The recluse spiders (''Loxosceles'' (), also known as brown spiders, fiddle-backs, violin spiders, and reapers, are a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of spiders that were first described by R. T. Lowe in 1832. They are

venomous spiders A spider bite, also known as arachnidism, is an injury resulting from the bite of a spider. The effects of most bites are not serious. Most bites result in mild symptoms around the area of the bite. Rarely they may produce a necrotic skin woun ...

known for their bite, which sometimes produces a characteristic set of symptoms known as

loxoscelism Loxoscelism () is a condition occasionally produced by the bite of the recluse spiders (genus ''Loxosceles''). The area becomes dusky and a shallow open sore forms as the skin around the bite dies (necrosis). It is the only proven type of necrotic ...

. Recluse spiders are now identified as members of the family

Sicariidae Sicariidae is a family (biology), family of six-eyed spider bite, venomous spiders known for their potentially necrotic bites. The family consists of three genus, genera and about 160 species. Well known spiders in this family include the Loxosce ...

, having formerly been placed in their own family, the Loxoscelidae. Although recluse spiders are feared, they are usually not aggressive.

Relation with other spiders

Sicariidae are of the superfamily Scytodoidea. Other families in the Scytodoidea include Drymusidae,

Scytodidae Spitting spiders are a family of araneomorph spiders, the family Scytodidae, first described by John Blackwall in 1864. It contains over 250 species in five genera, of which ''Scytodes'' is the best-known. Description Scytodidae spiders are haplo ...

, and

Periegopidae ''Periegops'' is a genus of spiders with six eyes instead of the usual eight. It is the only genus in its family (Periegopidae) and has three described species. It was long considered to be a member of Sicariidae or Segestriidae until Raymond ...

Habitat and appearance

''Loxosceles'' is distributed nearly worldwide in warmer areas. All have six eyes arranged in three groups of two (dyads) and some are brownish with a darker brown characteristic

violin The violin, sometimes referred to as a fiddle, is a wooden chordophone, and is the smallest, and thus highest-pitched instrument (soprano) in regular use in the violin family. Smaller violin-type instruments exist, including the violino picc ...

marking on the

cephalothorax The cephalothorax, also called prosoma in some groups, is a tagma of various arthropods, comprising the head and the thorax fused together, as distinct from the abdomen behind. (The terms ''prosoma'' and ''opisthosoma'' are equivalent to ''cepha ...

. However, the "violin marking" cannot be used as a reliable way to identify the spider as many unrelated species of spider have similar markings. Recluses are typically about 7–12 mm long. The most common and most famous species in the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

is the

brown recluse spider The brown recluse (''Loxosceles reclusa'', Sicariidae, formerly placed in a family "Loxoscelidae") is a recluse spider with necrotic venom. Similar to those of other recluse spiders, their bites sometimes require medical attention. The brown ...

(''Loxosceles reclusa''). It is found in a large area of the Midwest, west to Colorado and the New Mexico state line and east to northern Georgia. Sporadic records from other locations only represent incidental introductions, not established populations. The brown recluse feeds on whatever small prey is available, and has been observed to prefer scavenging over actively hunting. Other notable members of this genus include the

Chilean recluse spider The Chilean recluse spider, ''Loxosceles laeta'', is a highly venomous spider of the family Sicariidae. In Spanish (language), Spanish, it (and other South American recluse spiders) is known as ', or "corner spider"; in Brazilian Portuguese, as ' ...

(''L. laeta'') and the

Mediterranean recluse spider The Mediterranean recluse spider (''Loxosceles rufescens'') is a species of spider that originated in the Mediterranean region as its name implies, but can now be found in many parts of the world and is listed as one of the most invasive spiders ...

(''L. rufescens''). Recently, concerns have been raised regarding recluses spreading faster due to warmer air carrying them farther as a result of changing climate. On the contrary, newly hatched recluses do not travel via

ballooning Ballooning may refer to: * Hot air ballooning * Balloon (aeronautics) * Ballooning (spider) * Ballooning degeneration, a disease * Memory ballooning In computing, memory ballooning is a technique that is used to eliminate the need to overcommit ...

and thus the populations are confined to very tight spaces with dense populations. Most ''Loxosceles'' can live for one and a half to two years. Many species of this genus can live for very long times without food or water. Insecticides often fail to kill the spider, instead intoxicating its nervous system and inducing erratic behavior.

Identification

This genus is very hard to identify, as they have very simple coloration and

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...

. Many other spiders have similar dorsal markings, leading to confusion and misidentification. They can be most readily distinguished by having only six eyes, arranged in three pairs. None of the pairs of eyes touch each other, and are arranged in a U shape. The presence of two claws per foot and a rather flat

further help distinguish them.

Venom components and effects

''Loxosceles'' spiders, like ''

Hexophthalma ''Hexophthalma'' is a genus of spiders in the family Sicariidae. Although the genus was originally erected in 1878 (then with the name ''Hexomma''), it was merged into the genus ''Sicarius (spider), Sicarius'' in the 1890s, and remained unused u ...

'' species, have potent tissue-destroying

venoms Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action. The toxin is delivered through a specially evolved ''venom apparatus'', such as fangs or a sti ...

containing the dermonecrotic agent which is otherwise found only in a few pathogenic bacteria. Recent research has indicated the venom is composed largely of

sulfate The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula . Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in industry. Sulfates occur widely in everyday life. Sulfates are salts of sulfuric acid and many ...

nucleoside Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group. A nucleoside consists simply of a nucleobase (also termed a nitrogenous base) and a five-carbon sugar (ribose or 2'-deoxyribose) whereas a nucleotid ...

s, though these compounds are relatively new discoveries, so little is known about them. The venom of several species is capable of producing

necrotic Necrosis () is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. The term "necrosis" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who is ...

lesion A lesion is any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by injury or diseases. The term ''Lesion'' is derived from the Latin meaning "injury". Lesions may occur in both plants and animals. Types There is no de ...

s that are slow to heal and may require

skin graft Skin grafting, a type of graft (surgery), graft surgery, involves the organ transplant, transplantation of skin without a defined circulation. The transplanted biological tissue, tissue is called a skin graft. Surgeons may use skin grafting to ...

s. Rarely, the venom is carried by the

blood Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood is com ...

stream, causing red blood cell destruction. The venom is identical in male and female spiders, but females can have almost twice the concentration of toxins. For unknown reasons, the toxicity of the venom to mammalian species varies; recluse bites may cause necrosis in humans, rabbits, and guinea pigs, but not in mice or rats. The Chilean recluse (''L. laeta'') supposedly has a more potent venom, which results in systemic involvement more often. All ''Loxosceles'' species that have been tested have venoms similar to that of the brown recluse, and all should be avoided. In general, though, they are not aggressive and commonly occupy human dwellings without causing problems. Many types of skin wounds are mistaken for or assumed to be the result of a recluse spider bite. Several diseases can mimic the lesions of the bite, including

Lyme disease Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a tick-borne disease caused by species of ''Borrelia'' bacteria, Disease vector, transmitted by blood-feeding ticks in the genus ''Ixodes''. It is the most common disease spread by ticks in th ...

, various

fungal A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the tradit ...

and

bacteria Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micr ...

l infections, and the first sore of

syphilis Syphilis () is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium ''Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''. The signs and symptoms depend on the stage it presents: primary, secondary, latent syphilis, latent or tertiary. The prim ...

. It is important to associate the spider directly with the bite to avoid improper treatment, and to successfully treat common infections or other conditions if no spider was seen. Bites most often occur as a defense when the spider is trapped against the skin, in clothing, for example. The total volume of venom is minute (only 2 micrograms injected out of 4 microliters in the venom glands). The bite of a recluse spider can generally be categorized into one of the following groups: * Unremarkable – self-healing minute damage * Mild reaction – self-healing damage with itchiness, redness, patterns of aggressive behavior and a mild lesion. * Dermonecrotic – the uncommon, "classic" recluse bite, producing a necrotic skin lesion. About 66% of necrotic bite lesions heal with no complications. In extreme cases, the lesion may be up to 40 millimeters wide, last for several months, and heal with a permanent scar. * Systemic or viscerocutaneous – an extremely rare, systemic reaction to envenomation of the bloodstream. It is observed more often in children. Most bites are unremarkable or mild.

Species

it contains 143 species, found in Central America, the Caribbean, Oceania, Asia, Africa, North America, Europe, and South America: *'' L. accepta''

Chamberlin The Chamberlin is an electro-mechanical keyboard instrument that was a precursor to the Mellotron. It was developed and patented by the American inventor Harry Chamberlin from 1949 to 1956, when the first model was introduced. There are several ...

, 1920 –

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

*'' L. adelaida'' Gertsch, 1967 –

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

*'' L. alamosa'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 –

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

*'' L. amazonica'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru, Brazil *'' L. anomala'' ( Mello-Leitão, 1917) – Brazil *'' L. apachea'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Apache recluse – USA, Mexico *'' L. aphrasta'' Wang, 1994 –

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

*'' L. aranea'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico *'' L. arizonica'' Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – Arizona recluse – USA *'' L. aurea'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico *'' L. baja'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *'' L. barbara'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *'' L. belli'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico *'' L. bentejui'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is. *'' L. bergeri''

Strand Strand or The Strand may refer to: Topography *The flat area of land bordering a body of water, a: ** Beach ** Shoreline * Strand swamp, a type of swamp habitat in Florida Places Africa * Strand, Western Cape, a seaside town in South Africa * ...

, 1906 –

Namibia Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. Its borders include the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south; in the no ...

*'' L. bettyae'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *'' L. blancasi'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *'' L. blanda'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – USA *'' L. boneti'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico,

El Salvador El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is S ...

*'' L. candela'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *'' L. carabobensis'' González-Sponga, 2010 –

Venezuela Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It com ...

*'' L. cardosoi'' Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, 2018 – Brazil *'' L. caribbaea'' Gertsch, 1958 –

Greater Antilles The Greater Antilles is a grouping of the larger islands in the Caribbean Sea, including Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica, together with Navassa Island and the Cayman Islands. Seven island states share the region of the Greater Antille ...

*'' L. carinhanha'' Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, 2018 – Brazil *'' L. carmena'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *'' L. cederbergensis'' Lotz, 2017 –

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

*'' L. chapadensis'' Bertani, Fukushima & Nagahama, 2010 – Brazil *'' L. chinateca'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *'' L. coheni'' Zamani, Mirshamsi & Marusik, 2021 – southwestern IranAlireza Zamani, Omid Mirshamsi, Yuri M Marusik. 2021. ‘Burning Violin’: The Medically Important Spider Genus ''Loxosceles'' (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan, With Two New Species. ''Journal of Medical Entomology'', tjaa257, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa257, Published: 10 December 2020. *'' L. colima'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico *'' L. conococha'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *'' L. coquimbo'' Gertsch, 1967 –

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...

*'' L. corozalensis'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela *'' L. coyote'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *'' L. cubana'' Gertsch, 1958 –

Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

, Bahama Is., Hispaniola *'' L. cubiroensis'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela *'' L. curimaguensis'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela *'' L. dejagerae'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa *'' L. deserta'' Gertsch, 1973 – Desert recluse – USA, Mexico *'' L. devia'' Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – USA, Mexico *'' L. diaguita'' Brescovit, Taucare-Ríos, Magalhaes & Santos, 2017 – Chile *'' L. ericsoni'' Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, 2018 – Brazil *'' L. fontainei'' Millot, 1941 –

Guinea Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sier ...

*'' L. foutadjalloni'' Millot, 1941 – Guinea *'' L. francisca'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *'' L. frizzelli'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *'' L. gaucho'' Gertsch, 1967 – Gaucho spider – Brazil. Introduced to Tunisia *'' L. gloria'' Gertsch, 1967 –

Ecuador Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contain ...

, Peru *'' L. griffinae'' Lotz, 2017 – Namibia *'' L. guajira'' Cala-Riquelme, Gutiérrez-Estrada & Flórez, 2015 –

Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuel ...

*'' L. guatemala'' Gertsch, 1973 –

Guatemala Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico, to the northeast by Belize, to the east by Honduras, and to the southeast by El Salvador. It is hydrologically b ...

*'' L. guayota'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is. *'' L. haddadi'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa *'' L. harrietae'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *'' L. herreri'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *'' L. hirsuta'' Mello-Leitão, 1931 – Brazil,

Paraguay Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the Argentina–Paraguay border, south and southwest, Brazil to the Brazil–Paraguay border, east and northeast, and Boli ...

Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...

*'' L. huasteca'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *'' L. hupalupa'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is. *'' L. imazighen'' Ribera & Massa, 2021 - Morocco *'' L. immodesta'' (Mello-Leitão, 1917) – Brazil *'' L. inca'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *'' L. insula'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *'' L. intermedia'' Mello-Leitão, 1934 – Brazil, Argentina *'' L. irishi'' Lotz, 2017 – Namibia *'' L. jaca'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *'' L. jamaica'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 –

Jamaica Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. At , it is the third-largest island—after Cuba and Hispaniola—of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, west of Hispaniola (the is ...

*''Loxosceles jarmila, L. jarmila'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Jamaica *''Loxosceles julia, L. julia'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *''Loxosceles kaiba, L. kaiba'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – USA *''Loxosceles karstica, L. karstica'' Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, 2018 – Brazil *''Loxosceles lacroixi, L. lacroixi'' Millot, 1941 – Ivory Coast *''Loxosceles lacta, L. lacta'' Wang, 1994 – China *''Loxosceles laeta, L. laeta'' (Nicolet, 1849) – Chilean recluse – South America. Introduced to USA, Finland, Australia *''Loxosceles lawrencei, L. lawrencei'' Lodovico di Caporiacco, Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela, Trinidad, Curaçao *''Loxosceles lutea, L. lutea'' Eugen von Keyserling, Keyserling, 1877 – Colombia, Ecuador *''Loxosceles luteola, L. luteola'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico *''Loxosceles mahan, L. mahan'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is. *''Loxosceles maisi, L. maisi'' Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit, 2013 – Cuba *''Loxosceles makapanensis, L. makapanensis'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa *''Loxosceles malintzi, L. malintzi'' Valdez-Mondragón, Cortez-Roldán, Juárez-Sánchez & Solís-Catalán, 2018 – Mexico *''Loxosceles manuela, L. manuela'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *''Loxosceles maraisi, L. maraisi'' Lotz, 2017 – Namibia *''Loxosceles martha, L. martha'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – USA *''Loxosceles meruensis, L. meruensis'' Albert Tullgren, Tullgren, 1910 – Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania *''Loxosceles misteca, L. misteca'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico *''Loxosceles mogote, L. mogote'' Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit, 2013 – Cuba *''Loxosceles mrazig, L. mrazig'' Ribera & Planas, 2009 – Tunisia *''Loxosceles mulege, L. mulege'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *''Loxosceles muriciensis, L. muriciensis'' Fukushima, de Andrade & Bertani, 2017 – Brazil *''Loxosceles nahuana, L. nahuana'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico *''Loxosceles neuvillei, L. neuvillei'' Eugène Simon, Simon, 1909 – Ethiopia, Somalia, East Africa *''Loxosceles niedeguidonae, L. niedeguidonae'' de Andrade, Bertani, Nagahama & Barbosa, 2012 – Brazil *''Loxosceles olivaresi, L. olivaresi'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela *''Loxosceles olmea, L. olmea'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *''Loxosceles pallalla, L. pallalla'' Brescovit, Taucare-Ríos, Magalhaes & Santos, 2017 – Chile *''Loxosceles palma, L. palma'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – USA, Mexico *''Loxosceles panama, L. panama'' Gertsch, 1958 – Panama *''Loxosceles parramae, L. parramae'' Newlands, 1981 – South Africa *''Loxosceles persica, L. persica'' Ribera & Zamani, 2017 – Iran *''Loxosceles pilosa, L. pilosa'' William Frederick Purcell, Purcell, 1908 – Namibia, South Africa *''Loxosceles piura, L. piura'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *''Loxosceles pucara, L. pucara'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *''Loxosceles puortoi, L. puortoi'' Martins, Knysak & Bertani, 2002 – Brazil *''Loxosceles reclusa, L. reclusa'' Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – Brown recluse – North America *''Loxosceles rica, L. rica'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Costa Rica *''Loxosceles rosana, L. rosana'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *''Loxosceles rothi, L. rothi'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *''Loxosceles rufescens, L. rufescens'' (Dufour, 1820) (Type species, type) – Mediterranean recluse - Southern Europe, northern Africa to Iran. Introduced to USA, Mexico, Macaronesia, South Africa, India, China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Thailand, Australia, Hawaii *''Loxosceles rufipes, L. rufipes'' (Lucas, 1834) – Guatemala, Panama, Colombia. Introduced to West Africa *''Loxosceles russelli, L. russelli'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – USA *''Loxosceles sabina, L. sabina'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – USA *''Loxosceles sansebastianensis, L. sansebastianensis'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela *''Loxosceles seri, L. seri'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *''Loxosceles similis, L. similis'' Moenkhaus, 1898 – Brazil *''Loxosceles simillima, L. simillima'' Lawrence, 1927 – Southern Africa *''Loxosceles smithi, L. smithi'' Simon, 1897 – Ethiopia, Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania *''Loxosceles sonora, L. sonora'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *''Loxosceles spadicea, L. spadicea'' Simon, 1907 – Peru, Bolivia, Argentina *''Loxosceles speluncarum, L. speluncarum'' Simon, 1893 – South Africa *''Loxosceles spinulosa, L. spinulosa'' Purcell, 1904 – South Africa *''Loxosceles surca, L. surca'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru, Chile *''Loxosceles taeniopalpis, L. taeniopalpis'' Simon, 1907 – Ecuador *''Loxosceles taino, L. taino'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Bahama Is., Jamaica, Hispaniola *''Loxosceles tazarte, L. tazarte'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is. *''Loxosceles tehuana, L. tehuana'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico *''Loxosceles tenango, L. tenango'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico *''Loxosceles tenochtitlan, L. tenochtitlan'' Valdez-Mondragón, 2019 – Mexico *''Loxosceles teresa, L. teresa'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *''Loxosceles tibicena, L. tibicena'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is. *''Loxosceles tlacolula, L. tlacolula'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico *''Loxosceles tolantongo, L. tolantongo'' Navarro-Rodríguez & Valdez-Mondragón, 2020 - Mexico *''Loxosceles troglobia, L. troglobia'' Souza & Ferreira, 2018 – Brazil *''Loxosceles turanensis, L. turanensis'' Zamani et al., 2020 – southern Turkmenistan and eastern Iran *''Loxosceles valdosa, L. valdosa'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico *''Loxosceles vallenar, L. vallenar'' Brescovit, Taucare-Ríos, Magalhaes & Santos, 2017 – Chile *''Loxosceles variegata, L. variegata'' Simon, 1897 – Paraguay *''Loxosceles vicentei, L. vicentei'' Taucare-Ríos, Brescovit & Villablanca, 2022 - Chile *''Loxosceles virgo, L. virgo'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Virgin Is. *''Loxosceles vonwredei, L. vonwredei'' Newlands, 1980 – Namibia *''Loxosceles weyrauchi, L. weyrauchi'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru *''Loxosceles willianilsoni, L. willianilsoni'' Fukushima, de Andrade & Bertani, 2017 – Brazil *''Loxosceles yucatana, L. yucatana'' Chamberlin & Wilton Ivie, Ivie, 1938 – Mexico, Belize, Guatemala *''Loxosceles zapoteca, L. zapoteca'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico

References

External links

Arachnology Home Pages: ''Loxosceles'': Recluse spiders

* [http://spiders.ucr.edu/myth.html Vetter, R. 2003. "Myth of the Brown Recluse: Fact, Fear, and Loathing".]
Pictures of ''L. reclusa'' and wound
(free for noncommercial use) {{DEFAULTSORT:Recluse Spider Sicariidae, Loxosceles Spiders of Africa Spiders of Asia Spiders of North America Spiders of South America