''Megophrys'' is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. They are endemic to Indonesia, where they are found on the islands of Java and

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

. They commonly have elongated upper "eyebrows" and are thus known as Indonesian horned toads. This group was thought to contain many more species and have a much wider distribution prior to recent taxonomic revisions.

Taxonomy

The following species are recognised in the genus ''Megophrys'': * ''

Megophrys acehensis ''Megophrys'' is a genus of frogs in the family (biology), family Megophryidae. They are Endemism, endemic to Indonesia, where they are found on the islands of Java and Sumatra. They commonly have elongated upper "eyebrows" and are thus known as ...

'' * '' Megophrys lancip'' * '' Megophrys montana'' * '' Megophrys parallela'' * '' Megophrys selatanensis'' Additionally, two species are temporarily named as ''Megophrys'', pending a determination of their correct genus placement. * "''Megophrys''" ''dringi'' * "''Megophrys''" ''feii'' ''Megophrys'' formerly contained over a hundred species, but significant taxonomic revisions have led to the vast majority of these species being moved to other genera, such as ''

Xenophrys ''Xenophrys'' is a genus of amphibians in the family Megophryidae. They are found in southeastern Asia (including China and northeastern India) to Borneo. Their common name is strange-horned toads. Conservation Of the 36 ''Xenophrys'' specie ...

'', ''

Boulenophrys ''Boulenophrys'' is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. They occur in the China, Mainland Southeast Asia and Northeast India. It had been placed variously as a subgenus or synonymy of ''Megophrys ''Megophrys'' is a genus of frogs i ...

'', ''

Atympanophrys ''Atympanophrys'' is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. They range from central China south to northern Vietnam. They are commonly known as hidden-tympanum horned toads. Taxonomy They were synonymized with ''Xenophrys'' in 2006, but ...

'' and ''

Pelobatrachus ''Pelobatrachus'' is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. It was formerly synonymized with '' Megophrys'' until 2021, when it was revived as a distinct genus. They inhabit Southeast Asia, namely the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and th ...

''. However, there is a divide between studies over this, with most Indian-published studies preferring to classify all these taxa within ''Megophrys'', while Chinese-published studies classify them in their own genera; the IUCN Red List follows the former, while ''Amphibian Species of the World'' and AmphibiaWeb follow the latter.

Endemic ranges

Many ''Megophrys'' species are endemic to highly restricted geographical areas. * Southern China ** Anhui *** '' Megophrys huangshanensis'': Huangshan mountains, Anhui ** Guangdong *** '' Megophrys acuta'': Heishiding,

Fengkai County Fengkai County is a county in western Guangdong Province, China, under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhaoqing. It was formed in 1961 from the merger of Fengchuan and , which were formerly romanized as Fungchuan (Fungchun, ...

, Guangdong *** '' Megophrys obesa'': Heishiding,

, Guangdong ** Jiangxi *** '' Megophrys cheni'': Luoxiao Mountains *** '' Megophrys lini'': Luoxiao Mountains *** '' Megophrys jinggangensis'': Luoxiao Mountains ** Hunan *** '' Megophrys sangzhiensis'': Sangzhi County, Hunan *** '' Megophrys caudoprocta'': Tianping Mountain, Sangzhi County, Hunan *** '' Megophrys tuberogranulatus'': Tianzishan Nature Reserve, Sangzhi County, Hunan *** '' Megophrys mangshanensis'': Yizhang County, Hunan **

Chongqing Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), Postal Romanization, alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a Direct-administered municipalities of China, municipality in Southwes ...

*** '' Megophrys baolongensis'': Baolong (抱龙镇), Wushan County, Chongqing *** '' Megophrys wushanensis'': Wu Mountains,

** Yunnan *** '' Megophrys binchuanensis'': NW Yunnan *** '' Megophrys daweimontis'': Mount Dawei,

Pingbian Miao Autonomous County Pingbian Miao Autonomous County () is a county located in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture in the southeast of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. Its seat is located only from the border with Lào Cai Province, Vietnam. Admini ...

, Yunnan *** '' Megophrys gigantica'': Jingdong Yi Autonomous County and Yongde County, southwestern Yunnan ** Sichuan *** '' Megophrys binlingensis'': Binling,

Hongya County Hongya () is a county of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of Meishan Meishan (; Sichuanese Pinyin: Mi2san1; local pronunciation: ; ), formerly known as Meizhou () or Qingzhou (), is a prefecture-level city with 2,955,219 ...

, Sichuan *** '' Megophrys wawuensis'': Mount Wawu,

, Sichuan *** '' Megophrys nankiangensis'': northern Sichuan and southern

Gansu Gansu (, ; alternately romanized as Kansu) is a province in Northwest China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province. The seventh-largest administrative district by area at , Gansu lies between the Tibet ...

** Guizhou *** '' Megophrys shuichengensis'': Fenghuang Village,

Shuicheng County Shuicheng () is a district in the west of Guizhou province, China, bordering Yunnan province to the west. It is under the administration of Liupanshui city. Biodiversity Shuicheng is home to two amphibian species that are not known from anywhere ...

, Guizhou * Tibet ** '' Megophrys medogensis'': Mêdog County, Tibet ** '' Megophrys zhangi'': Zhangmu, Nyalam County, Tibet * Northeast India ** '' Megophrys megacephala'':

East Khasi Hills District East Khasi Hills is an administrative district in the state of Meghalaya in India. The district headquarters are located at Shillong. The district occupies an area of 2752 km² and has a population of 825,922 (as of 2011). , it is the most ...

, Meghalaya ** '' Megophrys oropedion'':

, Meghalaya ** '' Megophrys vegrandis'': West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh ** '' Megophrys ancrae'': Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh ** '' Megophrys serchhipii'':

Serchhip Serchhip is the headquarters town of Serchhip district in the Indian state of Mizoram, and also the headquarters of Serchhip Sadar subdivision. It lies in the central part of Mizoram, and 112 km away from the State capital city of Aizawl ...

, Mizoram ** '' Megophrys zunhebotoensis'': Nguti (Sukhalu),

Zunheboto District Zünheboto District (Pron:/ˌzʌnˈhiːbəʊtəʊ/) is a district in the Indian state of Nagaland. Sümi Nagas are indigenous to this district. History Zünheboto district came into existence on 19 December 1973. Geography It is bordered ...

, Nagaland * Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia ** '' Megophrys auralensis'':

Phnom Aural Phnom AuralNote: alternative spellings includes Phnom and Aoral. ( km, ភ្នំឱរ៉ាល់, ) is the tallest peak in Cambodia. It is 1,813 meters tall (other sources give elevations ឪbetween 1,771 and 1,667 meters). It is in the eas ...

, Kampong Speu Province ** '' Megophrys damrei'':

Dâmrei Mountains The Dâmrei Mountains (literally the "Elephant Mountains", km, ភ្នំដំរី, Chuŏr Phnum Dâmrei), refer to a mountain range situated in south-western Cambodia, traversing around north-south as a succession of the Cardamom Mounta ...

, Kampot Province * Vietnam ** '' Megophrys latidactyla'':

Pù Mát National Park Pù Mát National Park (Vietnamese: ''Vườn quốc gia Pù Mát'') is a national park in Nghệ An Province, in Vietnam's North Central Coast region. It is part of the Western Nghệ An Biosphere Reserve. In the Thai language, Pù Mát means ...

, Vietnam * Thailand ** '' Megophrys lekaguli'':

Chanthaburi Chanthaburi ( th, จันทบุรี, ) is a town (''thesaban mueang'') in the east of Thailand, on the banks of the Chanthaburi River. It is the capital of the Chanthaburi Province and the Mueang Chanthaburi District. The town covers t ...

and Sa Kaeo Provinces, eastern Thailand ** '' Megophrys takensis'':

Tak Province Tak ( th, ตาก, , Burmese: တာ့ခ် pronounced ak is one of Thailand's seventy-seven provinces (''changwat'') and lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, ...

, Thailand * Borneo ** '' Megophrys baluensis'': Sabah ** '' Megophrys dringi'': Mount Mulu, Sarawak *

** '' Megophrys parallela'': West Sumatra * Philippines ** '' Megophrys ligayae'': Balabac and Palawan ** '' Megophrys stejnegeri'': Mindanao * Indonesia ** '' Megophrys montana'': Java

References

External links

Sound recordings of ''Megophrys'' at BioAcoustica
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2379289 Megophryidae Amphibians of Asia Amphibian genera Taxa named by Heinrich Kuhl