Manuel Polo Y Peyrolón
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Manuel Polo y Peyrolón (1846–1918) was a
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas **Spanish cuisine **Spanish history **Spanish culture ...
writer, theorist, academic, and politician. He is best known as the author of five novels falling in between
romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. The purpose of the movement was to advocate for the importance of subjec ...
and
realism Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: *American Realism *Classical Realism *Liter ...
; classified as part of
costumbrismo ''Costumbrismo'' (in Catalan: ''costumisme''; sometimes anglicized as costumbrism, with the adjectival form costumbrist) is the literary or pictorial interpretation of local everyday life, mannerisms, and customs, primarily in the Hispanic sce ...
, they are currently considered second-rate literature. As a philosopher he stuck to neo-
Thomism Thomism is the philosophical and theological school which arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), the Dominican philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. In philosophy, Thomas's disputed ques ...
and focused mostly on confronting
Krausism Krausism is a doctrine named after the German philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832) that advocates doctrinal tolerance and academic freedom from dogma. One of the philosophers of identity, Krause endeavoured to reconcile ...
. In education he represented Catholic
regenerationism Regenerationism () was an intellectual and political movement in late 19th century and early 20th century Spain. It sought to make objective and scientific study of the causes of Spain's decline as a nation and to propose remedies. It is largely s ...
, fiercely pitted against the
Liberal Liberal or liberalism may refer to: Politics * Generally, a supporter of the political philosophy liberalism. Liberals may be politically left or right but tend to be centrist. * An adherent of a Liberal Party (See also Liberal parties by country ...
current. In politics he was active within
Carlism Carlism (; ; ; ) is a Traditionalism (Spain), Traditionalist and Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain, Don Carlos, ...
; his career reached its peak during his 1896–1898 term in the
Congress of Deputies The Congress of Deputies () is the lower house of the , Spain's legislative branch, the upper house being the Senate of Spain, Senate. The Congress meets in the Palacio de las Cortes, Madrid, Palace of the Parliament () in Madrid. Congress has ...
and his 1907-1915 terms in the
Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
.


Family and youth

There is little known about Polo's ancestors. His paternal forefathers were related to Aras de Alpuente, a town in the
Valencia province Valencia ( , ), officially València (), is a province of Spain, in the central part of the autonomous Valencian Community. Of the province's 2.7 million people (2024), almost one-third live in the capital, Valencia, which is also the capita ...
; in the 17th century some Polos served there as local notaries. His father, Domingo Polo y Polo (died 1859), also originated from Aras. He worked as property registrar in
Belchite Belchite is a municipality and town in the province of Zaragoza, Spain, about 40 km southeast of Zaragoza. It is the capital of Campo de Belchite ''comarca'' (administrative region) and is located in a plain surrounded by low hills, the high ...
and according to his son he was among the founders of the Carlist daily '' La Esperanza''. During the
First Carlist War The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, the first of three Carlist Wars. It was fought between two factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Monarchy of Spain, Spanish monarchy: the conservative a ...
he sided with the
legitimists The Legitimists () are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the House of Bourbon, Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution. They reject ...
and served as secretary to general José María Arévalo y Reguero. Following the Carlist defeat he had to abandon his job and settled in Cañete, a village on the western slopes of
Montes Universales Montes Universales is a long mountain range in the southeastern end of the Iberian System. Its highest point is the 1,935 m high summit known as Caimodorro. The 1,830 m high Muela de San Juan is another important peak. Administratively, the Mo ...
, a southern ridge of
Sistema Ibérico The Iberian System is one of the major systems of mountain ranges in Spain. It consists of a vast and complex area of mostly relatively high and rugged mountain chains and massifs located in the central region of the Iberian Peninsula, but ...
. Located in the Castillan
Province of Cuenca Cuenca () is one of the five provinces of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha. It is located in the eastern part of this autonomous community and covers 17,141 square km. It has a population of 203,841 ...
, the area bordered the region of
Aragón Aragon ( , ; Spanish and ; ) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. In northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces (from north to south): Huesca, Zaragoza, a ...
and formed part of what was once known as Alto
Maestrazgo The Maestrazgo () or Maestrat () is a natural and historical mountainous region, located at the eastern end of the Sistema Ibérico mountain range, in Spain. It encompasses the north of the Autonomous Community of Valencia, in Castellón provinc ...
. Polo y Polo practiced as a local lawyer. Manuel's mother, María Peyrolón Lapuerta, was born in Aragon, on the other sides of the sierra slopes; she originated either from Calomarde or from Gea de Albarracin. The couple had at least two sons, Manuel and Florentino; María died during childbirth in 1853. Some time in the mid-1850s Domingo Polo developed very serious health problems and pledged that in case of recovery he would dedicate his life to God; indeed he later entered an unspecified religious order and became a friar. Since the mid-1850s Manuel and his younger brother were looked after by their maternal aunt Concepción. Spending most of his childhood and youth with relatives in
Gea de Albarracín Gea de Albarracín is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census ( INE), the municipality had a population of 434 inhabitants. See also * List of municipalities in Teruel This is a list of the ...
, he considered himself a turolense and viewed Sierra de Albarracín as his "" (little homeland). He was brought up in a fervently Catholic environment and inherited a Traditionalist political outlook from his father; his first childhood lectures were Carlist booklets and periodicals. Following his early education in Albarracin, he frequented the institute in Valencia; exact dates are unclear, though most likely his college days were in the early 1860s. According to one source he majored in philosophy and literature at
Universidad Central The Central University (''Universidad Central'') is a private institution of higher education established 1966, whose two offices are at Bogotá, Colombia. It offers undergraduate and graduate programs in the areas of humanities, arts, economic a ...
in
Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...
and in civil and canon law at
Universidad de Valencia The University of Valencia ( ), shortened to UV, is a public university, public research university in Valencia, Spain. It is one of the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest universities in Spain, and the oldest in the V ...
. Guided by
Miguel Vicente Almazán --> Miguel is a given name and surname, the Portuguese and Spanish form of the Hebrew name Michael. It may refer to: Places * Pedro Miguel, a parish in the municipality of Horta and the island of Faial in the Azores Islands *São Miguel (disamb ...
, Manuel would later gain PhD laurels in philosophy. According to another author, he studied both law and literature in Valencia; none of the sources consulted provides the date of his graduation. Following a brief and temporary stint as assistant professor of metaphysics in Valencia in 1868–69, he returned to Aragón and successfully applied to Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de
Teruel Teruel () is a city in Aragon, located in eastern Spain, and is also the capital of Teruel (province), Teruel Province. It had a population of 35,900 as of 2022, making it the least populated provincial capital in Spain. It is noted for its har ...
, where he began teaching psychology, logic, and ethics in 1870. Manuel Polo y Peyrolón never married and had no children.


Novelist

Polo's first literary work, , appeared in 1873. Except that it was a collection of short stories instead of a
novel A novel is an extended work of narrative fiction usually written in prose and published as a book. The word derives from the for 'new', 'news', or 'short story (of something new)', itself from the , a singular noun use of the neuter plural of ...
, it revealed characteristics marking his later works: traditional themes, a simple plot and clear educational purpose, with narration set in the provincial milieu of
Sierra de Albarracín Sierra de Albarracín is a long mountain range in the southwestern end of the Iberian System. Its highest point is the 1,856 m high summit known as Sierra Alta. Description This mountain range is named after the town of Albarracín, located a ...
, painted with attention to detail and with a focus on local customs typical rather of an ethnographical study. All these features were developed in Polo's first novel, ''Los Mayos'' (1878), a rural love story intended as a praise of loyalty and fidelity and considered his best work, translated into Italian and German. The consecutive ones, (1884) and (1890) assumed a more militant tone, aimed against liberal and secular lifestyles. (1905) confronted the deeds of a young liberal with the virtues of a young Carlist, cast against the background of a small town undergoing the turbulent period of 1868–1876. The last of Polo's major literary works, (1906), revealed more threads of an adventure story; set during
Third Carlist War The Third Carlist War (), which occurred from 1872 to 1876, was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier Second Carlist War, "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relative ...
, it was heavily based on wartime recollections of his brother Florentino. Polo's shorter stories remain scaled-down versions of his novels. Among his contemporaries Polo was appreciated usually by those sharing a similar traditional outlook, such as
Emilia Pardo Bazán Emilia Pardo Bazán y de la Rúa-Figueroa, Countess of Pardo Bazán (; 16 September 185112 May 1921) was a Spanish novelist, journalist, literary critic, poet, playwright, translator, editor and professor. Her naturalism (literature), naturalis ...
and his friends Marcelinó Menéndez y Pelayo and
José María de Pereda José María de Pereda y Sánchez de Porrúa (born 6 February 1833, Polanco, Cantabria – died 1 March 1906, Polanco) was a Spanish novelist, and a Member of the Royal Spanish Academy. Life Pereda was educated at the Institute Cántabro of Sa ...
. A conservative literary review, '' Ilustración Católica'', identified him as a brilliant follower of
Fernán Caballero Fernán Caballero (24 December 1796 – 7 April 1877) was the pseudonym of Spanish novelist Cecilia Francisca Josefa Böhl de Faber y Ruiz de Larrea. She was daughter of German writer Johann Nikolaus Böhl von Faber and Spanish writer Frasqui ...
, classified his writings as a "" (family novel) and hailed his prose as "" (the restorer of the Castilian novel in modern times). Noted for authenticity "which does not disfigure reality", his
realism Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: *American Realism *Classical Realism *Liter ...
was appreciated as an antidote to naturalism – the trend he consciously opposed - and "the venom of Zola". By favourably disposed contemporaries he was put next to Fernán Caballero, de Pereda,
Francisco Navarro Villoslada Francisco is the Spanish and Portuguese form of the masculine given name ''Franciscus''. Meaning of the name Francisco In Spanish, people with the name Francisco are sometimes nicknamed " Paco". San Francisco de Asís was known as ''Pater Comm ...
,
Julio Alarcón y Meléndez Julio Alarcón y Meléndez (1843–1924) was a Spanish priest, musician, poet and writer. List of works *Collection of poems for youth. *Album of humor, or collection of stories, anecdotes, fables, jokes, dicharachos ... 1865. *The family albu ...
,
Juan Valera Juan Valera may refer to: * Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano (1824–1905), Spanish author, diplomat and politician * Juan Valera (footballer) (born 1984), Spanish footballer {{hndis, Valera, Juan ...
and padre Coloma; critics dubbed him a "" (literary monstrosity.) The limited popularity of Polo's works hardly outlived their author. Even in the early 20th century he was only marginally mentioned by historians of Spanish literature; later on he went into oblivion, though was occasionally acknowledged in anthologies. Today he is missing even in fairly detailed studies written either by Spanish of foreign scholars, though he is noted by some dictionaries. He is usually situated in between
romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. The purpose of the movement was to advocate for the importance of subjec ...
and
realism Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: *American Realism *Classical Realism *Liter ...
, falling into the
costumbrismo ''Costumbrismo'' (in Catalan: ''costumisme''; sometimes anglicized as costumbrism, with the adjectival form costumbrist) is the literary or pictorial interpretation of local everyday life, mannerisms, and customs, primarily in the Hispanic sce ...
(or ) trend, also a good representative of . It is noted that his conventional, meager plots can hardly support the weight of nagging moralising objectives, especially given the repetitive nature of his works. On the other hand, his novels are appreciated as inexhaustible sources of perfectly captured anecdotes and customs, few readers admitting even some charm. Apart from realism, he is credited for introducing new narrative techniques. He is also among the best-known authors contributing to Carlism in literature from the legitimist perspective.


Scholar and philosopher

Polo taught psychology, logic, and ethics in the Teruel college for 9 years. Harassed for his pro-Carlist sympathies, he decided to leave Aragon. Following a successful application and selection process, he assumed the same chair at Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza in Valencia in 1879, where he kept teaching until the early 20th century. Member of Asociación de Catedráticos Numerarios, he was active in a number of Spanish and foreign scholarly institutions. His career was crowned in 1908, when he joined
Real Academia de la Historia The Royal Academy of History (, RAH) is a Spanish institution in Madrid that studies history "ancient and modern, political, civil, ecclesiastical, military, scientific, of letters and arts, that is to say, the different branches of life, of c ...
. During his Valencia tenure Polo wrote textbooks for students of philosophy: ''Elementos de psicología'' (1879), ''Elementos de lógica'' (1880), ''Elementos de Ética'' (1880); ''Elementos de Ética o Filosofía Moral'' (1882), ''Elementos de Filosofía Moral'' (1889), ''Lógica elemental'' ( 1902) and ''Ética elemental'' (1902), in use also in other scholarly centres across the country. He did not develop any original philosophical contribution himself; apart from works on history and general overviews, Polo is known for confronting some trends forming the liberal educational mindset, especially
Krausism Krausism is a doctrine named after the German philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832) that advocates doctrinal tolerance and academic freedom from dogma. One of the philosophers of identity, Krause endeavoured to reconcile ...
and
Darwinism ''Darwinism'' is a term used to describe a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others. The theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural sel ...
. His stance is classified as neo-Thomist or '' neocatolicismo'' in philosophy and as regeneracionismo político-educativo in pedagogy. Polo's repudiation of Krausism developed in the course of his teaching career and stemmed from his growing interest in pedagogy and education in general. During the last decades of the 19th century, Krausism became a philosophical powerhouse of liberal Spanish politics, represented mostly by Francisco Giner del Rios and Instituto Libre de Enseñanza. Its principal intellectual antagonist was Menendez y Pelayo. His friend Polo remained rather a proponent and did not construct his own anti-Krausian theory, though his vehemence gained him the description of "" (great enemy of Krausist barbarism), especially as Spanish Krausism, initially avoiding direct confrontation with the Church, later assumed a decisively challenging tone. Fiercely advocating Catholic integrity as a basis of public education, he nevertheless recognized the necessity of incorporating elements from the liberal mainstream; some scholars even maintain that Polo was completely integrated in the liberal system of education. Another characteristic feature of Polo's outlook was his position towards
evolutionism Evolutionism is a term used (often derogatorily) to denote the theory of evolution. Its exact meaning has changed over time as the study of evolution has progressed. In the 19th century, it was used to describe the belief that organisms deliberat ...
, though opinions on his stance differ. Some view it as an exemplary obscurantist Catholic reaction to scientific progress, dismissed as "" (involutionism, fundamentalism, traditionalism and reactionary ideology.) Some suggest that his neo-Thomism was not an abrupt rejection of advances produced by science, as Polo tried to work out a conciliatory approach. Though his stance on Darwinism is portrayed as "aggressive and intolerant attack", others consider it in line with scientific standards of the era, systematic and posing questions - like those related to hereditary transmission or variability patterns – which remained unanswered until the 1920s. A detailed study suggests that Polo engaged in the discourse not so much to challenge evolutionary theory, but to confront secularism which used it as a ram against the Spanish Catholic outlook.


Politician

Polo commenced his political career in 1870, speaking at local meetings in Sierra de Albarracín. During the Third Carlist War he supported the insurgents as an ojalatero, placed under police surveillance with most of his property embargoed. Facing restrictions and fearing for his life, he temporarily went into hiding; even following the Carlist defeat in 1876 he was harassed at his workplace in Teruel for a long time. In the 1880s he contributed to the legitimist cause mostly as a novelist, propagating Carlist virtues of his protagonists, and as a professor, lambasting liberal ideas disseminated by
Jews Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
and
freemasonry Freemasonry (sometimes spelled Free-Masonry) consists of fraternal groups that trace their origins to the medieval guilds of stonemasons. Freemasonry is the oldest secular fraternity in the world and among the oldest still-existing organizati ...
. In 1891 and 1893 he lost campaigns to
Cortes Cortes, Cortés, Cortês, Corts, or Cortès may refer to: People * Cortes (surname), including a list of people with the name ** Hernán Cortés (1485–1547), a Spanish conquistador Places * Cortes, Navarre, a village in the South border of ...
and was finally victorious in 1896. In parliament he focused on education, opposing Liberal secularisation plans and promoting local languages in schools. Following defeats in successive elections he resumed his parliamentary career as a senator in 1907, re-elected in 1910 and 1914. In the upper chamber he continued to defend the position of the Catholic Church, especially during the Ley del Candado crisis; he was somewhat acknowledged as a dangerous opponent by procedural gimmicks employed by his adversaries. Lambasting the others for compromising the party line, he himself engaged in secret talks with the
conservatives Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilizati ...
. In the 1890s Polo emerged among the chief Valencian Carlists. He forged friendly relations with the Marquis of Cerralbo and a number of other national leaders, gradually becoming a pivotal figure. Personally introduced to Carlos VII, in 1901 he was considered a candidate for his personal secretary. Revealing interest in the emerging workers’ question he contributed to Acta de Loredan, published the official Carlist program and persuaded the claimant to re-organise the party, uniting the military and civil command chain. Fully aware of the need to modernise
Traditionalism Traditionalism is the adherence to traditional beliefs or practices. It may also refer to: Religion * Traditional religion, a religion or belief associated with a particular ethnic group * Traditionalism (19th-century Catholicism), a 19th-cen ...
, he appreciated the role of efficient party structures, building a dense network. In 1904 Polo was nominated chief of the Valencian branch. Personally intransigent, he was resented by other Levantine leaders, Manuel Simó Marín and Joaquín Llorens Fernandez. The conflict, fuelled by strong personalities, Polo's adamant leadership style and discrepancies between legitimists and , though Carlism is typically viewed as fanatical, in fact it has always been plagued by division between those opting for "malminorismo" and those preferring to "echarse al monte"; Polo tended to side with the latter. His intransigence is credited for preventing the party from amalgamation into ''Union Católica'', ''Lliga'' or other collaborative structures. Also on the national scene, bedeviled by intrigues among Carlist pundits, Polo's relations deteriorated, including those with Carlos VII and especially his wife Berthe de Rohan. He considered his resignation handed to the new Carlist king Jaime III a purely procedural gesture, and was shocked to see it accepted, though as a senator he was appointed to national executive, Junta Nacional Tradicionalista, in 1912. With no close family, surrounded by books, moths and butterflies, dedicated to completion of his massive memories, personally intolerant and acrimonious, by the end of his life Polo grew into a misanthrope and passed into living memory as a "grumpy old man". He became increasingly pessimistic as to the future of Traditionalism, highly skeptical of its political leaders and the claimant himself. At one point he considered himself close to
Integrism In politics, integralism, integrationism or integrism () is an interpretation of Catholic social teaching that argues the principle that the Catholic faith should be the basis of public law and public policy within civil society, wherever the ...
,Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 17; this was a change compared to the 1890s, when he considered the Integrist secession a blessing for Carlism, see Jordi Canal, ''Las «muertes» y las «resurrecciones» del carlismo. Reflexiones sobre la escisión integrista de 1888'', n:''Ayer'' 38 (2000), p. 116 though until his death he remained loyal to the Carlist dynasty.


Works

Carlism and politics *
Ligera exposición doctrinal del credo católico tradicionalista
' (1892) *
Credo y Programa del Partido Carlista
' (1905) *
Anarquía fiera y mansa: folleto antiterrorista
' (1908) *
Memorias políticas (1870-1913)
' Catholicism and ethics *
Elementos de ética o filosofía moral
' (1882) *
León XIII y los católicos españoles
' (1883) *
Ética elemental
' (1883) *
Vida de León XIII: extracto de sus principales documentos públicos y relación de sus fiestas jubilares
' (1888) * ''La Madre de Don Carlos. Estudio crítico-biográfico'' (1906) Law and science *
Contra Darwin: supuesto parentesco entre el hombre y el mono
' (1881) *
Elementos de psicología
' (1889) *
Lógica elemental
(1902) *
La enseñanza española ante la ley y el sentido común: cuestiones pedagógicas
' (1908) *
Rudimentos del derecho
' (1911) Novels and tales *
Costumbres populares de la Sierra de Albarracín: cuentos originales
' (1876) *
Los Mayos: novela original de costumbres populares de la Sierra de Albarracín
' (1879) *
Sacramento y concubinato: novela de costumbres contemporáneas
' (1884) *
Quien mal anda, ¿cómo acaba?
' (1890) *
Manojico de cuentos
' (1895) *
Pepinillos en vinagre
' (1891) *
El guerrillero: novela tejida con retazos de la historia militar carlista
' (1906)


See also

*
Carlism Carlism (; ; ; ) is a Traditionalism (Spain), Traditionalist and Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain, Don Carlos, ...
*
Electoral Carlism (Restoration) Electoral Carlism of Restoration was vital to sustain Traditionalism in the period between the Third Carlist War and the Primo de Rivera dictatorship. Carlism, defeated in 1876, during the Restauración period recalibrated its focus from militar ...
*
Literary realism Literary realism is a movement and genre of literature that attempts to represent mundane and ordinary subject-matter in a faithful and straightforward way, avoiding grandiose or exotic subject-matter, exaggerated portrayals, and speculative ele ...


Footnotes


Further reading

* Serafín Aldecoa Calvo, ''Vida, obra y ciencia en Manuel Polo y Peylorón'' ecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018* Francesco D’Amaro, Javier Esteve Martí, ''El modelo germanófilo de la "modernidad". El caso de Manuel Polo y Perolón ante la Gran Guerra'', n:Damián A. González Madrid, Manuel Ortiz Heras, Juan Sisinio Pérez Garzón (eds.) ''La Historia, lost in translation?'', Cuenca 2017, , pp. 3243-3254 * José Luis Castán Esteban, ''Manuel Polo y Peylorón contra la Institución Libre de Enseñanza en España. Krausismo y tradicionalismo español en la Educación Secundaria a finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX'' ecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018* Javier Esteve Martí, ''Las estrategias clericales ante la modernización: el caso valenciano a través de Manuel Polo y Peyrolón'', n:José Antonio Caballero Machí, Raúl Minguez Blasco (eds.), ''Culturas políticas en la contemporaneidad'', Valencia 2015, , pp. 26–29 * Javier Esteve Martí, ''Un geano en las Cortes. La carrera política de Manuel Polo y Peyrolón'' ecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018* Javier Esteve Martí, ''La política antiliberal en España bajo el signo del nacionalismo: el padre Corbato y Polo y Peyrolón''
hD thesis Universitat de València HD may refer to: Business * H-D or Harley-Davidson, a motorcycle manufacturer * The Home Depot, NYSE stock symbol: HD Chemistry * Hydrogen deuteride, a diatomic compound of hydrogen and deuterium * Mustard gas Codes * Air Do, formerly Ho ...
Valencia 2017 * Agustín Fernández Escudero, ''El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica''
hD thesis UNED HD may refer to: Business * H-D or Harley-Davidson, a motorcycle manufacturer * The Home Depot, NYSE stock symbol: HD Chemistry * Hydrogen deuteride, a diatomic compound of hydrogen and deuterium * Mustard gas Codes * Air Do, formerly Hok ...
Madrid 2012 * Paula Lázaro Izquirerda, ''Lengua patria y dialectos regionales: una convivencia necesaria en el pensamiento de Manuel Polo y Peyrolon'', n:''Rehalda'' 5 (2007), pp. 25–34 * Francisco Lázaro Polo, ''Del Costumbrismo al Naturalismo: la narrativa de Manuel Polo y Peyrolón'' ecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018* Roberto Sanz Ponce, ''El regeneracionismo político-educativo: El estudio de la obra de Manuel Polo y Peyrolón'', Madrid 2011, * Roberto Sanz Ponce, ''La educación y Manuel Polo y Peylorón: pensamiento, obra y…'' ecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018* Roberto Sanz Ponce, ''La Sierra de Albarracín y Polo y Peyrolón: historia de una relación ascética'', n:''Rehalda'' 13 (2010), pp. 19–28 * Carles Sirera Mirrales, ''Neocatolicismo y darwinismo en las aulas: el caso del instituto provincial de Valencia'', n:''Ayer'' 81 (2011), pp. 241–262 * Javier Urcelay Alonso (ed.), ''Memorias políticas de M. Polo y Peyrolón (1870-1913)'', Madrid 2013, * José Manuel Vilar Pacheco, ''La sierra de Albarracín en la obra de Manuel Polo (léxico y cultura popular)'' ecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018


External links


Polo at mcnbiografias





Polo at the Cortes service

Polo at Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa

Credo y programa del Partido Carlista by Polo

contemporary Carlist propaganda video
{{DEFAULTSORT:Polo y Peyrolon, Manuel 1846 births 1918 deaths 19th-century Spanish essayists 19th-century Roman Catholics 19th-century short story writers 19th-century Spanish educators 19th-century Spanish historians 19th-century Spanish lawyers 19th-century Spanish male writers 19th-century Spanish novelists 19th-century Spanish philosophers 19th-century Spanish politicians 20th-century Roman Catholics 20th-century Spanish educators 20th-century Spanish essayists 20th-century Spanish historians 20th-century Spanish lawyers 20th-century Spanish male writers 20th-century Spanish novelists 20th-century Spanish philosophers 20th-century Spanish politicians 20th-century Spanish short story writers Academics from Valencia Carlists Legal writers Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Spanish Restoration Members of the Senate of Spain People from the Province of Cuenca People from the Province of Teruel Politicians from Aragon Politicians from Castilla–La Mancha Politicians from Valencia Spanish male essayists Spanish lepidopterists Spanish male novelists Spanish male short story writers Spanish Roman Catholic writers Textbook writers University of Valencia alumni Writers from Aragon Writers from Valencia