The Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests is a
tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF), also known as tropical moist forest, is a subtropical and tropical forest habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
Description
TSMF is generally found in la ...
ecoregion
An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecological and geographic area that exists on multiple different levels, defined by type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and c ...
of
Bangladesh
Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...
and
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
. The ecoregion covers an area of , comprising most of Bangladesh and the Indian states of
West Bengal
West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...
,
Bihar
Bihar ( ) is a states and union territories of India, state in Eastern India. It is the list of states and union territories of India by population, second largest state by population, the List of states and union territories of India by are ...
and
Tripura
Tripura () is a States and union territories of India, state in northeastern India. The List of states and union territories of India by area, third-smallest state in the country, it covers ; and the seventh-least populous state with a populat ...
, and extending into adjacent states of
Odisha
Odisha (), formerly Orissa (List of renamed places in India, the official name until 2011), is a States and union territories of India, state located in East India, Eastern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by ar ...
,
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh ( ; UP) is a States and union territories of India, state in North India, northern India. With over 241 million inhabitants, it is the List of states and union territories of India by population, most populated state in In ...
and a tiny part of
Assam
Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
, as well as adjacent western
Myanmar
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...
.
Geography
The Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests extends across the
alluvial plain
An alluvial plain is a plain (an essentially flat landform) created by the deposition of sediment over a long period by one or more rivers coming from highland regions, from which alluvial soil forms. A ''floodplain'' is part of the process, bei ...
of the lower
Ganges
The Ganges ( ; in India: Ganga, ; in Bangladesh: Padma, ). "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international which goes through India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China." is a trans-boundary rive ...
and
Brahmaputra
The Brahmaputra is a trans-boundary river which flows through Southwestern China, Northeastern India, and Bangladesh. It is known as Brahmaputra or Luit in Assamese, Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibetan, the Siang/Dihang River in Arunachali, and ...
rivers, which form the world's largest
river delta
A river delta is a landform, archetypically triangular, created by the deposition of the sediments that are carried by the waters of a river, where the river merges with a body of slow-moving water or with a body of stagnant water. The creat ...
. The ecoregion is currently one of the most densely populated regions on earth, and the forests have largely been replaced with
intensive agriculture.
The ecoregion is bounded on the east and northeast by montane tropical rain forests; the
Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests covers the
Chin Hills and
Chittagong Hills to the east, extending into Myanmar and other states of Northeast India, while the
Meghalaya subtropical forests covers the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya and southern Assam, and almost defines the Bangladesh border with
Northeast India
Northeast India, officially the North Eastern Region (NER), is the easternmost region of India representing both a geographic and political Administrative divisions of India, administrative division of the country. It comprises eight States and ...
. To the north, the ecoregion extends to the base of the
Himalaya
The Himalayas, or Himalaya ( ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. More than 100 pea ...
s, where it is bounded by the
Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands. The upper portion of the Brahmaputra valley in Assam is home to the humid lowland
Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
The Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of Northeastern India, southern Bhutan and adjacent Bangladesh.
Location and description
The ecoregion covers and encompasses the alluvial plain of the ...
. To the northwest, the forests are bounded by the
Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests. The dry
Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests lie on the
Chota Nagpur Plateau
The Chota Nagpur Plateau () is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar. The Indo-Gangetic plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and th ...
to the southwest. The
Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests
Sundarbans (; pronounced ) is a mangrove forest area in the Ganges Delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers in the Bay of Bengal. It spans the area from the Hooghly River in India's state of West Bengal to t ...
and
Sundarbans mangroves ecoregions lie in the swampy, semi-
brackish
Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuari ...
and brackish southern reaches of the
Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta bordering the
Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal is the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Geographically it is positioned between the Indian subcontinent and the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese peninsula, located below the Bengal region.
Many South Asian and Southe ...
.
The ecoregion is home to several large cities, including
Kolkata
Kolkata, also known as Calcutta ( its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of West Bengal. It lies on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary ...
,
Dhaka
Dhaka ( or ; , ), List of renamed places in Bangladesh, formerly known as Dacca, is the capital city, capital and list of cities and towns in Bangladesh, largest city of Bangladesh. It is one of the list of largest cities, largest and list o ...
,
Patna
Patna (; , ISO 15919, ISO: ''Paṭanā''), historically known as Pataliputra, Pāṭaliputra, is the List of state and union territory capitals in India, capital and largest city of the state of Bihar in India. According to the United Nations, ...
, and
Chittagong
Chittagong ( ), officially Chattogram, (, ) (, or ) is the second-largest city in Bangladesh. Home to the Port of Chittagong, it is the busiest port in Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal. The city is also the business capital of Bangladesh. It ...
.
Climate
The climate of the ecoregion is tropical and humid. Most of the annual rainfall comes during the southwest monsoon from June to September.
Flora
The natural vegetation is mostly semi-evergreen forest.
The upper canopy is predominantly of deciduous trees, with a lower storey of evergreen trees. Characteristic trees in disturbed forests are ''
Bombax ceiba
''Bombax ceiba'', like other trees of the genus ''Bombax'', is commonly known as cotton tree. More specifically, it is sometimes known as Malabar silk-cotton tree; red silk-cotton; red cotton tree; or ambiguously as silk-cotton or kapok, both of ...
'' together with ''
Albizia procera,
Duabanga sonneratioides'', and ''
Sterculia villosa''. As forests mature
sal (''Shorea robusta'') becomes predominant, but most of the remaining forests do not mature to climax stage because of human disturbance. Where annual fires occur frequently during the dry season, fire-hardy trees and shrubs ''
Zizyphus mauritiana,
Madhuca latifolia,
Aegle marmelos
''Aegle marmelos'', commonly known as bael (or ''bili'' or ''bhel''), also Bengal quince, golden apple, Japanese bitter orange, stone apple or wood apple, is a species of tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It is present i ...
,
Butea monosperma
''Butea monosperma'' is a species of '' Butea'' native to tropical and sub-tropical parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is also known as flame of the forest, Bengal kino, dhak, palash, and bastard teak. Revered as sacred by Hindus, it is ...
,
Terminalia tomentosa'', and ''
Ochna pumila'' are common.
[
Riparian forests are typically an ''Acacia-Dalbergia'' association, with '' Acacia catechu'', '']Dalbergia sissoo
''Dalbergia sissoo'', known commonly as North Indian rosewood or shisham, is a fast-growing, hardy, deciduous rosewood tree native to the Indian subcontinent and southern Iran. ''D. sissoo'' is a large, crooked tree with long, leathery leaves a ...
'', '' Albizia procera'', ''Bombax ceiba
''Bombax ceiba'', like other trees of the genus ''Bombax'', is commonly known as cotton tree. More specifically, it is sometimes known as Malabar silk-cotton tree; red silk-cotton; red cotton tree; or ambiguously as silk-cotton or kapok, both of ...
'', and '' Sterculia villosa''.[
File:পাহাড় নদী নৌকা.jpg,
File:Forest Deep Dumboor Lake.jpg,
File:Ramsagar National Park.jpeg,
File:Fisherman in Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg, Seasonal flooding
File:ভাওয়াল জাতীয় উদ্যানের সৌন্দর্য.jpg, Inside the forests
File:Bhaowal forest 17.08.2014.jpg,
File:It's the green that's brightens up the nature.png, Endless forest in a flat landscape. Nowadays a rare sight.
]
Fauna
The ecoregion is home to 126 native mammal species. They include threatened species like the tiger
The tiger (''Panthera tigris'') is a large Felidae, cat and a member of the genus ''Panthera'' native to Asia. It has a powerful, muscular body with a large head and paws, a long tail and orange fur with black, mostly vertical stripes. It is ...
(''Panthera tigris''), Asian elephant
The Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus''), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is the only living ''Elephas'' species. It is the largest living land animal in Asia and the second largest living Elephantidae, elephantid in the world. It is char ...
(''Elephas maximus''), gaur
The gaur (''Bos gaurus''; ) is a large bovine native to the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, and has been listed as Vulnerable species, Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1986. The global population was estimated at a maximum of 21,000 ...
(''Bos gaurus''), sloth bear
The sloth bear (''Melursus ursinus''), also known as the Indian bear, is a myrmecophagous bear species native to the Indian subcontinent. It feeds on fruits, ants and termites. It is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, mainly because of ...
(''Melursus ursinus''), chousingha (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), smooth-coated otter
The smooth-coated otter (''Lutrogale perspicillata'') is a freshwater otter species from regions of South and Southwest Asia, with the majority of its numbers found in Southeast Asia. It has been ranked as " vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List since ...
(''Lutrogale perspicillata''), and great Indian civet (''Viverra zibetha'').[
The ecoregion is home to 380 species of birds species, including the Bengal florican (''Houbaropsis bengalensis''), lesser florican (''Sypheotides indicus''), ]Pallas's fish-eagle
Pallas's fish eagle (''Haliaeetus leucoryphus''), also known as Pallas's sea eagle or band-tailed fish eagle, is a large, brownish sea eagle. It breeds in the east Palearctic in Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, C ...
(''Haliaeetus leucoryphus''), swamp francolin (''Francolinus gularis''), Indian grey hornbill
The Indian gray hornbill (''Ocyceros birostris'') is a common hornbill found on the Indian subcontinent. It is mostly arboreal and is commonly sighted in pairs. It has grey feathers all over the body with a light grey or dull white belly. The hor ...
(''Ocyceros birostris''), and Oriental pied hornbill
The oriental pied hornbill (''Anthracoceros albirostris'') is an Indo-Malayan pied hornbill, a large canopy-dwelling bird belonging to the family Bucerotidae. Two other common names for this species are Sunda pied hornbill (''convexus'') and Mala ...
(''Anthracoceros albirostris'').
File:Spotting a deer during Elephant Safari.jpg, Deer
A deer (: deer) or true deer is a hoofed ruminant ungulate of the family Cervidae (informally the deer family). Cervidae is divided into subfamilies Cervinae (which includes, among others, muntjac, elk (wapiti), red deer, and fallow deer) ...
File:গুইসাপ.jpg, Where the undergrowth is sparse, monitor lizard
Monitor lizards are lizards in the genus ''Varanus,'' the only extant genus in the family Varanidae. They are native to Africa, Asia, and Oceania, and West African Nile monitor, one species is also found in south America as an invasive species. A ...
s can roam.
File:Indian Blue peafowl.jpg, Peacock
Peafowl is a common name for two bird species of the genus '' Pavo'' and one species of the closely related genus '' Afropavo'' within the tribe Pavonini of the family Phasianidae (the pheasants and their allies). Male peafowl are referred t ...
s
File:White-throated fantail, Bhawal National Park.jpg, Various bird species ( fantail bird)
File:মনার্ক প্রজাপতি.jpg, Common tiger butterfliy
File:Common hopper.jpg, Dragonflies
A dragonfly is a flying insect belonging to the infraorder Anisoptera below the order Odonata. About 3,000 extant species of dragonflies are known. Most are tropical, with fewer species in temperate regions. Loss of wetland habitat threate ...
can hunt on the open waters
Conservation
The ecoregion has been densely settled for many centuries, yet much forest remained until the early 20th century. Forest clearance accelerated during the 20th century, and by the end of the century, only 3% of the ecoregion remained in natural forest. Remaining forest areas are mostly small patches, except for one large block of forest south of Varanasi
Varanasi (, also Benares, Banaras ) or Kashi, is a city on the Ganges river in northern India that has a central place in the traditions of pilgrimage, death, and mourning in the Hindu world.*
*
*
* The city has a syncretic tradition of I ...
.[Wikramanayake, E.; Dinerstein, E.; Loucks, C. J.; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC. pp. 303]
In 1997, the World Wildlife Fund
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is a Swiss-based international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the ...
identified over 40 protected areas in the ecoregion, with a combined area of about 7010 km², or approximately 3% of the ecoregion's area. Over half of these protected areas were smaller than 100 km²[
* Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar (140 km²; also extends into the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests)
* Udaipur Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar (50 km²)
* Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar (2,370 km²)
* Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh (80 km²)
* Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar (290 km²)
* Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh (120 km²)
* Valmiki National Park, Bihar (230 km²; also extends into the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests)
* Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary, West Bengal (40 km²)
* Kabartal Bird Sanctuary, Bihar (30 km²)
* Ramsagar National Park, Bangladesh (10 km²)
* Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar 160 km²)
* Nakti Dam Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar (200 km²)
* Narendrapur Wildlife Sanctuary, West Bengal (90 km²)
* Jaldapara National Park, West Bengal (70 km²)
* Chalan Beel Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (170 km²)
* Bil Bhatia Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (30 km²)
* Madhupur National Park, Bangladesh (110 km²)
* Hail Haor Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (100 km²)
* Roa Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura (10 km²)
* Bhawal National Park, Bangladesh (90 km²)
* Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (50 km²)
* Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura (420 km²)
* Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura (20 km²)
* Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura (270 km²)
* Aila Beel Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (30 km²)
* Kawadighi Haor Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (10 km²)
* Unnamed (20 km²)
* Dakhar Haor Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (40 km²)
* Dubriar Haor Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (20 km²)
* Erali Beel Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (10 km²)
* Hakaluki Haor Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (160 km²)
* Kawadighi Haor Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (20 km²)
* Kuri Beel Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (30 km²)
* Meda Beel Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (20 km²)
* Rajkandi Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (50 km²)
* Tangua Haor Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh 160 km²)
* West Bhanugach Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (50 km²)
* Hazarikhil Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (30 km²)
* Rampahar-Sitapahar Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (10 km²)
* Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (90 km²)
* Chimbuk Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (30 km²)
* Himchari National Park, Bangladesh (20 km²)
* Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (100 km²)
* Sangu Matamuhari, Bangladesh (960 km²)
]
References
External links
*
*
Geographical ecoregion maps and basic info.
{{ecoregions of India
Ecoregions of India
Ecoregions of Bangladesh
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Ganges basin
Forests of Bangladesh
Forests of India
Environment of Assam
Environment of Bihar
Environment of West Bengal
Environment of Odisha
Environment of Tripura
Environment of Uttar Pradesh
Indomalayan ecoregions