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''Malmidea'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
of crustose lichens and the type genus
In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name.
Zoological nomenclature
According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nomina ...
of the family Malmideaceae
Malmideaceae is a family of crustose and corticolous lichens in the order Lecanorales. It contains eight genera and about 70 species.
Taxonomy
Malmideaceae was created in 2011 to accommodate a group of species, formerly placed in genus '' Malc ...
. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
ally distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus '' Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprises more than 50 mostly tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
species that grow on bark, although a few grow on leaves.
Taxonomy
Both the familyMalmideaceae
Malmideaceae is a family of crustose and corticolous lichens in the order Lecanorales. It contains eight genera and about 70 species.
Taxonomy
Malmideaceae was created in 2011 to accommodate a group of species, formerly placed in genus '' Malc ...
and the genus ''Malmidea'' were created in 2011 to accommodate a group of species, formerly placed in genus '' Malcolmiella'' (family Pilocarpaceae
The Pilocarpaceae are a family of crustose lichens in the order Lecanorales. The species of this family have a cosmopolitan distribution and have been found in a variety of climatic regions. Pilocarpaceae was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruck ...
), that molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
s showed to be a distinct lineage and worthy of recognition at the family level. Klaus Kalb
Klaus Kalb (born 1942) is a German lichenologist and an authority on tropical lichens.
Biography
Klaus Kalb was born in Nuremberg in 1942 and grew up in southern Bavaria. From 1960 to 1965 he studied biology, chemistry, and geography at ...
, Eimy Rivas Plata, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch originally placed 37 species in the genus – 5 new species and 32 new combinations. Many additional species have since been transferred to ''Malmidea'' from other genera, or described as new.
The generic name ''Malmidea'' honours Swedish botanist Gustaf Oskar Andersson Malme
Gustaf Oskar Andersson Malme (24 October 1864, Stora Malm in Södermanland County – 5 March 1937) was a Swedish botanist.
He studied at Uppsala University, earning his PhD in 1892. From 1895 - 1905, he was a curator at the Swedish Museum ...
(1864–1937).
Description
Thethallus
Thallus (plural: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or " twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. Many of these organisms ...
of ''Malmidea'' lichens grow on bark ( corticolous) or on leaves (foliicolous
Foliicolous refers to the growth habit of certain lichens, algae, and fungi that prefer to grow on the leaves of vascular plants
Vascular plants (), also called tracheophytes () or collectively Tracheophyta (), form a large group of land plant ...
). The form of the thallus is like a crust, ranging in surface texture from smooth to verrucose (studded with wartlike protuberances), granulose (covered with small grains) or pustulate (covered with pustules). These variously shaped surface bumps are often formed by goniocysts (spherical aggregations of photobiont
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.prothallus. The photobiont partner of ''Malmidea'' is a member of Chlorococcaceae, a family of
, ''Malmidea'' contains an estimated 52 species, although more are expected to be transferred into the genus from tropical species of '' Lecidea''. ''Malmidea'' mostly occurs in
green algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ( Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alg ...
.
''Malmidea'' apothecia are sessile, with a more or less rounded shape, and have a distinct margin. They have a biatorine structure, meaning that they have only a pale, not blackened proper margin and always lack a margin on the thallus. The excipulum is usually paraplectenchymatous (a cell arrangement where the hyphae are oriented in all directions), made of radiating hypha
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium.
Structure
A hypha consists of one o ...
e, partly with medullary layer or chambers composed of loosely arranged, periclinal hyphae (i.e. lined up in parallel adjacent to another layer of hyphae) with constricted septa and incrusted with hydrophobic granules. The hypothecium (the layer of hyphal tissue immediately beneath the hymenium) is prosoplectenchymatous (a cell arrangement where the hyphae are all oriented in one direction), and translucent to dark brown. Asci ASCI or Asci may refer to:
* Advertising Standards Council of India
* Asci, the plural of ascus, in fungal anatomy
* Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative
* American Society for Clinical Investigation
* Argus Sour Crude Index
* Association of ...
are club-shaped, lacking a distinct tubular structure in the tholus that is characteristic of family Pilocarpaceae. Ascospore
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera o ...
s usually number 4 to 8 per ascus, and are colourless, ellipsoid
An ellipsoid is a surface that may be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation.
An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a surface that may be defined as the ...
, non- septate, and usually filled with oblong crystals. The spore walls are evenly thickened or thickened at the ends, and halonate (having a transparent outer layer). Conidia are threadlike and curved, measuring 17–25 by 0.8 μm.
Secondary chemicals associated with ''Malmidea'' include atranorin, sometimes norsolorinic acid (as in '' M. piperis''), anthraquinones, biphenyls and many unknown xantholepinones.
Species
, ''Malmidea'' contains an estimated 52 species, although more are expected to be transferred into the genus from tropical species of '' Lecidea''. ''Malmidea'' mostly occurs in tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm – and may also be referred to as ''lowland equatori ...
s. Eleven new ''Malmidea'' species were reported from Brazil and Venezuela in 2021.
*'' Malmidea albomarginata'' – Venezuela
*''Malmidea allobakeri
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
'' – Brazil
*'' Malmidea allopapillosa'' – Venezuela
*''Malmidea amazonica
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprises m ...
''
*'' Malmidea atlantica''
*'' Malmidea atlanticoides'' – Brazil
*''Malmidea attenboroughii
''Malmidea attenboroughii'' is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is known to occur from a single location in the Amazon rainforest of Bolivia.
Taxonomy
The lichen was formally described i ...
'' – Bolivia
*'' Malmidea aurigera''
*''Malmidea bacidinoides
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' compris ...
''
*''Malmidea badimioides
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*'' Malmidea bakeri'' – Asia
*'' Malmidea ceylanica''
*''Malmidea chrysostigma
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
'' – Asia
*''Malmidea cineracea
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus '' Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprises m ...
'' – Nicaragua
*'' Malmidea cinereonigrella''
*'' Malmidea coralliformis'' – Thailand
*'' Malmidea corallophora'' – Philippines
*''Malmidea duplomarginata
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*'' Malmidea eeuuae'' – Thailand
*''Malmidea fellhaneroides
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' compris ...
''
*''Malmidea fenicis
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*''Malmidea flavopustulosa
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' compris ...
''
*'' Malmidea floridensis'' –
*''Malmidea fulva
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*'' Malmidea furfurosa''
*''Malmidea fuscella
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*''Malmidea granifera
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*''Malmidea gyalectoides
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' compris ...
''
*''Malmidea gymnopiperis
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*'' Malmidea hechicerae'' – Venezuela
*''Malmidea hernandeziana
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
'' – Venezuela
*''Malmidea hypomelaena
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*'' Malmidea incrassata'' – Brazil
*''Malmidea indica
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*''Malmidea inflata
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
'' – Thailand
*''Malmidea isidiifera
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprises mo ...
'' – Brazil; Venezuela
*'' Malmidea leptoloma''
*'' Malmidea leucogranifera''
*'' Malmidea leucopiperis'' – Brazil; Venezuela
*''Malmidea nigromarginata
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
'' – Nicaragua
*''Malmidea pallidoatlantica
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
'' – Brazil
*'' Malmidea papillosa'' – Sri Lanka
*'' Malmidea perisidiata''
*'' Malmidea perplexa'' – Brazil; Thailand
*''Malmidea piae
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
'' – Thailand
*'' Malmidea piperina''
*'' Malmidea piperis''
*''Malmidea plicata
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' compris ...
'' – Sri Lanka
*''Malmidea polisensis
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' compris ...
''
*''Malmidea polycampia
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*''Malmidea psychotrioides
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*''Malmidea reunionis
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
'' – Réunion
*'' Malmidea rhodopsis''
*''Malmidea rhodopisoides
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprises m ...
'' – Brazil
*''Malmidea sanguineostigma
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
'' – Sri Lanka
*''Malmidea sorsogona
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*''Malmidea subaurigera
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprises m ...
'' – Asia
*''Malmidea subcinerea
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
'' – Venezuela
*'' Malmidea subgranifera''
*'' Malmidea sulphureosorediata'' – Brazil
*'' Malmidea taytayensis''
*''Malmidea trailiana
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprise ...
''
*''Malmidea tratiana
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' compris ...
'' – Thailand
*''Malmidea variabilis
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprises m ...
'' – Thailand
*'' Malmidea vinosa''
*''Malmidea volcaniana
''Malmidea'' is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae. It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus ''Malcolmiella''. ''Malmidea'' comprises mo ...
'' – Brazil; Venezuela
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q17389018 Malmideaceae Lichen genera Lecanorales genera Taxa described in 2011 Taxa named by Helge Thorsten Lumbsch Taxa named by Klaus Kalb