Manuel Sanguily (March 26, 1848 – January 23, 1925) was a

Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

n statesmen, independence activist, historian, and patriot who participated in the

Ten Years' War The Ten Years' War (; 1868–1878), also known as the Great War () and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On 10 October 1868, sugar mil ...

Biography

Early life

Manuel Sanguily y Garritte was born on March 26, 1848, in

Havana Havana (; ) is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center.La Habana Province La Habana Province , formerly known as Ciudad de La Habana Province, is a province of Cuba that includes the territory of the city of Havana, the Republic's capital. The province's territory is the seat of the superior organs of the state and i ...

Spanish Cuba The Captaincy General of Cuba () was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire created in 1607 as part of Habsburg Spain's attempt to better defend and administer its Caribbean possessions. The reform also established captaincies general ...

. He was the younger brother of

Julio Sanguily Julio Sanguily Garritte (1845–1906) was a Cuban independence activist and insurgent who took prominent roles in the rebel army during the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Cuban War of Independence(1895–1898). Origins Julio Sanguily Gar ...

. Sanguily was educated in his early years at the El Salvador school under the mentorship of

José de la Luz y Caballero José Cipriano de la Luz y Caballero (July 11, 1800 – June 22, 1862) was a Cuban scholar, acclaimed by José Martí as "the father ... the silent founder" of Cuban intellectual life of the 19th century. Interest in Luz's work was revived around ...

Ten Years' War

From the United States, the Sanguily brothers landed in

Camagüey Province Camagüey () is the largest of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Camagüey. Other towns include Florida and Nuevitas. Geography Camagüey is mostly low lying, with no major hills or mountain ranges passing through the province. Numerous lar ...

on the Galvanic expedition led by

Manuel de Quesada Manuel may refer to: People * Manuel (name), a given name and surname * Manuel (''Fawlty Towers''), a fictional character from the sitcom ''Fawlty Towers'' * Manuel I Komnenos, emperor of the Byzantine Empire * Manuel I of Portugal, king of Po ...

in December 1868. Manuel Sanguily and nine other patriots managed to land on

Cayo Romano Cayo Romano is an island on the northern coast of Cuba, in the province of Camagüey. It is the largest cay of the Jardines del Rey archipelago with . Situation Administratively, the south part is on Esmeralda ( Camagüey Province)

, crossed by canoe to La Guanaja, and enlisted in the

mambises The mambises were the guerrilla independence soldiers who fought for the independence from Spain of the Dominican Republic in the Dominican Restoration War (1863–1865), and of Cuba in the Ten Years' War (1868–1878), Little War (1879–1880), ...

infantry Infantry, or infantryman are a type of soldier who specialize in ground combat, typically fighting dismounted. Historically the term was used to describe foot soldiers, i.e. those who march and fight on foot. In modern usage, the term broadl ...

. He served as a colonel in the

Cuban Liberation Army The Cuban Liberation Army (), colloquially known as the Mambises, Mambí Army () was an insurgency, insurgent army which was formed in the last third of the 19th century and fought for independence from Spain and the abolitionism, abolition of ...

during the

(1868–1878). Before the war's end, Manuel left the island with his brother Julio in 1876, departing to the United States. In April 1886, he published the text ''Habana'' while in

Matanzas Matanzas (Cuban ; ) is the capital of the Cuban province of Matanzas Province, Matanzas. Known for its poets, culture, and Afro-American religions, Afro-Cuban folklore, it is located on the northern shore of the island of Cuba, on the Bay of Mat ...

. After

freedom of the press Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic Media (communication), media, especially publication, published materials, shoul ...

was implemented in Cuba in 1891, Sanguily expressed his

separatist Separatism is the advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, regional, governmental, or gender separation from the larger group. As with secession, separatism conventionally refers to full political separation. Groups simply seekin ...

views in the Cuban press. In 1893, he published his widely known work ''Hojas Literarias''.

Cuban War of Independence

Sanguily, who did not fight in the war of 1895, dedicated himself to journalism during his time in exile in the United States. Sanguily addressed a gathering of Cubans at Chickering Hall in New York City on May 19, 1896, in commemoration of

José Martí José Julián Martí Pérez (; 28 January 1853 – 19 May 1895) was a Cuban nationalism, nationalist, poet, philosopher, essayist, journalist, translator, professor, and publisher, who is considered a Cuban national hero because of his role in ...

's first

death anniversary A death anniversary (or deathday) is the anniversary of the death of a person. It is the opposite of birthday. It is a custom in several Asian cultures, including Azerbaijan, Armenia, Cambodia, China, Georgia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India, Myanmar ...

U.S. occupation of Cuba

In December 1898, Col. Manguily joined a Cuban delegation headed by Gen.

Calixto García Calixto García y Íñiguez (August 4, 1839 – December 11, 1898) was a Cuban general in three Cuban uprisings, part of the Cuban War for Independence: the Ten Years' War, the Little War, and the War of 1895, itself sometimes called the C ...

who met U.S. President

William McKinley William McKinley (January 29, 1843September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until Assassination of William McKinley, his assassination in 1901. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Repub ...

Washington Washington most commonly refers to: * George Washington (1732–1799), the first president of the United States * Washington (state), a state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A ...

. McKinley used the meeting to address

severance pay Severance may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Severance'' (film), a 2006 British horror film * ''Severance'' (novel), a 2018 novel by Ling Ma *''Severance'', a 2006 short-story collection by Robert Olen Butler * ''Severance'' (TV series), ...

for the

following the

Spanish–American War The Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898) was fought between Restoration (Spain), Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine (1889), USS ''Maine'' in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the ...

. Sanguily represented Cuba at the First Hague Peace Conference in

The Hague The Hague ( ) is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands. With a population of over half a million, it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Situated on the west coast facing the North Sea, The Hague is the c ...

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

, which concluded on July 29, 1899. Appointed by the Military

Governor of Cuba This is a list of colonial heads of Cuba. Dates in italics indicate ''de facto'' continuation of office. For continuation after independence ''see'' List of presidents of Cuba. See also * List of governors of Provincia de Santiago de Cuba * ...

Leonard Wood Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 – August 7, 1927) was a United States Army major general, physician, and public official. He served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, List of colonial governors of Cuba, Military Governor of Cuba, ...

government A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a State (polity), state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive (government), execu ...

, Manuel Sanguily became a professor of Rhetoric and Poetic Art at the Institute of Secondary Instruction of Havana on December 16, 1899. He was also named the institute's director. On February 16, 1900, American

Chief of Staff The title chief of staff (or head of staff) identifies the leader of a complex organization such as the armed forces, institution, or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supportin ...

Adna Chaffee Adna Romanza Chaffee (April 14, 1842 – November 1, 1914) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army. Chaffee took part in the American Civil War and Indian Wars, played a key role in the Spanish–American War, and fought in the Boxe ...

announced that Sanguily had been appointed to a commission to formulate rules and regulations for

municipal elections In many parts of the world, local elections take place to select office-holders in local government, such as mayors and councillors. Elections to positions within a city or town are often known as "municipal elections". Their form and conduct var ...

. When Governor

introduced the

Platt Amendment The Platt Amendment was a piece of United States legislation enacted as part of the Army Appropriations Act of 1901 that defined the relationship between the United States and Cuba following the Spanish–American War.Cuba–United States relations Modern diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States are cold, stemming from historic conflict and divergent political ideologies. The two nations restored diplomatic relations on July 20, 2015, after relations had been severed in 196 ...

and elect delegates to discuss the amendment. On September 28, 1901, Gen.

Máximo Gómez Máximo Gómez y Báez (November 18, 1836 – June 17, 1905) was a general of Dominican origin in the Cuban Wars of Independence (1868-78 and 1895–98). He was known for his controversial Scorched earth tactics, which entailed dynamiting pa ...

led a

manifesto A manifesto is a written declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party, or government. A manifesto can accept a previously published opinion or public consensus, but many prominent ...

, signed by Sanguily,

Domingo Méndez Capote Domingo Méndez Capote was a Cuban lawyer, military officer, and politician who played a significant role in the Cuban War of Independence and the early years of the Republic of Cuba. He was the 2nd-serving Vice President of Cuba. Other roles he ...

Gonzalo de Quesada Gonzalo may refer to: * Gonzalo (name) * Gonzalo, Dominican Republic, a small town * Isla Gonzalo, a subantarctic island operated by the Chilean Navy * Hurricane Gonzalo, 2014 See also * Gonzalez (disambiguation) * Gonzales (disambiguation) * ...

, and others, promoting the election of

Tomás Estrada Palma Tomás Estrada Palma (; July 9, 1835 – November 4, 1908) was a Cuban politician, the president of the Republic of Cuba in Arms during the Ten Years' War, and the first President of Cuba, between May 20, 1902, and September 28, 1906. His colla ...

before the

1901 Cuban general election General elections were held in Cuba on 31 December 1901.Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p203 Tomás Estrada Palma won the presidential election, and Luis Estévez y Romero was elected vice president. ...

. Manuel Sanguily was elected as a senator of

on February 24, 1902. In 1902, a teacher certification guide in Cuba included contributions from Sanguily, Vidal Morales y Morales, Nicolás Heredia, Carlos de la Torre, Manuel Valdés Rodríguez, and Esteban Borrero. The Board of Superintendents of Public Schools of the Island of Cuba approved it on November 25, 1903. Amending the treaty Enmendando el tratado

Amending the treaty Enmendando el tratado

In 1903, the president of the Republic of Cuba

appointed Manuel Sanguily as Cuban Secretary of State. He was involved in the

Bliss BLISS is a system programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) by W. A. Wulf, D. B. Russell, and A. N. Habermann around 1970. It was perhaps the best known system language until C debuted a few years later. Since then, C ...

- Palma protocol, which included various provisions on sugar tariffs in the proposed treaty between the United States and Cuba. Sanguily was

President of the Senate President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate. It corresponds to the Speaker (politics), speaker in some other assemblies. The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's Order of succession, succes ...

in the

Congress of Cuba The Congress of Cuba () was the legislature of Cuba from 20 May 1902 until the Cuban Revolution of 1959. The Congress consisted of the 130-member Chamber of Representatives (''Cámara de Representantes'') and the 54-member Senate (''Senado'') in ...

from April 5, 1905, to April 11, 1906. September 1906, marked the beginning of the

Second Occupation of Cuba The Provisional Government of Cuba ( Spanish: ''Gobierno Provisional de Cuba'') lasted from September 1906 to February 1909. This period was also referred to as the Second occupation of Cuba. When the government of Cuban President Tomás Est ...

. In 1907, he attended the

Second Hague Peace Conference The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands. Along with the Geneva Conventions, the Hague Conventions were amo ...

, as a delegate of Cuba.

Secretary of State

Sanguily served as

Minister of Foreign Affairs In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and foreign relations, relations, diplomacy, bilateralism, ...

during the

Gómez Gómez (frequently anglicized as Gomez) is a common Spanish patronymic surname of Germanic origin meaning "son of Gome". The Portuguese and Old Galician version is Gomes, while the Catalan form is Gomis. The given name ''Gome'' is derived f ...

administration which began on January 28, 1909. On July 14, 1910, an

extradition treaty In an extradition, one jurisdiction delivers a person accused or convicted of committing a crime in another jurisdiction, into the custody of the other's law enforcement. It is a cooperative law enforcement procedure between the two jurisdic ...

between Cuba and Venezuela was signed in Havana and Manuel Sanguily was assigned as the

plenipotentiary A ''plenipotentiary'' (from the Latin ''plenus'' "full" and ''potens'' "powerful") is a diplomat who has full powers—authorization to sign a treaty or convention on behalf of a sovereign. When used as a noun more generally, the word can als ...

. He served as the principal official and Secretary of State of the Republic of Cuba to the U.S.

Department of State The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs ...

. He opened negotiations with the U.S. Ambassador in Cuba for a revision of the 1902 Reciprocity Treaty in February 1911. Sanguily, acting as the

Minister for Foreign Affairs In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral re ...

of Cuba, made a speech at a banquet given by President Gómez to

U.S. Secretary of State The United States secretary of state (SecState) is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The secretary of state serves as the principal advisor to the p ...

Philander Chase Knox, in Havana on April 11, 1912. Secretary Sanguily met Knox at the Hotel Telégrafo on April 13, 1912, to address pending issues, with

Arthur M. Beaupre Arthur Matthias Beaupre (July 29, 1853 – September 13, 1919) was an American diplomat. He served in several ambassadorships, including Colombia, Argentina, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Cuba. Early life Beaupre was born in Oswego, Illinois ...

also present.

War of 1912

Amid the

War of 1912 The War of 1912 (), also known as the Little Race War, the Negro Rebellion, or The Twelve, was a series of protests and uprisings in 1912 in Cuba, which saw conflict between Afro-Cuban rebels and the armed forces of Cuba. It took place mainly ...

, Sanguily, as Secretary of the Interior (), called for volunteers on May 23, 1912, registering 280 men at

Castillo de Atarés The Castillo de Santo Domingo de Atarés is a small hexagonal hilltop fort in Havana built in 1767. Work commenced in 1763, around the same time as initial work on Castillo del Príncipe. It is located on La loma de Soto above the harbour. In 198 ...

in Havana to suppress the movement. He was named to the Commission of Statistics by President Gomez before the

1912 Cuban general election General elections were held in Cuba on 1 November 1912.Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p203 Mario García Menocal won the presidential election running under the Conjunción Patriótica banner (an a ...

and appointed by President

Mario García Menocal Aurelio Mario Gabriel Francisco García Menocal y Deop (December 17, 1866 – September 7, 1941) was the 3rd President of Cuba, serving from 1913 to 1921. His term as president saw Cuba's participation in the Allies in World War I. Early li ...

to be Inspector General of the

Cuban National Army The Cuban National Army (), from 1935 known as the Cuban Constitutional Army (), was the army of the Republic of Cuba from 1902 to 1959. History The Cuban National Army was the army of the Republic of Cuba until 1959. It was dissolved in 1959 ...

with the rank of brigadier general.

Death

Manuel Sanguily died on January 23, 1925, in

Havana, Cuba Havana (; ) is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center.sugarmill in

Pinar del Río Pinar del Río is the capital city of Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. With a population of 191,081 (2022), it is the List of cities in Cuba, 10th-largest city in Cuba. Inhabitants of the area are called ''Pinareños''. History Pinar del Río was ...

was named after him. A stamp series was released on January 27, 1949, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Manuel Sanguily.Mackay, J. A. (1976). Encyclopedia of world stamps, 1945–1975. Brazil: McGraw-Hill.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanguily y Garritte, Manuel Cuban revolutionaries 19th-century Cuban military personnel Cuban independence activists 1848 births 1925 deaths People of the Ten Years' War People of the Cuban War of Independence Activists from Havana