Manipuris

The Meitei people, also known as Meetei people,
P.20: "historically, academically and conventionally Manipuri prominently refers to the Meetei people."
P.24: "For the Meeteis, Manipuris comprise Meeteis, Lois, Kukis, Nagas and Pangal." are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group native to the Indian State of Manipur. They form the largest and dominant ethnic group of Manipur in Northeast India. They speak the Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), one of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India and the sole official language of Government of Manipur.
The Meiteis primarily settled in the Imphal Valley region in modern-day Manipur, though a sizeable population has settled in the other Indian states of Assam, Tripura, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram. There is also a notable presence of Meiteis in the neighbouring countries of Myanmar and Bangladesh. The Meiteis represents about 53% of Manipur's population.Khomdan Singh Lisam, ''Encyclopaedia Of Manipur'', , pp. 322–347

Endonyms and exonyms

The Meitei are known by a number of endonyms, ''Meitei'', ''Meetei'', ''Meithei'' ( Meitei), and as well as by numerous exonyms, such as ''Meckley'', ''Manipuri'', ''Cassay-Shan'', and ''Kathe'' ( Burmese). The term ''Manipuri'' is widely used, but problematic because of its ambiguous scope: next to being a synonym for ''Meitei''/''Meetei'', it can also refer in a wider sense to the native ethnic groups in the hills of Manipur.

Geographical distribution

India

As per the 2011 census, there 1,761,079 Meitei language-speakers in India.

The vast majority of them (1,522,132 people, 86 percent of the total) are in the state of Manipur, which is also their place of origin.
Estimated 239,836 people of this population are Meitei Pangals. The remainder, 1,353,999 people, are ethnic Meiteis.

A significant number (168,133 people, 9.5 percent) of Meitei language speakers are in the state of Assam.
In the Barak Valley region of Assam, Meitei people are the third largest ethnic group, after Bengalis and Hindi speakers.

Bangladesh

The population of Meiteis are found in four districts of Sylhet Division in Bangladesh, namely Sylhet District (thirteen villages), Moulvibazar District (twenty-eight villages), Sunamganj District (three villages) and Habiganj District (four villages). In early times, there were Meitei population in Dhaka, Mymensingh and Comilla too.

Myanmar

Myanmar has a significant population of Meitei people in Kachin state, Yangon Region, Sagaing Region, Shan state, Ayeyarwady Region, among others.

Origins and history

The earliest sections of the '' Cheitharol Kumbaba'', a Meitei chronicle, record the gradual spread of Meiteis across and their assimilation of other clans into a confederacy.

In Kangleipak (Manipur)

In 1100 CE, Loyumba Shinyen (), an ancient Meitei language constitution was written and regulated under the supervision of Meitei King Loiyumba (Loyumba) (1074 CE-1112 CE) in the Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). It is a formal proclamation of the proto-constitution which was drafted in 429 CE by Meitei King Naophangba. The idea of its constitutionalism was functional until it was substituted by the Manipur State Constitution Act 1947.

In Myanmar (Burma)

Myanmar is home to a sizeable community of Meiteis, who are called ''Kathe'' in Burmese. Unlike other Hindu communities in Myanmar, the Meitei resemble other Burmese ethnic groups in terms of physical appearance, which has accelerated their assimilation and integration into Burmese society. In the early 1950s, Burmese Meiteis numbered approximately 40,000, with a third of them residing in Mandalay. Current estimates are approximately 25,000. Meiteis have resettled throughout the country, including in villages near Myitkyina to the north, Homalin, Kalewa, Pyay, in the center of the country, and Yangon to the south. They continue to practice Hinduism in Myanmar.

As a result of wars between the Meitei kingdom and the Konbaung dynasty between the 17th and 18th centuries, many Meiteis were resettled in the Burmese kingdom. Some Meitei settlements in modern-day Myanmar originate from the 1758–1759 war, and from the Burmese occupation of Manipur from 1819 to 1826. Alaungpaya, during the former campaign, resettled Meiteis in Sagaing and Amarapura. The Meitei people's horsemanship skills were employed in the Burmese royal army, where they formed the elite Cassay cavalry (ကသည်းမြင်းတပ်) and artillery regiments (ကသည်းအမြောက်တပ်) which were employed during the Burmese–Siamese wars. The Burmese court also retained a retinue of Manipuri Brahmins called Bamons, also called ''Kathe Ponna'' (ကသည်းပုဏ္ဏား) to advise and conduct court rituals.

Language and writing systems

The Meitei people speak the Meitei language (also known as the Manipuri language), a Tibeto-Burman language. Meitei is one of the languages with legal status in India, and was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India in 1992.

There are many Meitei language movements, including classical language movement (predominantly in Manipur), associate official language movement (in Assam), linguistic purism movement (predominantly in Manipur), etc.

Historically and then after a long gap, presently, Meitei was written in the indigenous Meitei mayek script. The script was replaced by an alphabet based on the Bengali script in the early 18th century. The Meitei Mayek script has seen a revival in recent decades, and is now seen in street signs, schools, newspapers, and legislative proceeding records.

Literature

Among the heritage of diverse literary works in Meitei literature, the '' Khamba Thoibi Sheireng'', ), is regarded as the national epic of the Manipuris. It is an epic poem based on the ancient romantic adventure tale of Khamba and Thoibi. It is the best known magnum opus of Hijam Anganghal Singh. It is often considered to be the greatest of all the Meitei epic poems. At 39,000 verses, it is the longest Indian epic just after the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.

Culture

Architectural designs and sculptures

Some of the significant intricate designs of the traditional Meitei architecture and sculptures are seen in various buildings and institutions, especially the temples of traditional Meitei religion: Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple, Pakhangba Temple, Kangla, Sanamahi Kiyong Temple, Thangjing Temple, Moirang, among many. Others include the Ima Keithel, Kangla Sanathong. include Some of the worthy to mention finely crafted sculptures are the Marjing Polo Statue, Kangla Sha sculptures, Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh.

Classical and folk dances, festivals and ritualistic theatres

The is a traditional Meitei ritualistic theatrical festival, consisting of different dances, musical performances and carnivals in the temples and the streets. It's dedicated to the worship of the ancient Meitei gods and goddesses, who are categorised as the and .

The '' Manipuri classical dance'', also referred to as the ''Manipuri'' ''Raas Leela'' (), is a jagoi and is one of the major Indian classical dance forms, originating from the historical Manipur Kingdom.

Theatre and cinema

The first Manipuri-language film, '' Matamgi Manipur'', was released on 9 April 1972. Paokhum Ama (1983) is the first full-length colour feature film (according to the Academy's definition of a feature film) of Manipur and was directed by Aribam Syam Sharma. ''Lammei'' (2002) is the first Manipuri Video film to have a commercial screening at a theatre.

Golden Montgolfiere at the Nantes

(1981) is the
only Indian film that gets the Golden Montgolfiere at the Festival des 3 Continents, Nantes in 1982, bringing fame and honour of the Indian cinema at the international platform.

World classic in Cannes

(1990) was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival, and again after a gap of 33 years, it was recognised as a "World Classic" by the 2023 Cannes Film Festival. Notably, it was the only film selected from India for the event in that year.

Achievements in the National Film Awards

Religions and beliefs

According to the 2011 census, 222,422 people (14.6 percent) follow the traditional Sanamahi religion of the Meitei people. The remainder (1,298,821 people, 85.3 percent) follow Hinduism and Christianity as per the census. The number of Christians is expected to be small. For example, the valley districts of Manipur, the major concentration of Meitei people, have about 3,000 Christians.

Most Meiteis follow both Hinduism as well as Sanamahi religious traditions and rituals. For example, they worship Sanamahi in the south-west corners of their homes.

Calendar

The Meitei people follow a traditional calendar called Maliyafam Palcha Kumsing, which has 12 months and a 7-day week.

Cuisine

Rice, vegetables and fish are staple food of the Meiteis, although meat is also consumed; but in traditional Meitei dishes meat is never used in non-vegetarian dishes. In traditional and cultural gatherings fish, snails, oysters, crabs, eels etc. are the only non-vegetarian elements used and a significant number of Meiteis follow it where meat is cooked and eaten outside the house if consumed. Rice is the main carbohydrate source in a Meitei dish; typically, it is served with vegetables, fish, freshwater snails, crabs, oysters, eels etc. Among the most famous species of fishes Manipuri Sareng ( Wallago attu) or commonly known as Helicopter catfish, Hilsa ( ilish Tenualosa ilisha), freshwater snails ( pila (gastropod)) and edible oysters are considered a delicacy. The vegetables are either made as stews (Kangsoi) with less oil/no oil used in sauteing, or stir fried directly in oil with various added spices to make an oily spicy side dish (Kanghou). Roasted/Smoked and Sun-dried fish or fried fresh fish is usually added in most of the stews and curry to impart special taste. The vegetables, herbs and fruits consumed in the region are more similar to those in Southeast/East/Central Asian, Siberian, Arctic, Polynesian and Micronesian cuisines such as Myanmar, Thailand, Inuit, etc. E.g. treebean (yongchak), galangal (loklei), culantro (awa phadigom), lime basil (mayangton), fishwort (tokningkhok) and many others, which are not cultivated in northern India. One of the most important ingredients in Meitei cooking is Ngari (fermented fish). Roasted ngari is used in the singju (a kind of salad), morok metpa (chilli chutney), eromba (boiled and mashed veggies with chillies). A variety of fermented bamboo shoots (soibum) as well as fresh bamboo shoots (Ushoi/Shoidon), and fermented soya beans (hawaijaar) also form an important part of Meitei cuisines. All meals are served with some fresh aromatic herbs on the side.

A typical every day Meitei meal will have rice, vegetable or fish curry, a piquant side dish (either morok metpa or eromba accompanied with herbs), a champhut (a steamed/boiled vegetable with little sugar, e.g., carrot, pumpkin or cucumber slices or steamed/boiled mustard green stems, etc. without sugar), and a Kanghou. Meat cuisines are also popular amongst the Meiteis and some of the common meat curries are yen thongba (chicken curry) and nganu thongba (duck cury) and depending on regions, oak thongba (pork curry) and shan thongba (beef curry).

Subsistence

The Meitei are mainly agriculturists in which rice is a staple crop. However, they also grow mangoes, lemons, pineapples, oranges, guavas, and other fruits. Fishing is also common among the Meitei that can either be a profession or a hobby. Women tend to dominate the local markets as sellers of food items, textiles, and traditional clothing.

Associations and organisations

Cultural revivalist organisations

Arambai Tenggol is a socio-political organisation involved in the revival and preservation of indigenous Meitei culture, which has developed into an armed milita in the course of the 2023–2025 Manipur violence.As Centre steps in, Manipur underground groups tell cadre to ‘lie low’, but situation still volatile
The Print, 15 Feb 2025. Meira Paibi (Women torch bearers) is a Meitei women's social movement referred to as the "guardians of civil society".Manipur Violence: Understanding the Shifts in Meitei Women’s Political Activism
The Diplomat, 9 Aug 2023.

Society-based

* Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha

Language-based

* Manipuri Sahitya Parishad
* Naharol Sahitya Premee Samitee

Religion-based

* International Sanamahism Students' Association
* Lainingthou Sanamahi Sana Pung
* Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board
* South East Asia Cultural Organisation

Notable people

See also

* Meitei culture
** Meitei Brahmins
** Meitei festivals
* Meitei Pangals

* List of Meitei kings
** Ningthouja dynasty

Notes

References

Sources

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External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meitei, Meetei

Buddhist communities of Myanmar
Hindu ethnic groups
Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
Ethnic groups in Manipur
Ethnic groups in Myanmar
Ethnic groups in Northeast India
Ethnic groups in South Asia
Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia