Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is the
organic
Organic may refer to:
* Organic, of or relating to an organism, a living entity
* Organic, of or relating to an anatomical organ
Chemistry
* Organic matter, matter that has come from a once-living organism, is capable of decay or is the product ...
oxonium compound with the formula . It is often called Meerwein's reagent or Meerwein's salt after its discoverer
Hans Meerwein
Hans Meerwein (May 20, 1879 in Hamburg, Germany – October 24, 1965 in Marburg, Germany) was a German chemist.
Several reactions and reagents bear his name, most notably the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction, the Wagner–Meerwein rearr ...
. Also well known and commercially available is the related
trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. The compounds are white solids that dissolve in polar organic solvents. They are strong
alkylating agent Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation, a free radical, a carbanion, or a carbene (or their equivalents). Alkylating agents are reagents for effecting ...
s. Aside from the
salt, many related derivatives are available.
Synthesis and reactivity
Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is prepared from
boron trifluoride
Boron trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula . This pungent, colourless, and toxic gas forms white fumes in moist air. It is a useful Lewis acid and a versatile building block for other boron compounds.
Structure and bonding
The g ...
,
diethyl ether
Diethyl ether, or simply ether, is an organic compound with the chemical formula , sometimes abbreviated as . It is a colourless, highly Volatility (chemistry), volatile, sweet-smelling ("ethereal odour"), extremely flammable liquid. It belongs ...
, and
epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin (abbreviated ECH) is an organochlorine compound and an epoxide. Despite its name, it is not a halohydrin. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, garlic-like odor, moderately soluble in water, but miscibility, miscible with most p ...
:
:
where the Et stands for
ethyl. The trimethyloxonium salt is available from
dimethyl ether
Dimethyl ether (DME; also known as methoxymethane) is the organic compound with the formula CH3OCH3,
(sometimes ambiguously simplified to C2H6O as it is an isomer of ethanol). The simplest ether, it is a colorless gas that is a useful precursor ...
via an analogous route. These salts do not have long shelf-lives at room temperature. They degrade by hydrolysis:
:
The propensity of trialkyloxonium salts for alkyl-exchange can be advantageous. For example, trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate, which reacts sluggishly due to its low solubility in most compatible solvents, may be converted in situ to higher alkyl/more soluble oxoniums, thereby accelerating alkylation reactions.
This reagent is useful for esterification of carboxylic acids under conditions where acid-catalyzed reactions are infeasible:
:
Structure
The structure of triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate has not been characterized by
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to Diffraction, diffract in specific directions. By measuring th ...
, but the structure of triethyloxonium
hexafluorophosphate
Hexafluorophosphate is an fluoroanion, anion with chemical formula of . It is an Octahedral molecular geometry, octahedral species that imparts no color to its salts. is isoelectronic with sulfur hexafluoride, , and the Hexafluorosilicic acid, h ...
has been examined. The measurements confirm that the cation is pyramidal with C–O–C angles in the range 109.4°–115.5°. The average C–O distance is 1.49 Å.
Safety
Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is a very strong alkylating agent, although the hazards are diminished because it is non-volatile. It releases strong acid upon contact with water. The properties of the methyl derivative are similar.
References
{{Tetrafluoroborates
Reagents for organic chemistry
Tetrafluoroborates
Ethylating agents
Oxonium compounds