A Mars rover is a remote-controlled

motor vehicle A motor vehicle, also known as a motorized vehicle, automotive vehicle, automobile, or road vehicle, is a self-propelled land vehicle, commonly wheeled, that does not operate on railway track, rails (such as trains or trams), does not fly (such ...

designed to travel on the surface of

Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. It is also known as the "Red Planet", because of its orange-red appearance. Mars is a desert-like rocky planet with a tenuous carbon dioxide () atmosphere. At the average surface level the atmosph ...

. Rovers have several advantages over stationary landers: they examine more territory, they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months, and they can advance the knowledge of how to perform very remote

robot A robot is a machine—especially one Computer program, programmable by a computer—capable of carrying out a complex series of actions Automation, automatically. A robot can be guided by an external control device, or the robot control, co ...

ic vehicle control. They serve a different purpose than orbital spacecraft like ''

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter The ''Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter'' (''MRO'') is a spacecraft designed to search for the existence of water on Mars and provide support for missions to Mars, as part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. It was launched from Cape Canaveral on Au ...

''. A more recent development is the Mars helicopter. , there have been six successful robotically operated Mars rovers; the first five, managed by the American

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) in La Cañada Flintridge, California, Crescenta Valley, United States. Founded in 1936 by California Institute of Technology (Caltech) research ...

, were (by date of Mars landing): ''

Sojourner A sojourner is a person who resides temporarily in a place. Sojourner may also refer to: People * Sojourner Truth (1797–1883), abolitionist and women's rights activist * Albert Sojourner (1872–1951), member of the Mississippi House of Rep ...

'' (1997), '' Spirit'' (2004–2010), ''

Opportunity Opportunity may refer to: Places * Opportunity, Montana, an unincorporated community, United States * Opportunity, Nebraska, an unincorporated community, United States * Opportunity, Washington, a former census-designated place, United States * ...

'' (2004–2018), ''

Curiosity Curiosity (from Latin , from "careful, diligent, curious", akin to "care") is a quality related to inquisitive thinking, such as exploration, investigation, and learning, evident in humans and other animals. Curiosity helps Developmental psyc ...

'' (2012–present), and ''

Perseverance Perseverance most commonly refers to: * ''Perseverance'' (rover), a planetary rover landed on Mars by NASA * Psychological resilience Perseverance may also refer to: Geography * Perseverance, Queensland, a locality in Australia * Perseverance I ...

'' (2021–present). The sixth, managed by the

China National Space Administration The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is a government agency of the People's Republic of China headquartered in Haidian District, Haidian, Beijing, responsible for civil space administration and international space cooperation. These ...

, is ''

Zhurong Zhurong (), also known as Chongli (), is an important personage in Chinese mythology and Chinese folk religion. According to the ''Huainanzi'' and the philosophical texts of Mozi and his followers, Zhurong is a god of fire and of the south. The ...

'' (2021–2022). On January 24, 2016,

NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agencies of the United States government, independent agency of the federal government of the United States, US federal government responsible for the United States ...

reported that then current studies on Mars by ''Opportunity'' and ''Curiosity'' would be searching for evidence of ancient life, including a

biosphere The biosphere (), also called the ecosphere (), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on the Earth. The biosphere (which is technically a spherical shell) is virtually a closed system with regard to mat ...

based on

autotroph An autotroph is an organism that can convert Abiotic component, abiotic sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by Heterotroph, other organisms. Autotrophs produce complex organic compounds (such as carbohy ...

ic,

chemotroph A chemotroph is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be organic ( chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic ( chemolithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phot ...

ic or

chemolithoautotrophic A lithoautotroph is an organism that derives energy from reactions of reduced compounds of mineral (inorganic) origin. Two types of lithoautotrophs are distinguished by their energy source; photolithoautotrophs derive their energy from light, whil ...

microorganism A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic scale, microscopic size, which may exist in its unicellular organism, single-celled form or as a Colony (biology)#Microbial colonies, colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen ...

s, as well as ancient water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments (

plain In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless. Plains occur as lowlands along valleys or at the base of mountains, as coastal plains, and ...

s related to ancient

river A river is a natural stream of fresh water that flows on land or inside Subterranean river, caves towards another body of water at a lower elevation, such as an ocean, lake, or another river. A river may run dry before reaching the end of ...

s or

lake A lake is often a naturally occurring, relatively large and fixed body of water on or near the Earth's surface. It is localized in a basin or interconnected basins surrounded by dry land. Lakes lie completely on land and are separate from ...

s) that may have been

habitable Habitability is the adequacy of an environment for human living. Where housing is concerned, there are generally local ordinances which define habitability. If a residence complies with those laws, it is said to be habitable. In extreme environ ...

. The search for evidence of

habitability Habitability is the adequacy of an environment for human living. Where housing is concerned, there are generally local ordinances which define habitability. If a residence complies with those laws, it is said to be habitable. In extreme environ ...

taphonomy Taphonomy is the study of how organisms decay and become fossilized or preserved in the paleontological record. The term ''taphonomy'' (from Greek language, Greek , 'burial' and , 'law') was introduced to paleontology in 1940 by Soviet scientis ...

(related to

fossils A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

), and

organic carbon Total organic carbon (TOC) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample. TOC determinations are made in a variety of application areas. For example, TOC may be used as a non-specific indicator of wa ...

on Mars is now a primary NASA objective. The Soviet probes,

Mars 2 The Mars 2 was an uncrewed space probe of the Mars program, a series of uncrewed Mars landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union beginning 19 May 1971. The Mars 2 and Mars 3 missions consisted of identical spacecraft, each with an orb ...

and

Mars 3 Mars 3 was a robotic space probe of the Soviet Mars program, launched May 28, 1971, nine days after its twin spacecraft Mars 2. The probes were identical robotic spacecraft launched by Proton-K rockets with a Blok D upper stage, each consisti ...

, were physically tethered probes; ''Sojourner'' was dependent on the ''

Mars Pathfinder ''Mars Pathfinder'' was an American robotic spacecraft that landed a base station with a rover (space exploration), roving probe on Mars in 1997. It consisted of a Lander (spacecraft), lander, renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and a ligh ...

'' base station for communication with Earth; ''Opportunity'', ''Spirit'' and ''Curiosity'' were on their own. As of 27 April 2025, ''Curiosity'' is still active, while ''Spirit'', ''Opportunity'', and ''Sojourner'' completed their missions before losing contact. On February 18, 2021, ''Perseverance'', the newest American Mars rover, successfully landed. On May 14, 2021, China's ''Zhurong'' became the first non-American rover to successfully operate on Mars.

Missions

Multiple rovers have been dispatched to Mars:

Active

* ''

'' of the

Mars Science Laboratory Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic spacecraft, robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011, which successfully landed ''Curiosity (rover), Curiosity'', a Mars rover, in Gale (crater), Gale Crater on Augus ...

(MSL) mission by NASA, was launched November 26, 2011 and landed at the

Aeolis Palus Aeolis Palus is a plain between the northern wall of Gale crater and the northern foothills of Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp) on Mars. It is located at . The NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission landed the ''Curiosity'' rover on Aeolis Palus in Aug ...

plain near

Aeolis Mons Mount Sharp, officially Aeolis Mons (), is a mountain on Mars. It forms the central peak within Gale crater and is located around , rising high from the valley floor. Its ID in the United States Geological Survey's Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenc ...

(informally "Mount Sharp") in

Gale Crater Gale is a crater, and probable dry lake, at in the northwestern part of the Aeolis quadrangle on Mars. It is in diameter and estimated to be about 3.5–3.8 billion years old. The crater was named after Walter Frederick Gale, an amateur a ...

on August 6, 2012. The ''Curiosity'' rover is still operational as of 2025. * ''

'' is NASA's rover based on the successful ''Curiosity'' design. Launched with the

Mars 2020 Mars 2020 is a NASA mission that includes the rover ''Perseverance (rover), Perseverance'', the now-retired small robotic helicopter ''Ingenuity (helicopter), Ingenuity'', and associated delivery systems, as part of the Mars Exploration Progra ...

mission on July 30, 2020, it landed on February 18, 2021. It carried the Mars helicopter ''Ingenuity'' attached to its belly. Although ''Ingenuity'''s mission has ended, ''Perseverance'' remains operational as of March 2025.

Past

* ''

'' rover,

, landed successfully on July 4, 1997. Communications were lost on September 27, 1997. ''Sojourner'' had traveled a distance of just over . * '' Spirit'' (MER-A),

Mars Exploration Rover NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission was a robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers, ''Spirit (rover), Spirit'' and ''Opportunity (rover), Opportunity'', exploring the planet Mars. It began in 2003 with the launch of the two rove ...

(MER), launched on June 10, 2003, and landed on January 4, 2004. Nearly six years after the original mission limit, ''Spirit'' had covered a total distance of but its wheels became trapped in sand. The last communication received from the rover was on March 22, 2010, and NASA ceased attempts to re-establish communication on May 25, 2011. * ''

'' (MER-B), Mars Exploration Rover, launched on July 7, 2003 and landed on January 25, 2004. ''Opportunity'' surpassed the previous records for longevity at 5,352 sols (5498 Earth days from landing to mission end; 15 Earth years or 8 Martian years) and covered . The rover sent its last status on 10 June 2018 when a global 2018 Mars dust storm blocked the sunlight needed to recharge its batteries. After hundreds of attempts to reactivate the rover, NASA declared the mission complete on February 13, 2019. * ''

'' launched with the

Tianwen-1 -1 ( zh , s = 天问一号) (also referred to as TW-1) is an interplanetary mission by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) which sent a robotic spacecraft to Mars, consisting of 6 spacecraft: an orbiter, two deployable cameras, lan ...

CNSA The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is a government agency of the People's Republic of China headquartered in Haidian, Beijing, responsible for civil space administration and international space cooperation. These responsibilities ...

Mars mission on July 23, 2020, landed on May 14, 2021, in the southern region of

Utopia Planitia Utopia Planitia ( Greek and Latin: "Utopia Land Plain") is a large plain within Utopia, the largest recognized impact basin on Mars and in the Solar System with an estimated diameter of . It is the Martian region where the '' Viking 2'' lander t ...

, and deployed on May 22, 2021, while dropping a remote selfie camera on 1 June 2021. Designed for a lifespan of 90 sols (93 Earth days), ''Zhurong'' had been active for 347 sols (356.5 days) since its deployment and traveled on Mars's surface for . Since 20 May 2022, the rover was deactivated due to approaching sandstorms and Martian winter. But the larger-than-expected build-up of dust covering its solar panels prevented it from self-reactivation. On 25 April 2023, the mission designer Zhang Rongqiao announced that the buildup of dust from the last inactivation is greater than planned, indicating the rover could be inactive "forever".

Failed

* ''

'', ''

PrOP-M PrOP-M (, Passability Estimating Vehicle for Mars or Device Evaluation Terrain—Mars) were two Soviet Mars rovers that were launched on the unsuccessful Mars 2 and Mars 3 missions in 1971. PrOP-M were the first rovers to be launched to Mars, 26 ...

'' rover, 1971, ''Mars 2'' landing failed, destroying Prop-M with it. The ''Mars 2'' and ''3'' spacecraft from the Soviet Union had identical ''Prop-M'' rovers. They were to move on

ski Skis are runners, attached to the user's feet, designed to glide over snow. Typically employed in pairs, skis are attached to ski boots with ski bindings, with either a free, lockable, or partially secured heel. For climbing slopes, ski skins c ...

s while connected to the landers with cables. * ''

'', ''

'' rover, landed successfully on December 2, 1971. rover tethered to the Mars 3 lander. Lost when the ''Mars 3'' lander stopped communicating about 110 seconds after landing. The loss of communication may have been due to the extremely powerful Martian dust storm taking place at the time, or an issue with the Mars 3 orbiter's ability to relay communications.

Planned

* ESA's

ExoMars ExoMars (Exobiology on Mars) is an astrobiology programme of the European Space Agency (ESA). The goals of ExoMars are to search for signs of past life on Mars, investigate how the Martian water and geochemical environment varies, investigate ...

rover ''Rosalind Franklin'' was confirmed technically ready for launch in March 2022 and planned to launch in September 2022, but due to the suspension of cooperation with Roscosmos this is delayed until at least 2028. A fast-track study was started to determine alternative launch options. * The Russian

Moscow Aviation Institute Moscow Aviation Institute () is an engineering research university in Moscow, Russia. It is designated a National Research University. Since its inception the institute has been spearheading advances in aerospace technology both within Russia a ...

and the Indian IIT are jointly developing a fixed-wing Mars

UAV An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or unmanned aircraft system (UAS), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft with no human pilot, crew, or passengers onboard, but rather is controlled remotely or is autonomous.De Gruyter Handbook of Drone ...

which is scheduled for launch in late 2025.

Proposed

* The

JAXA The is the Japanese national air and space agency. Through the merger of three previously independent organizations, JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003. JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and launch of satellites into o ...

Melos rover Milos or Melos (; , ; ) is a volcanic Greek island in the Aegean Sea, just north of the Sea of Crete. It is the southwestern-most island of the Cyclades group. The ''Venus de Milo'' (now in the Louvre), the ''Poseidon of Melos'' (now in the NA ...

was supposed to be launched in 2022. JAXA has not given an update since 2015. *

Mars Geyser Hopper *

ISRO The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO ) is India's national space agency, headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. It serves as the principal research and development arm of the Department of Space (DoS), overseen by the Prime Minister o ...

has proposed a Mars rover as part of Mars Lander Mission, its second Mars mission in 2030. * ''Mars Tumbleweed Rover'', a spherical wind-propelled rover. The concept was first investigated by

in the early 2000s. Since 2017, Team Tumbleweed has been developing a series of Tumbleweed Rovers. The research organization aims to land a swarm of 90 Tumbleweed rovers on the Martian surface by 2034.

Undeveloped

Marsokhod Marsokhod () is a Russian Mars rover project that was intended for use in the Mars-96 mission. Instead it was used for experiments into improving rover technology. Prototypes of the Marsokhod rover were taken from Russia to the NASA Ames Researc ...

was proposed to be a part of Russian

Mars 96 Mars 96 (sometimes called Mars-8) was a failed Mars mission launched in 1996 to investigate Mars by the Russian Space Forces and not directly related to the Soviet Mars probe program of the same name. After failure of the second fourth-stage ...

mission. * Astrobiology Field Laboratory, proposed in the 2000-2010 period as a follow on to MSL. * Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C), cancelled 2011 *

Mars Surveyor 2001 The Mars Surveyor 2001 project was a multi-part Mars exploration mission intended as a follow-up to Mars Surveyor '98. After the two probes of the 1998 project, Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander, were both lost, NASA's "better, faster, ...

rover * Cushion-air rovers

Timeline of rover surface operations

Examples of instruments

Examples of instruments onboard landed rovers include: *

Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer :''APXS is also an abbreviation for APache eXtenSion tool, an extension for Apache web servers.'' An alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) is a spectrometer that analyses the chemical element composition of a sample from scattered alpha parti ...

(MPF + MER + MSL) *

CheMin Chemin or Le Chemin may refer to: Arts and media * ''Le Chemin'' (Emmanuel Moire album), 2013 album by French singer Emmanuel Moire * ''Le Chemin'' (Kyo album), 2003 album by French band Kyo ** "Le Chemin" (song), title song from same-titled Kyo a ...

(MSL) *

Chemistry and Camera complex Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam) is a suite of remote sensing instruments on Mars for the Curiosity (rover), ''Curiosity'' rover. As the name implies, ChemCam is actually two different instruments combined as one: a laser-induced breakdown ...

(MSL) *

Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons The Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) instrument is an experiment mounted on the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity (rover), ''Curiosity'' rover. It is a pulsed sealed-tube neutron source and detector used to measure hydrogen or ice and water at or ...

(MSL) *

Hazcam Hazcams (short for hazard avoidance cameras) are photographic cameras mounted on the front and rear of NASA's ''Spirit'', ''Opportunity'', ''Curiosity'' and ''Perseverance'' rover missions to Mars and on the lower front portion of Chinese ...

(MER + MSL + M20) *

MarsDial The MarsDial is a sundial that was devised for missions to Mars. It is used to calibrate the Pancam, Pancam cameras of the Mars landers. MarsDials were placed on the ''Spirit (rover), Spirit'' and ''Opportunity (rover), Opportunity'' Mars Explorat ...

(MER + MSL + M20) *

Materials Adherence Experiment The Materials Adherence Experiment (MAE) was a material science experiment conducted between July 4, 1997, and August 12, 1997, during NASA's ''Mars Pathfinder'' mission. This was a joint experiment between NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laborator ...

(MPF) *

MIMOS II MIMOS II is the miniaturised Mössbauer spectrometer, developed by Dr. Göstar Klingelhöfer at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany, that is used on the Mars Exploration Rovers '' Spirit'' and ''Opportunity'' for close-up investig ...

(MER) *

Mini-TES The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) is an infrared spectrometer used for detecting the composition of a material (typically rocks) from a distance. By making its measurements in the thermal infrared part of the electromagneti ...

(MER) *

Mars Hand Lens Imager Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) is one of seventeen cameras on the ''Curiosity'' rover on the Mars Science Laboratory mission. Overview The instrument is mounted on the rover's robotic arm. It is primarily used to acquire microscopic images o ...

(MSL) *

Navcam Navcam, short for navigational camera, is a type of camera found on certain robotic rovers or spacecraft used for navigation without interfering with scientific instruments. Navcams typically take wide angle photographs that are used to plan the ne ...

(MER + MSL + M20+TW1) *

Pancam Each Pancam is one of two electronic stereo cameras on Mars Exploration Rovers ''Spirit'' and ''Opportunity''. It has a filter wheel assembly that enables it to view different wavelengths of light and the pair of Pancams are mounted beside tw ...

(MER) *

Rock Abrasion Tool The Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) is a grinding and brushing installation on NASA’s twin Mars Exploration Rovers, '' Spirit'' (MER-A) and '' Opportunity'' (MER-B), which landed on Mars in January 2004. It was designed, developed and continues to be o ...

(MER) *

Radiation assessment detector The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) is an instrument mounted on the Mars Science Laboratory ''Curiosity'' rover. It was the first of ten instruments to be turned on during the mission. Purpose The first role of RAD was to characterize the b ...

(MSL) *

Rover Environmental Monitoring Station Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) is a weather station on Mars for Curiosity rover contributed by Spain and Finland. REMS measures humidity, pressure, temperature, wind speeds, and Ultraviolet, ultraviolet radiation on Mars. This Spa ...

(MSL) *

Sample Analysis at Mars Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) is a suite of instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity (rover), ''Curiosity'' rover. The SAM instrument suite analyzed Organic compound, organics and gases from both atmospheric and solid samples. It was ...

(MSL) * EDL cameras on Rover (MSL + M20+TW1) *

Cachecam The Cachecam, a photographic camera, is mounted inside the rover underbelly, at the top of the sample cache of NASA's ''Mars 2020'' rover mission to Mars. Overview The Cachecam's main job is to photograph the top of a sample tube after the sample ...

(M20) *

Mastcam-Z Mastcam-Z is a multispectral, stereoscopic imaging instrument. It serves as the primary science camera on NASA's Perseverance (rover), ''Perseverance'' rover. The Principal Investigator is James F. Bell, III, Jim Bell of Arizona State University. ...

(M20) *

MEDA Meda may refer to: Places * Meda de Mouros, a parish in Tábua Municipality, Portugal * Medas, a parish in Gondomar Municipality, Portugal * Meda-Ela, Sri Lanka * Međa (Leskovac), village in the municipality of Leskovac, Serbia * Meda, Lombardy, ...

(M20) *

Microphone A microphone, colloquially called a mic (), or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and publi ...

s (M20+TW1) *

MOXIE Moxie is a brand of carbonated beverage that is among the first mass-produced soft drinks in the United States. It was created around 1876 by Augustin Thompson as a patent medicine called "Moxie Nerve Food" and was produced in Lowell, Massa ...

(M20) * PIXL (M20) *

RIMFAX The Radar Imager for Mars' subsurface experiment (RIMFAX) is a ground-penetrating radar on NASA's ''Perseverance'' rover, part of the Mars 2020 mission. It uses radar waves to see geologic features under the surface. The device can make detec ...

(M20) *

SHERLOC Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) is an ultraviolet Raman spectrometer that uses fine-scale imaging and an ultraviolet (UV) laser to determine fine-scale mineralogy, and detect org ...

(M20) *

SuperCam SuperCam is a suite of remote-sensing instruments for the Mars 2020 '' Perseverance'' rover mission that performs remote analyses of rocks and soils with a camera, two lasers and four spectrometers to seek organic compounds that could hold biosig ...

(M20) * Remote Camera (TW1) PIA24320-MarsLandingSites-20201216

NASA Mars rover goals

Circa the 2010s, NASA had established certain goals for the rover program. NASA distinguishes between "mission" objectives and "science" objectives. Mission objectives are related to progress in

space technology Space technology is technology for use in outer space. Space technology includes space vehicles such as spacecraft, satellites, space stations and orbital spaceflight, orbital launch vehicles; :Spacecraft communication, deep-space communication; :S ...

and development processes. Science objectives are met by the instruments during their mission in space. The science instruments are chosen and designed based on the science objectives and goals. The primary goal of the ''Spirit'' and ''Opportunity'' rovers was to investigate "the history of water on Mars". The four science goals of NASA's long-term

Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Program (MEP) is a long-term effort Exploration of Mars, to explore the planet Mars, funded and led by NASA. Formed in 1993, MEP has made use of orbital spacecraft, lander (spacecraft), landers, and Mars rovers to explore the p ...

are: * Determine whether life ever arose on Mars * Characterize the

climate of Mars The climate of Mars has been a topic of scientific curiosity for centuries, in part because it is the only terrestrial planet whose surface can be easily directly observed in detail from Earth with help from a telescope. Although Mars is small ...

* Characterize the

geology of Mars The geology of Mars is the scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Mars. It emphasizes the composition, structure, history, and physical processes that shape the planet. It is analogous to the field of terrestrial geo ...

* Prepare for

human exploration of Mars The idea of sending humans to Mars has been the subject of aerospace engineering and scientific studies since the late 1940s as part of the broader exploration of Mars. Long-term proposals have included Colonization of Mars, sending settlers an ...

Gallery

Image:Sojourner on Mars PIA01122.jpg, ''Sojourner'' rover on Mars Image:h rover-comp wheels 02.jpg, Comparison of wheels: Mars ''Sojourner'' rover, MER, MSL Image:Mars Science Laboratory mockup comparison.jpg, Comparison (2008): MER, ''Sojourner'' rover, MSL Image:PIA15279 3rovers-stand D2011 1215 D521.jpg, Comparison (2011): MER, ''Sojourner'' rover, humans, MSL

References

External links

NASA official Mars Rover website

Mars Pathfinder Gallery
(NASA)
Pictures of Mars by Rovers

All Rovers on Mars
{{Portal bar, Solar System, Spaceflight Mars +rovers Landers (spacecraft) Mars robots

Missions

Active

Past

Failed

Planned

Proposed

Undeveloped

Timeline of rover surface operations

Examples of instruments

NASA Mars rover goals

Gallery

See also

References

External links