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''Nucleocytoviricota'' is a phylum of
virus A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living Cell (biology), cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are ...
es. Members of the phylum are also known as the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV), which serves as the basis of the name of the phylum with the suffix - for virus phylum. These viruses are referred to as nucleocytoplasmic because they are often able to replicate in both the host's
cell nucleus The cell nucleus (; : nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryote, eukaryotic cell (biology), cells. Eukaryotic cells usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have #Anucleated_cells, ...
and
cytoplasm The cytoplasm describes all the material within a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, including the organelles and excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The material inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell a ...
. The phylum is notable for containing the
giant virus A giant virus, sometimes referred to as a girus, is a very large virus, some of which are larger than typical bacteria. All known giant viruses belong to the phylum ''Nucleocytoviricota''. Description While the exact criteria as defined in the sc ...
es. There are nine families of NCLDVs that all share certain genomic and structural characteristics; however, it is uncertain whether the similarities of the different families of this group have a common viral ancestor. One feature of this group is a large
genome A genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as ...
and the presence of many
gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei ...
s involved in
DNA repair DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell (biology), cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. A weakened capacity for DNA repair is a risk factor for the development of cancer. DNA is cons ...
,
DNA replication In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all life, living organisms, acting as the most essential part of heredity, biolog ...
,
transcription Transcription refers to the process of converting sounds (voice, music etc.) into letters or musical notes, or producing a copy of something in another medium, including: Genetics * Transcription (biology), the copying of DNA into RNA, often th ...
, and
translation Translation is the communication of the semantics, meaning of a #Source and target languages, source-language text by means of an Dynamic and formal equivalence, equivalent #Source and target languages, target-language text. The English la ...
. Typically, viruses with smaller genomes do not contain genes for these processes. Most of the viruses in this family also replicate in both the host's
nucleus Nucleus (: nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom *Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleu ...
and
cytoplasm The cytoplasm describes all the material within a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, including the organelles and excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The material inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell a ...
, thus the name nucleocytoplasmic. There are 47 NCLDV core genes currently recognised. These include four key proteins involved in DNA replication and repair: the
enzyme An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different mol ...
s
DNA polymerase A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create t ...
family B, the
topoisomerase DNA topoisomerases (or topoisomerases) are enzymes that catalyze changes in the topological state of DNA, interconverting relaxed and supercoiled forms, linked (catenated) and unlinked species, and knotted and unknotted DNA. Topological issues in ...
II A, the
FLAP Flap may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Flap'' (film), a 1970 American film * Flap, a boss character in the arcade game '' Gaiapolis'' * Flap, a minor character in the film '' Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland'' Biology and h ...
endonuclease In molecular biology, endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain (namely DNA or RNA). Some, such as deoxyribonuclease I, cut DNA relatively nonspecifically (with regard to sequence), while man ...
and the processing factor
proliferating cell nuclear antigen Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic cells and is essential for replication. PCNA is a homotrimer and achieves its processivity by encircling the D ...
. Other proteins include DNA dependent
RNA polymerase In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template. Using the e ...
II and
transcription factor In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription (genetics), transcription of genetics, genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding t ...
II B.


Taxonomy

''Nucleocytoviricota'' contains the following classes: * ''
Megaviricetes ''Megaviricetes'' is a class of viruses. The class contains giant viruses, all of which are nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses that are assigned to the phylum '' Nucleocytoviricota''. Members of the Megaviricetes typically have genomes that are ...
'' * '' Mriyaviricetes'' * '' Pokkesviricetes''


Hosts

Host organisms typically include
protozoa Protozoa (: protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris. Historically ...
,
invertebrate Invertebrates are animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''spine'' or ''backbone''), which evolved from the notochord. It is a paraphyletic grouping including all animals excluding the chordata, chordate s ...
s and eukaryotic
algae Algae ( , ; : alga ) is an informal term for any organisms of a large and diverse group of photosynthesis, photosynthetic organisms that are not plants, and includes species from multiple distinct clades. Such organisms range from unicellular ...
. The class Pokkesviricetes infects familiar vertebrates, including multiple farm animals and humans.


Examples


''Ascoviridae''

Order ''Pimascovirales''. Members of the family ''Ascoviridae'' come in different shapes. Some can be rod-shaped, while others are oval. They measure up to 130 nm wide and 400 nm long. These viruses have circular double stranded DNA that have a length of about 100–200 kilobase pairs. They infect lepidopteran insect larvae and can infect through parasitoid wasps. Once they infect they replicate and cause death in insect pest. Ascoviridae can have up to 180 genes in its genome. The replication of this virus takes place in the nucleus of the host cell. When it replicates, it causes the nucleus to increase in size and eventually burst. After, the virion starts to form and spread.


''Asfarviridae''

Order ''Asfuvirales''. A member of the family ''
Asfarviridae ''Asfarviridae'' is a family of viruses, the best-studied of which is African swine fever virus, which are double-stranded DNA viruses. Taxonomy There is only one species under Asfarviridae in ICTV 2022: * Genus Asfivirus ** Species Africa ...
'' is known as an asfarvirus. This virus is the cause of African swine fever. Some of the symptoms for this flu include fever, high pulse, fast breathing, and it can cause death. These symptoms can be similar to those from hog cholera, the difference is that the African swine flu can not be cured. There is no vaccine developed to fight this virus.


''Iridoviridae''

Order ''Pimascovirales''. The ''
Iridoviridae ''Iridoviridae'' is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes. Amphibians, fish, and invertebrates such as arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 22 species in this family, divided among two subfamilies and seven genera ...
'' have linear double stranded DNA genomes up to 220 kilobases long and can code for about 211 proteins. The capsid of this virion is icosahedral shaped and can be up to 350 nm wide. The replication cycle of this virus begins in the nucleus of the host and end in the cytoplasm. Some viruses of this family are often found infecting fish and amphibians while other are found in insect and crustaceans. The ''
Andrias davidianus The Chinese giant salamander (''Andrias davidianus'') is one of the largest salamanders and one of the largest amphibians in the world.ranavirus ''Ranavirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Iridoviridae''. There are six other genus, genera of viruses within the family ''Iridoviridae'', but ''Ranavirus'' is the only one that includes viruses that are infectious to amphibians and r ...
(ADRV), a member of the family ''
Iridoviridae ''Iridoviridae'' is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes. Amphibians, fish, and invertebrates such as arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 22 species in this family, divided among two subfamilies and seven genera ...
'', encodes a protein (Rad2 homolog) that has a key role in the repair of DNA by
homologous recombination Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which genetic information is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of double-stranded or single-stranded nucleic acids (usually DNA as in Cell (biology), cellular organi ...
, and in double-strand break repair.


''Marseilleviridae''

Order ''Pimascovirales''. The ''
Marseilleviridae ''Marseilleviridae'' is a family of viruses first named in 2012. The genomes of these viruses are double-stranded DNA. Amoeba are often hosts, but there is evidence that they are found in humans as well. The family contains one genus and four ...
'' viruses have double stranded DNA genomes that are about 368 kilobases long. Members of the family can have about 457
open reading frame In molecular biology, reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a prokaryotic DNA sequence, where only one of the six possible reading frames ...
s (ORFs) in its genome. The host organisms are
amoeba An amoeba (; less commonly spelled ameba or amœba; : amoebas (less commonly, amebas) or amoebae (amebae) ), often called an amoeboid, is a type of Cell (biology), cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by ...
e. Once it infects, viral replication takes place in virus factories in the cytoplasm. It was found that the genome of the family ''Marseilleviridae'' codes for about 28 different proteins. The capsid of the marseillevirus is about 250 nm wide with a geometry shape of an icosahedral. The replication of this virus usually occurs near the nucleus once it infects the amoeba. Once the virus infects it can cause a shape change in the host's nucleus.


''Mimiviridae''

Order ''Imitervirales''. The ''
Megaviridae ''Mimiviridae'' is a family of viruses. Amoeba and other protists serve as natural hosts. The family contains three subfamilies that contain nine genera., UCPMS ID: 1889607PDF/ref> Fig. 4 and §Discussion: "Considering that tupanviruses co ...
'' contains some of the largest viruses ever discovered. They have linear double stranded DNA genomes with a length of 1,259,197 base pairs, which is larger than some small bacteria. Within this genome 1,100 proteins are coded. 74.76% of the base pairs are represented by thymine and adenine. The ''Megaviridae'' virus can be found infecting acanthamoeba or other protozoan clades.  Once the virus infects the host, the replication cycle takes place in the cytoplasm. Within the genome, DNA repair enzymes can be found. These are used when the DNA is harmed such as when it is exposed to ionizing radiation or UV light. Three enzymes employed in DNA
base excision repair Base excision repair (BER) is a cellular mechanism, studied in the fields of biochemistry and genetics, that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle. It is responsible primarily for removing small, non-helix-distorting base lesions from t ...
were characterized from Mimivirus. The pathway of DNA base excision repair (BER) was experimentally reconstituted using the purified recombinant proteins
AP endonuclease Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease is an enzyme that is involved in the DNA base excision repair pathway (BER). Its main role in the repair of damaged or mismatched nucleotides in DNA is to create a nick in the phosphodiester backbone of t ...
(mvAPE),
uracil-DNA glycosylase Uracil-DNA glycosylase (also known as UNG or UDG) is an enzyme. Its most important function is to prevent mutagenesis by eliminating uracil from DNA molecules by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond and initiating the base-excision repair (BER) pathway ...
(mvUDG), and
DNA polymerase A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create t ...
X protein (mvPolX). When reconstituted in vitro, mvAPE, mvUDG and mvPolX were found to function cohesively to repair uracil-containing DNA mainly by long patch base excision repair. Thus these processes likely participate in the BER pathway early in the Mimivirus life cycle. Cafeteria roenbergensis, a giant virus of the Mimiviridae family, also encodes enzymes for DNA repair. Traditionally only these viruses have been grouped into a family ''Mimiviridae''. Later it appeared that the viruses of the ''Organic Lake Phycodna Group'' (OLPG) are more related to Mimiviruses than to Phycodnaviruses. For this reason it has been proposed adding them to legacy ''Mimiviridae'' as new subfamily ''Mesomimivirinae'' in order to form the more comprehensive family ''Megaviridae''. For this reason, the term ''Mimiviridae'' was used ''sensu lato'' synonymous with ''Megaviridae''., UCPMS ID: 1889607
PDF
/ref> Figure 6 However, since the ICTV has created a new order ''Imitervirales'' officially containing the (legacy) ''Mimiviridae'', proposed ''Mesomimivirinae'' are proposed to be upgraded as a new family ''Mesomimiviridae'', i. e. as sister family of legacy ''Mimiviridae'' (within this order).


''Pandoraviridae''

Possibly order ''Algavirales''. ''
Pandoraviridae ''Pandoraviridae'' is a proposed family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect amoebae. There is only one genus in this family: ''Pandoravirus''. Several species in this genus have been described, including '' Pandoravirus dulcis'', '' Pand ...
'' Discovered in 2013 from a coastal water sample in Chile. It is mostly found infecting amoebae. It has a length of 1 micrometer long and .5 micrometer wide. Its genome can be up to 2.5 million base pairs long. The replication of this virus takes place in the cytoplasm. Like other giant viruses, it affects the host's nucleus and can take up to 15 hours to start infecting. Although it is found in water, it does not affect humans, it may actually help us by increasing the production of oxygen in aquatic environments. 


''Phycodnaviridae''

Order ''Algavirales''. The ''
Phycodnaviridae ''Phycodnaviridae'' is a family of large (100–560 kb) double-stranded DNA viruses that infect marine or freshwater eukaryotic algae. Viruses within this family have a similar morphology, with an icosahedral capsid (polyhedron with 20 f ...
'' are icosahedral in shape with a double-stranded DNA molecule. Some members of this family can have a linear double-stranded DNA while others have a circular double stranded DNA. The genome has been found to be up to 560 kilobases in length. Up to 50% of the DNA can be represented by guanine or cytosine. This virus is known to infect algae, which means it is found in the ocean.


''Pithoviridae''

Order ''Pimascovirales''. The ''
Pithoviridae ''Pithoviridae'' is a family of virus A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living Cell (biology), cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, incl ...
'' have only two known representatives. These viruses infects amoebas and can survive in low temperatures. For years this virus was believed to be frozen, but due to climate change it has begun to show up again. This is a double stranded DNA virus with its size being 610 kilobases long. The genome is estimated to code for 476 open reading frames. The viron is rod shaped with a length of 1,100 nm long and 500 nm in diameter.


''Poxviridae''

Order ''Chitovirales''. The ''
Poxviridae ''Poxviridae'' is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses. Vertebrates and arthropods serve as natural hosts. The family contains 22 genera that are assigned to two subfamilies: ''Chordopoxvirinae'' and ''Entomopoxvirinae''. ''Entomopoxvirinae'' ...
'' have a linear double-stranded DNA molecule that can have a length of up to 230 kilobases. The replication of these viruses takes place in the cytoplasm.
Smallpox Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by Variola virus (often called Smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus '' Orthopoxvirus''. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (W ...
,
cowpox Cowpox is an infectious disease caused by Cowpox virus (CPXV). It presents with large blisters in the skin, a fever and swollen glands, historically typically following contact with an infected cow, though in the last several decades more often ...
, and other pox viruses belong to this family. 


''Mininucleoviridae''

Possibly order ''Pimascovirales''. A new family has been proposed — '' Mininucleoviridae'' — for a family of large viruses that replicate in crustacea. Members of this proposed family include '' Carcinus maenas virus 1'' (CmV1),CmV1 infects ''
Carcinus maenas ''Carcinus maenas'' is a common littoral crab. It is known by different names around the world. In the British Isles, it is generally referred to as the shore crab or green shore crab. In North America and South Africa, it bears the name Europe ...
''
'' Dikerogammarus haemobaphes virus 1'' (DhV1),DhV1 infects '' Dikerogammarus haemobaphes'' and '' Panulirus argus virus 1'' (PaV1).PaV1 infects ''
Panulirus argus ''Panulirus argus'', the Caribbean spiny lobster, is a species of spiny lobster that lives on reefs and in mangrove swamps in the western Atlantic Ocean. Anatomy ''P. argus'' have long, cylindrical bodies covered with spines. Two large spines ...
''


Unclassified taxa

* '' Cedratvirus'' — now under ''Pithoviridae'' (''Pimascovirales'') * '' Choanovirus'' — part of extended ''Mimiviridae'', a clade distinct from ''Mimiviridae'' proper; (''Imitervirales'') * ''
Dinodnavirus ''Dinodnavirus'' is a genus of viruses that infect dinoflagellates.Tarutani K, Nagasaki K, Itakura S, Yamaguchi M (2001) Isolation of a virus infecting the novel shellfish-killing dinoflagellate ''Heterocapsa circularisquama''. Aquat Microb Ecol ...
'' — now under ''Asfarviridae'' (''Asfuvirales'') * ''
Faustovirus ''Faustovirus'' is a genus of giant virus which infects amoebae associated with humans. The virus was first isolated in 2015 and shown to be around 0.2 micrometers in diameter with a double stranded DNA genome of 466 kilobases predicted to enco ...
'' — now under ''Asfarviridae'' (''Asfuvirales'') * '' Kaumoebavirus'' — clusters under ''Asfarviridae'' (''Asfuvirales'') * '' Klothovirus'' — no sequences available * '' Megaklothovirus'' — no sequences available * ''
Medusavirus ''Medusavirus'' is a genus of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses that is the sole representative of ''Mamonoviridae'' (from ''mamono'' (), the Japanese word for "monster" in reference to '' Megaviricetes'' + -viridae). It was first isolated fr ...
'' — proposed to be its own family ''Medusaviridae'', possibly close to ''Mollivirus'' or basal in ''Nucleocytoviricota'' * '' Meelsvirus'' — no sequences available * ''
Mollivirus ''Note: The correct title of this page is Mollivirus sibericum. It is currently Mollivirus Sibericum because the incorrect capitalization will not affect the usage of the redirect.'' ...
'' — close to ''Pandoravirus'' (''Algavirales'') * ''
Namao virus Namao may refer to: *CFB Edmonton Canadian Forces Base Edmonton, commonly referred to as CFB Edmonton is a Canadian Forces base in Sturgeon County adjacent to the City of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada. It is also known as Edmonton Garrison or " ...
'' — (together with ''Faunusvirus sp.'' from metagenomics) close to ''Cafeteriavirus''; possibly together with other Sturgeon-NCLDVs; (''Imitervirales'') * '' Orpheovirus'' — likely under ''Pithoviridae''; sister group to ''Cedratvirus'' (''Pimascovirales'') * '' Pacmanvirus'' — likely under ''Asfarviridae'' (''Asfuvirales'') * '' Platanovirus'' — similar to ''
Megavirus ''Megavirus'' is a viral genus, phylogenetically related to '' Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus'' (APMV). In colloquial speech, ''Megavirus chilense'' is more commonly referred to as just "Megavirus". Until the discovery of pandoraviruses in 2 ...
'' or ''Tupanvirus'' (''Imitervirales'') * '' Sissivirus'' and ''Misannotatedvirus'' — (together with ''Solumnvirus'', ''Solivirus'' from metagenomics) possibly under ''Pithoviridae'' * ''
Tupanvirus ''Tupanvirus'' is a genus of viruses first described in 2018. The genus is composed of two species of virus that are in the giant virus group. Researchers discovered the first isolate in 2012 from deep water sediment samples taken at 3,000 m ...
'' — possibly under ''Mimiviridae'' (''Imitervirales'') * '' Urceolovirus'' — possibly under ''Nucleocytoviricota'' * '' Usurpativirus'' and '' Clandestinovirus'' — a clade possibly under ''
Phycodnaviridae ''Phycodnaviridae'' is a family of large (100–560 kb) double-stranded DNA viruses that infect marine or freshwater eukaryotic algae. Viruses within this family have a similar morphology, with an icosahedral capsid (polyhedron with 20 f ...
'' nearby ''
Chlorovirus ''Chlorovirus'', also known as Chlorella virus, is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA viruses, in the family ''Phycodnaviridae''. This genus is found globally in freshwater environments where freshwater microscopic algae serve as natural hosts ...
'' (''Algavirales'') * '' Yasminevirus'' — close to ''
Klosneuvirus ''Klosneuvirus'' (KNV, also KloV) is a new type of giant virus found by the analysis of low-complexity metagenomes from a wastewater treatment plant in Klosterneuburg, Austria. It has a 1.57-Mb genome coding unusually high number of genes typic ...
'' and ''
Bodo saltans virus The Bodo saltans virus is a giant virus of the ''Mimiviridae'' family that infects the protozoa ''Bodo saltans''. It has a genome A genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in ...
''; (together with ''Gaeavirus'', ''Homavirus'', ''Barrevirus'', ''Fadolivirus'', ''Dasosvirus'', ''Edafovirus'', ''Terrestrivirus'', ''Harvfovirus'', ''Hyperionvirus'' from metagenomics) members of ''Mimiviridae'' (''Imitervirales'')


Phylogenetics

The general consensus is that ''
Iridoviridae ''Iridoviridae'' is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes. Amphibians, fish, and invertebrates such as arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 22 species in this family, divided among two subfamilies and seven genera ...
''–''
Ascoviridae ''Ascoviridae'' is a family of double strand DNA viruses that infect primarily invertebrates, mainly noctuids and spodoptera species. The family contains two genera: ''Ascovirus'' and ''Toursvirus''. Taxonomy The family contains the following g ...
'' are closely related sister taxa in a clade. ''
Pithovirus ''Alphapithovirus'', is a genus of giant virus known from two species, '' Alphapithovirus sibericum'', which infects amoebas, and '' Alphapithovirus massiliense''. It is DNA-based and is a member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses clade ...
'', ''
Iridoviridae ''Iridoviridae'' is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes. Amphibians, fish, and invertebrates such as arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 22 species in this family, divided among two subfamilies and seven genera ...
''–''Ascoviridae'' and ''
Marseillevirus ''Marseillevirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family '' Marseilleviridae''. There are two species in this genus. It is the prototype of a family of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) of eukaryotes (commonly known as Giant Viruses). It ...
'' form a PIM or MAPI clade ('' Pimascovirales'') in trees built from conserved proteins. The sister clade to PIM/MAPI is a clade made out of '' Algavirales'' (''Phycodnaviridae'', ''Pandoraviridae''), and possibly '' Imitervirales''/''Mimiviridae'' ("P2" thereafter). ''Poxviridae'' is consistently treated as a basal branch. ''Asfarviridae'' is either a sister group to ''Poxviridae'' (building together '' Pokkesviricetes'') or a member of the P2 clade. The ICTV classification, as of 2019, matches the general shape of the tree. The origin of the NCLDVs may predate that of their eukaryotic hosts, judging from their
RNA polymerase In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template. Using the e ...
structures.


See also

*
Viral eukaryogenesis Viral eukaryogenesis is the hypothesis that the cell nucleus of eukaryotic life forms evolved from a large DNA virus in a form of endosymbiosis within a methanogenic archaeon or a bacterium. The virus later evolved into the eukaryotic nucleus by ...


Notes


References


External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q92194946 Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses Bamfordvirae