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Ornithopod
Ornithopoda () is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs, called ornithopods (). They represent one of the most successful groups of herbivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous. The most primitive members of the group were bipedal and relatively small-sized, while advanced members of the subgroup Iguanodontia became quadrupedal and developed large body size. Their major evolutionary advantage was the progressive development of a chewing apparatus that became the most sophisticated ever developed by a non-avian dinosaur, rivaling that of modern mammals such as the domestic cow. They reached their apex of diversity and ecological dominance in the hadrosaurids (colloquially known as 'duck-bills'), before they were wiped out by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event along with all other non- avian dinosaurs. Members are known worldwide. History of research In 1870, Thomas Henry Huxley listed Iguanodontidae (coined by Edward Drinker Cope a year earlier) as one of his three famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Owenodon
''Owenodon'' is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur known from a partial dentary, lower jaw discovered in Early Cretaceous-age rocks of Dorset, United Kingdom, and possibly also Romania and Spain. The first and only definitive specimen was found in the Lulworth Formation of the Purbeck Limestone Group, dating to the middle Berriasian stage. It was first described by Richard Owen as a species ''Iguanodon'', ''I. hoggii'', honouring naturalist A.J. Hogg who had originally collected the fossil. Owen described the mandible as it was, partially embedded in a limestone block, but it was given to the Natural History Museum, London where it was accessioned as NHMUK PV R 2998 and further prepared. Some damage occurred to a tooth crown and part of the bone while stored in the collections. Redescription of ''I. hoggii'' by David Norman and Paul Barrett subsequently transferred the species to ''Camptosaurus'' in 2002, as well as tentatively referring other camptosaur-like material from the Pur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypsilophodontidae
Hypsilophodontidae (or Hypsilophodontia) is a traditionally used family (biology), family of ornithopod dinosaurs, generally considered invalid today. It historically included many small bodied bipedal neornithischian taxa from around the world, and spanning from the Middle Jurassic until the Late Cretaceous. This inclusive status was supported by some phylogenetic analyses from the 1990s and mid 2000s, although there have also been many finding that the family is an unnatural grouping which should only include the type genus, ''Hypsilophodon'', with the other genera being within clades like Thescelosauridae and Elasmaria. A 2014 analysis by Norman recovered a grouping of ''Hypsilophodon'', Rhabdodontidae and ''Tenontosaurus'', which he referred to as Hypsilophodontia. That clade is formally defined in the ''PhyloCode'' as "the smallest clade within Ornithopoda containing ''Hypsilophodon foxii'' and ''Tenontosaurus tilletti'' provided it does not include ''Iguanodon bernissartensis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ankylopollexia
Ankylopollexia is an extinct clade of ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. It is a derived clade of iguanodontian ornithopods and contains the subgroup Styracosterna. The name stems from the Greek word, “ankylos”, mistakenly taken to mean stiff, fused (in fact the adjective means bent or curved; used of fingers, it can mean hooked), and the Latin word, “pollex”, meaning thumb. Originally described in 1986 by Sereno, a most likely synapomorphic feature of a conical thumb spine defines the clade.Sereno, P.C. (1986). "Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia)". National Geographic Research 2 (2): 234–56 First appearing around 156 million years ago, in the Jurassic, Ankylopollexia became an extremely successful and widespread clade during the Cretaceous, and were found around the world. The group died out at the end of the Maastrichtian. They grew to be quite large, comparable to some carnivorous dinosaurs an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tenontosaurus
''Tenontosaurus'' ( ; ) is a genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur. It had an unusually long, broad tail, which like its back was stiffened with a network of bony tendons. The genus is known from the late Aptian to Albian ages of the Early Cretaceous period sediments of western North America, dating between 115 and 108 million years ago. It contains two species, ''Tenontosaurus tilletti'' (described by John Ostrom in 1970) and ''Tenontosaurus dossi'' (described by Winkler, Murry, and Jacobs in 1997). Many specimens of ''T. tilletti'' have been collected from several geological formations throughout western North America. ''T. dossi'' is known from only a handful of specimens collected from the Twin Mountains Formation of Parker County, Texas. History of discovery The first ''Tenontosaurus'' fossil was found in Big Horn County, Montana by an American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) expedition in 1903. Subsequent digs in the same area during the 1930s unearthed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thescelosauridae
Thescelosauridae is a clade of neornithischians from the Cretaceous of East Asia and North America. The group was originally used as a name by Charles M. Sternberg in 1937, but was not formally defined until 2013, where it was used by Brown and colleagues as the group uniting ''Thescelosaurus'' and '' Orodromeus'', based on their phylogenetic results. During a phylogenetic revision of neornithischians by Clint Boyd in 2015, the authorship of Thescelosauridae was given to Brown and colleagues, which meant that the similar name Parksosauridae, informally defined in 2002 by Buchholz, would have had priority over Thescelosauridae. The two clades had slightly different definitions, with Parksosauridae referring to all animals closer to ''Parksosaurus'' than ''Hypsilophodon'', but they contained the same taxa so Boyd used Parksosauridae under the assumption it had priority. However, in formalizing the clade following the regulations of the PhyloCode, Madzia, Boyd, and colleagues identif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dryosauridae
Dryosauridae was a family of primitive iguanodonts, first proposed by Milner & Norman in 1984. They are known from Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rocks of Africa, Europe, and North America. Dryosauridae was first proposed in 1984 by British paleontologists Andrew R. Milner and David B. Norman, as a family to unite the early ornithopods '' Dryosaurus'', '' Valdosaurus'', and possibly ''Parksosaurus'' and '' Mochlodon''. Milner and Norman separated these taxa from the family Hypsilophodontidae as they showed greater similarity with hadrosaurids and iguanodontids. The spelling had previously been used as a typographical error by Deraniyagala in 1939 for Dyrosauridae. Classification Until recently, many dryosaurids have been regarded as dubious ('' Callovosaurus'' and '' Kangnasaurus'') or as species of the type member, '' Dryosaurus'' ('' Dysalotosaurus'', '' Elrhazosaurus'' and '' Valdosaurus''). However, more recent studies redescribe these genera as valid. Under the Phy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elasmaria
Elasmaria is a clade of Ornithopoda, ornithopods known from Cretaceous deposits in the former Gondwana (South America, Antarctica, Australia, and possibly Africa) that contains many bipedal ornithopods that were previously considered Hypsilophodont, "hypsilophodonts". Classification Calvo ''et al.'' (2007) coined Elasmaria to accommodate ''Macrogryphosaurus'' and ''Talenkauen'', which they recovered as basal iguanodonts distinct from other iguanodontians in having mineralized plates on the ribs. In 2016, a paper describing the genus ''Morrosaurus'' found Elasmaria to be far larger than its initial contents of two taxa, instead containing a variety of ornithopods from the Southern Hemisphere. In 2021, under the PhyloCode, Phylocode, Madzia ''et al.'' (2021) formally defined Elasmaria as "the smallest clade containing ''Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus'' and ''Talenkauen santacrucensis'', provided that it does not include ''Hypsilophodon foxii'', ''Iguanodon bernissartensis'', or ''The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emiliasaura
''Emiliasaura'' (meaning "Emilia's lizard") is an extinct genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) Mulichinco Formation of Neuquén Province, Argentina. The genus contains a single species, ''Emiliasaura alessandrii'', known from three individual specimens. ''Emiliasaura'' was initially described as a rhabdodontomorph. If this identification is correct, it would represent the oldest member of this clade and the first named from South America. However, a later analysis of rhabdodontomorphs failed to recover ''Emiliasaura'' within this clade, instead placing it as a styracosternan. Discovery and naming During the summer of 2009, Carlos Alessandri discovered productive outcrops of the Mulichinco Formation (Paraje Pilmatué locality) northeast of the city of Las Lajas in Neuquén Province, Argentina. The partial skeleton of a medium-sized ornithopod was collected in March of that year, comprising part of the left and , the left , an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dryosaurus Altus
''Dryosaurus'' ( , meaning 'tree lizard', Greek ' () meaning 'tree, oak' and () meaning 'lizard', (the name reflects the forested habitat, not a vague oak-leaf shape of its cheek teeth as is sometimes assumed) is a genus of an ornithopod dinosaur that lived in the Late Jurassic period. It was an iguanodont (formerly classified as a hypsilophodont). Fossils have been found in the western United States and were first discovered in the late 19th century. '' Valdosaurus canaliculatus'' and '' Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki'' were both formerly considered to represent species of ''Dryosaurus''. Description Based on known specimens, ''Dryosaurus'' has been estimated to have reached up to long and to have weighed up to . However, as no known adult specimens of the genus have been found, the adult size remains unknown. In 2018, the largest specimen (CM 1949) was concluded to be from another species; revising the identity of this specimen put the previous research on size and growth i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burianosaurus
''Burianosaurus'' is an extinct genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived in what is now the Czech Republic (it was found in 2003 near the city of Kutná Hora), being the first validly named dinosaur from that country. The type species, ''B. augustai'', was named in 2017; the genus name honours the Czech palaeoartist Zdeněk Burian, and the species name honours the Czech palaeontologist Josef Augusta. The holotype specimen is a femur discovered in sediments belonging to the Peruc-Korycany Formation in 2003, which was described as possibly belonging to an iguanodont in 2005. Classification When the fossil was first described in 2005, it was said to be most morphologically similar to Early Cretaceous members of Iguanodontidae, as opposed to later taxa such as '' Rhabdodon''. Madzia ''et al.'' (2017), the study which named the genus, ran two phylogenetic analyses to test the relationships of the taxon. The first, based on the matrix of MacDonald ''et al.'' (2012), found it within ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanosaurus
''Nanosaurus'' ("small or dwarf lizard") is an extinct genus of neornithischian dinosaur that lived about 155 to 148 million years ago, during the Late Jurassic in North America. Its fossils are known from the Morrison Formation of the south-western United States. The type and only species, ''Nanosaurus agilis'', was described and named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877. The taxon has a complicated taxonomic history, largely the work of Marsh and Peter M. Galton, involving the genera '' Laosaurus'', ''Hallopus'', ''Drinker'', ''Othnielia'', and ''Othnielosaurus'', the latter three now being considered to be synonyms of ''Nanosaurus''. It had historically been classified as a hypsilophodont or fabrosaur, types of generalized small bipedal herbivore, but more recent research has abandoned these groupings as paraphyletic and ''Nanosaurus'' is today considered a basal member of Neornithischia. History and taxonomy Marsh's original groundwork ''Nanosaurus'' has had a long and co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ouranosaurus
''Ouranosaurus'' is a genus of herbivorous basal hadrosauriform dinosaur that lived during the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous of modern-day Niger and Cameroon. ''Ouranosaurus'' measured about long and weighed . Two rather complete fossils were found in the Elrhaz Formation, Gadoufaoua deposits, Agadez, Niger, in 1965 and 1970, with a third indeterminate specimen known from the Koum Formation of Cameroon. The animal was named in 1976 by French paleontologist Philippe Taquet, the type species being ''Ouranosaurus nigeriensis''. The Generic name (biology), generic name is a combination of ''ourane'', a word with multiple meanings, and ''sauros'', the Greek word for lizard. The specific epithet ''nigeriensis'' alludes to ''Niger'', its country of discovery (in Latin, the adjectival suffix ''-iensis'' means "originating from"). And so, ''Ouranosaurus nigeriensis'' could be interpreted as "brave lizard originating from Niger". Discovery and naming Five French palaeontological ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
