephora'' is a genus of flowering plants, consisting of five climbing species, found in Malesia and Australia. The name comes from ancient Greek, referring to a feature of the fruit anatomy being “border bearing”.Les Robinson - Field ...

'' Miers *''

Parapachygone ''Parapachygone'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. The only species is ''Parapachygone longifolia''. Its native range is Queensland. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5397402 Menispermaceae Me ...

'' Forman *''

Pericampylus ''Pericampylus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Tropical and Temperate Asia. Species: * '' Pericampylus glaucus'' (Lam.) Merr. * '' Pericampylus macrophyllus'' Forman References ...

'' Miers *''

Rupertiella ''Rupertiella'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The ...

'' Wei Wang & R. Ortiz *''

Sarcopetalum ''Sarcopetalum'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('cont ...

'' F. Mueller *''

'' Moldenke Cissampelidae *'' Antizoma'' Miers *''

'' L. *''

'' Wight *'' Perichasma'' Miers *'' Stephania'' Loureiro Limacieae *''

Limacia ''For the genus of plants, see Limacia (plant)'' ''Limacia'' is a genus of sea slugs, Doridacea, dorid nudibranchs, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), family Polyceridae.MolluscaBase (2018)''Limacia'' O. F. Müll ...

'' Loureiro Menispermeae *'' Menispermum'' L. *''

Sinomenium ''Sinomenium'' is a genus of plant in family Menispermaceae first described as a genus in 1910. It contains only one known species, ''Sinomenium acutum'', native to China, northern India, Nepal, Japan, northern Thailand, and also Korea. Fossil r ...

'' Diels Pachygoneae *'' Cocculus'' de Candolle *''

Haematocarpus ''Haematocarpus'' is a plant genus in the family Menispermaceae and found in south-east Asia. Species * '' Haematocarpus subpeltatus'' Miers - type species – synonyms: ''Fibraurea elliptica, Fibraureopsis smilacifolia'' * '' Haematocarpus v ...

'' Miers *''

Hyperbaena ''Hyperbaena'' is a genus of plants in family Menispermaceae. It includes 23 species native to the tropical Americas, ranging from Cuba and southern Mexico to northeastern Argentina. Species 23 species are accepted. *'' Hyperbaena allenii'' ...

'' Bentham *'' Pachygone'' Miers Spirospermeae *''

'' Engler *''

Rhaptonema ''Rhaptonema'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Madagascar. Species: *''Rhaptonema bakeriana'' *''Rhaptonema cancellata'' *''Rhaptonema densiflora'' *''Rhaptonema glabrifolium'' *'' ...

'' Miers *''

'' Thouars *'' Strychnopsis'' Baillon Tiliacoreae *''

Albertisia ''Albertisia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Tropical and Southern Africa, Tropical and Subtropical Asia. Species: *''Albertisia apiculata'' *''Albertisia capituliflora'' *''Albert ...

'' Beccari *''

Anisocycla ''Eulimella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). ''Eulimella'' Forbes & M'Andrew, 1846. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...

'' Baillon *'' Beirnaertia'' Troupin *'' Carronia'' F. Mueller *''

'' Ruiz & PavónRODRIGUES, Eliana; CARLINI, Elisaldo L. de Araújo. Plants with possible psychoactive actions used by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277- 82, 2006. *'' Curarea'' Barneby & Krukoff *''

Eleutharrhena ''Eleutharrhena'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Assam to Southern Central China. Species: * ''Eleutharrhena macrocarpa'' (Diels) Ecrman References Menispermaceae Menisperma ...

'' Forman *'' Macrococculus'' Beccari *''

Pleogyne ''Pleogyne'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. The only species is ''Pleogyne australis''. Its native range is Northern Western Australia, Northeastern and Eastern Queensland. References {{Tax ...

'' Miers *'' Pycnarrhena'' J. D. Hooker & Thomson *''

'' Miers *''

Synclisia ''Synclisia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Africa. Species: *'' Synclisia scabrida'' References Menispermaceae Menispermaceae genera {{Menispermaceae-stub ...

'' Bentham & J. D. Hooker *''

Syrrheonema ''Syrrheonema'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its native range is Africa. Species: *'' Syrrheonema fasciculatum'' *'' Syrrheonema hexastamineum'' *'' Syrrheonema welwitschii'' References Meni ...

'' Miers *''

Tiliacora ''Tiliacora'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Menispermaceae. Species include:''Tiliacora''. ...

'' Colebrooke *''

Triclisia ''Triclisia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine ...

'' Bentham & J. D. Hooker *'' Ungulipetalum'' Moldenke Incertae sedis *†'' Callicrypta''

Gallery

File:Menispermum canadense, 2015-06-02, Frick Park, 02.jpg, '' Menispermum canadense'', foliage and flowers. Frick Park, Pittsburgh. File:Moonseed fruit 1.jpg, '' Menispermum canadense'' (Canada moonseed) : ripe fruit and crescent moon-shaped seeds. File:R. Bentley & H. Trimen, Medicinal Plants Wellcome L0019166.jpg, '' Chondrodendron tomentosum'' : Coloured plate from

Bentley Bentley Motors Limited is a British designer, manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs. Headquartered in Crewe, England, the company was founded as Bentley Motors Limited by W. O. Bentley (1888–1971) in 1919 in Cricklewood, North ...

and Trimen's ''Medicinal Plants'' File:Abuta selloana.jpg, The '' Abuta'' species ''A. selloana'' : line drawing from Engler's Das Pflanzenreich. File:Cocculus orbiculatus HRM.jpg, ''

Cocculus orbiculatus ''Cocculus orbiculatus'', the queen coralbead, is a species of woody vines. It is found from India east to Java. References External links * * orbiculatus Plants described in 1817 {{Ranunculales-stub ...

'' in fruit. Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid. File:Anamirta cocculus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-157.jpg, '' Anamirta cocculus'' : illustration from Köhler's Medizinal Pflanzen. File:Anomospermum schomburgkii.jpg, ''

'' : ''A. schomburgkii'' : anatomical study from the ''Flora Brasiliensis'' of von Martius and Eichler. File:Cissampelos pareira Blanco2.432.jpg, '' Cissampelos pareira'': illustration from Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. File:Coscinium fenestratum.jpg, ''

'' 'yellow vine' : plate from Curtis's Botanical Magazine. File:Stephania venosa GotBot 2015 003.jpg, The '' Stephania'' species ''S. venosa'' in flower, Gothenburg Botanical Garden. File:Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng.jpg, Thai villagers harvesting large, medicinal root tuber of ''Stephania venosa''. File:McKay Stephania japonica 32474252976 2f27eb34ce o.jpg, '' Stephania japonica'' in fruit, Mc.Kay Reserve, NSW, Australia. File:Jateorhiza palmata - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-080.jpg, '' Jateorhiza palmata'' illustration from Köhler's Medizinal Pflanzen. File:Tinospora cordifolia.jpg, Foliage of '' Tinospora cordifolia''.

References

External links

* *
links at CSDLMenispermaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIFMap
{{Authority control Eudicot families Dioecious plants