Majungasaurines

Majungasaurinae (after ''Majungasaurus'', itself named after the city of Mahajanga in Madagascar) is a subfamily of large carnivorous theropods from the Upper Cretaceous, found in Madagascar, India, Spain, and France. It is a subgroup within the theropod family Abelisauridae, a Gondwanan clade known for their thick and often horned skulls and vestigial arms. The two subfamilies of Abelisauridae are Carnotaurinae, best known from the South American ''Carnotaurus'', and Majungasaurinae, consisting of Madagascar’s ''Majungasaurus'' and its closest relatives. Their ancestors emerged in the Middle Jurassic, and the clade lasted until the Upper Cretaceous.

The majungasaurines were mid-sized, bipedal predators, but relatively slow moving. Their stout legs were built for striding, not running. They had tall, deep heads with powerful jaws, but small forearms without carpals in the wrists. Because of their slow gait and small arms, they likely preyed upon the larger, slower sauropods rather than the smaller, faster ornithopods. Their ancestors lived on a unified southern continent, Gondwana, in the Early Cretaceous, but as the land mass divided they became distinct from their South American cousins, and eventually from each other.

Anatomical identification

The abelisaurids all possess distinct, vestigial, and immobile forelimbs, with highly reduced manual phalanges. ''Carnotaurus'' and ''Majungasaurus'' are closely related but distinguish by several skeletal features. ''Carnotaurus'' has eleven dorsal vertebrae but ''Majungasaurus'' has thirteen. ''Carnotaurus'' has short dentary bones and an almost vertical ramus, while that of ''Majungasaurus'' curved backward and had notable caudal projections. Majungasaurines also have low, wide antorbital fenestrae, a wide triangular plate posterior to the parietal, two holes for a cerebral vein by the sagittal crest, and a wide groove on the occipital condyle. These differences are important because derived abelisaurids are classed as either majungasaurines or carnotaurines based on their synapomorphies.

History of study

The first majungasaurine to be uncovered was ''Majungasaurus'', discovered in Madagascar in 1896, however was named as a species of ''Megalosaurus''. ''Indosaurus'' and ''Indosuchus'' were both discovered in India and described in 1933 by Charles Alfred Matley and Friedrich von Huene as Allosauridae, allosaurids. The name ''Majungasaurus'' was erected by René Lavocat in 1955 for some teeth and a dentary which showed that the animal was distinct from ''Megalosaurus''. In 1996, a species, ''Majungatholus'' was erected for a supposed Pachycephalosauria, pachycephalosaurid from Madagascar, however this turned out to belong to a specimen of ''Majungasaurus''. in 1991 that paleontologist José Bonaparte, Jose Bonaparte theorized that these and many other theropods belonged to the same family, the abelisaurids. Tortosa et al., 2014 created a new subfamily of abelisaurids, the Majungasaurinae, which unified abelisaurids from Europe, Madagascar and India into a single clade.

Classification

Taxonomy

Source:
* Family Abelisauridae
** Subfamily Majungasaurinae
*** ''Arcovenator''
*** ''Genusaurus''
*** ''Indosaurus''
*** ''Majungasaurus''
*** ''Rahiolisaurus''
*** ''Rajasaurus''

Phylogeny

The clade Majungasaurinae is relatively new, proposed in March 2014 by paleontologist Thierry Tortosa and colleagues in the description of ''Arcovenator''. It is defined as all abelisaurids more closely related to ''Majungasaurus'' than to ''Carnotaurus''. The cladogram below shows the result of the study's phylogenetic analysis.

The following cladogram is a consensus tree primarily based on a paper describing ontogeny in ''Limusaurus''. Only the phylogeny for Abelisauridae is depicted here.

In the 2021 description of ''Llukalkan'', both ''Rahiolisaurus'' and ''Dahalokely'' were placed outside of Majungasaurinae as basal brachyrostrans. It agreed with the existence of a clade comprising ''Majungasaurus'', ''Indosaurus'' and ''Rajasaurus'' but also found ''Arcovenator'' and ''Genusaurus'' to form a sister taxon relationship.

Paleobiology

Geographic range

The majungasaurines and their carnotaurine sister group emerged in what is now South America. From there they spread to the rest of Gondwana: modern Africa and India, and presumably Australia and Antarctica as well. Fragmentary evidence of abelisaurs in southern France indicates they may have spread into Europe as well, but the relationship of these species to the rest of Majungasaurinae is not well established.

Feeding habits

Like all abelisaurs, the majungasaurines were carnivorous and had bulbous teeth, short heads, and strong necks. This meant that their wide jaws were very powerful, and could crush their prey’s trachea or vertebrae once they bit down. ''Majungasaurus'' is known to have preyed upon medium-sized Sauropoda, sauropods such as ''Rapetosaurus'', and its teeth marks have been found on the ribs of other ''Majungasaurus''. Whether it actively hunted members of its own species or merely cannibalized their scavenged remains is unknown. This behavior has not been observed in any other majungasaurines.

See also

* Timeline of ceratosaur research

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q15304835

Abelisauridae
Dinosaur subfamilies
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs