Lope Martín
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Lope Martín (born ;
marooned Marooned may refer to: * Marooning, the intentional act of abandoning someone in an uninhabited area Film and television * ''Marooned'' (1933 film), a British drama film * ''Marooned'' (1969 film), an American science-fiction film * ''Marooned ...
21 July 1566) was an
Afro-Portuguese Afro-Portuguese ''(Afro portugueses'' or ''Lusoafricanos)'', African-Portuguese ''(Portugueses com ascendência africana)'', or Black Portuguese are Portuguese people with total or partial ancestry from any of the Sub-Saharan ethnic groups of ...
maritime pilot A maritime pilot, marine pilot, harbor pilot, port pilot, ship pilot, or simply pilot, is a mariner who has specific knowledge of an often dangerous or congested waterway, such as harbors or river mouths. Maritime pilots know local details s ...
who successfully navigated across the Pacific Ocean east–west and then west–east, becoming the first to complete the return voyage from Asia to the Americas. Martín was a free
mulatto ( , ) is a Race (human categorization), racial classification that refers to people of mixed Sub-Saharan African, African and Ethnic groups in Europe, European ancestry only. When speaking or writing about a singular woman in English, the ...
from
Lagos Lagos ( ; ), or Lagos City, is a large metropolitan city in southwestern Nigeria. With an upper population estimated above 21 million dwellers, it is the largest city in Nigeria, the most populous urban area on the African continent, and on ...
, Portugal, who became a licensed pilot in Spain. He was contracted for
Miguel López de Legazpi Miguel López de Legazpi (12 June 1502 – 20 August 1572), also known as ''Adelantado, El Adelantado'' and ''El Viejo'' (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador who financed and led an expedition to conquer the Philippines, Philippine islan ...
's expedition from Mexico to the Philippines and was designated the sole pilot of a
patache A patache (occasionally "patax" or "''pataje''") is a type of sailing vessel with two masts, very light and shallow, a sort of cross between a brig and a schooner, which originally was a warship, being intended for surveillance and inspection of ...
called the ''San Lucas''. Martín and the ''San Lucas'' separated from the rest of the fleet after ten days and sailed through the
Marshall Islands The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is an island country west of the International Date Line and north of the equator in the Micronesia region of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. The territory consists of 29 c ...
and the
Caroline Islands The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea. Politically, they are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in the cen ...
before arriving at the Philippines in January 1565. Martín then set out for the return voyage from Asia to the Americas, which had been attempted but never completed; the ''San Lucas'' arrived in Mexico in August 1565. In spite of Martín's accomplishments, the
Real Audiencia of Mexico The Real Audiencia of Mexico or Royal Audiencia of Mexico () was the highest tribunal (high court) of the Spanish crown in the Kingdom of New Spain. The Audiencia was created by royal decree on December 13, 1527, and was seated in the viceregal c ...
soon ordered him to return to the Philippines and appear before Legazpi, who was expected to execute him for having allegedly deserted the rest of his fleet. Martín's ship, the ''San Jerónimo'', departed Mexico in May 1566; recognizing the danger that he faced, Martín led two successive mutinies and took command of the ship. He anchored the ''San Jerónimo'' at
Ujelang Atoll Ujelang Atoll ( Marshallese: , ) is an uninhabited coral atoll of 30 islands in the Pacific Ocean, in the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is , and it encloses a lagoon of . It is the westernmost island in the Marshall I ...
in July 1566, intending to maroon any members of the crew who were not loyal to him; instead, Martín and 26 other men were left behind and never seen again.


Early life

Martín was born and was a native of
Lagos Lagos ( ; ), or Lagos City, is a large metropolitan city in southwestern Nigeria. With an upper population estimated above 21 million dwellers, it is the largest city in Nigeria, the most populous urban area on the African continent, and on ...
, Portugal. He was a free
mulatto ( , ) is a Race (human categorization), racial classification that refers to people of mixed Sub-Saharan African, African and Ethnic groups in Europe, European ancestry only. When speaking or writing about a singular woman in English, the ...
of Portuguese and African descent; his African ancestors were brought to Portugal as slaves. He was evidently a skilled sailor and navigator; he was a licensed
maritime pilot A maritime pilot, marine pilot, harbor pilot, port pilot, ship pilot, or simply pilot, is a mariner who has specific knowledge of an often dangerous or congested waterway, such as harbors or river mouths. Maritime pilots know local details s ...
in Spain, a position that required much navigational and technical expertise. He was also one of the very few pilots of African descent in Spain in that era. Pilots were expected to be Spanish nationals; Martín probably claimed to be from the town
Ayamonte Ayamonte (; ) is a town and municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Huelva, Andalusia. It is located near the border with Portugal on the mouth of the Guadiana River. According to the 2015 census, the city had a population of 20,357 in ...
, near the Spanish and Portuguese border. This is evidenced by the fact that many of his contemporaries believed him to be a native of Ayamonte. Martín also stated that he had a wife living in the town.


Legazpi expedition

In 1557, King
Philip II of Spain Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), sometimes known in Spain as Philip the Prudent (), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and List of Sicilian monarchs, Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He ...
ordered Luis de Velasco, the
viceroy of New Spain This article lists the viceroys who ruled the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1535 to 1821 in the name of the monarch of Spain. In addition to viceroys, this article lists the highest Spanish governors of the viceroyalty, before the appointment o ...
, to send a fleet to the
Indies The East Indies (or simply the Indies) is a term used in historical narratives of the Age of Discovery. The ''Indies'' broadly referred to various lands in the East or the Eastern Hemisphere, particularly the islands and mainlands found i ...
and establish a colony there. At the port of Navidad (now the town of
Barra de Navidad Barra de Navidad is a small town located on the western coastline of the Mexican state of Jalisco. It belongs to the municipality of Cihuatlán. The town population was 4,266 according to the 2020 census. Barra de Navidad ("Christmas Sandbar") ...
, Mexico), four ships were constructed for the expedition and a crew of 380 people, including sailors, soldiers, scribes, and monks, was gathered. Martín was one of six pilots contracted for the expedition. He was to receive a payment of 700
ducats The ducat ( ) coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages to the 19th century. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wide inter ...
for the voyage, 300 fewer than the lead pilot Esteban Rodríguez. Martín was designated the sole pilot of one of the four ships, a three-masted
patache A patache (occasionally "patax" or "''pataje''") is a type of sailing vessel with two masts, very light and shallow, a sort of cross between a brig and a schooner, which originally was a warship, being intended for surveillance and inspection of ...
called the ''San Lucas''. The smallest of the four, the ''San Lucas'' weighed 40 tons and was around long. It had a crew of ten sailors and ten soldiers and carried just eight casks of water, even though the vessel would need to travel roughly to its eventual destination, the
Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
. When the ''San Lucas'''s original captain Hernán Sánchez Muñón refused to travel to Navidad, the fleet commander
Miguel López de Legazpi Miguel López de Legazpi (12 June 1502 – 20 August 1572), also known as ''Adelantado, El Adelantado'' and ''El Viejo'' (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador who financed and led an expedition to conquer the Philippines, Philippine islan ...
appointed the nobleman
Alonso de Arellano Alonso de Arellano was a 16th-century Spanish explorer who commanded one ship that was part of the fleet that re-discovered the Philippines after the Magellan and López de Villalobos expeditions. Biography Arellano was captain of the ''San Luc ...
in his stead. Following years of preparation and multiple delays, the four ships departed Navidad in the early morning of 21 November 1564 with Legazpi as their commander and the experienced sailor
Andrés de Urdaneta Andres or Andrés may refer to: * Andres, Illinois, an unincorporated community in Will County, Illinois, US * Andres, Pas-de-Calais, a commune in Pas-de-Calais, France *Andres (name) Andres or Andrés is a male given name. It can also be a ...
as his advisor. Four days into the voyage, Legazpi called for a meeting on the ''San Pedro'', the fleet's
flagship A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of navy, naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels, typically ...
. During the meeting, which was attended by the fleet's highest-ranking officers and pilots—including Lope Martín—Legazpi revealed that although the fleet had previously received instructions to travel to
New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...
, the
Real Audiencia of Mexico The Real Audiencia of Mexico or Royal Audiencia of Mexico () was the highest tribunal (high court) of the Spanish crown in the Kingdom of New Spain. The Audiencia was created by royal decree on December 13, 1527, and was seated in the viceregal c ...
covertly ordered Legazpi to instead direct the fleet to the Philippines and establish a colony on the islands. The Audiencia had also ordered him to keep these instructions secret until the fleet had already departed and sailed 100 leagues from the port, as Spanish colonization of the Philippines would be an open violation of the
Treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian (geography) ...
.


Separation of the ''San Lucas''

After the meeting, Legazpi ordered the ''San Lucas'' to take the ''San Pedro'''s position at the front of the fleet, where its crew would be responsible for scouting for hazards. As the ''San Lucas'' began to stray further from the fleet, at some points separating itself by two leagues, Legazpi ordered Martín to maintain his ship within half a league from the rest of the vessels. On 1 December 1564, a tempest formed. The flagship signaled to the rest of the ships to slow down; despite this signal and Legazpi's orders to remain within half a league, the ''San Lucas'' continued forward and disappeared from the view of the rest of the squadron. Martín justified his failure to slow down by explaining that the ''San Lucas'' could not reduce its speed during the storm without cross sea flooding the deck due to the vessel's shallow sides. Separated, the ''San Lucas'' spent over a month on the open ocean before encountering the
Marshall Islands The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is an island country west of the International Date Line and north of the equator in the Micronesia region of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. The territory consists of 29 c ...
. The islands, which comprise 29
atolls An atoll () is a ring-shaped island, including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon. There may be coral islands or cays on the rim. Atolls are located in warm tropical or subtropical parts of the oceans and seas where corals can develop. Most of ...
and 5
coral islands A coral island is a type of island formed from coral detritus and associated organic material. It occurs in tropical and sub-tropical areas, typically as part of a coral reef which has grown to cover a far larger area under the sea. The term low ...
, pose a threat due to the fact that they are surrounded by coral that can breach a vessel's hull. They are also low-lying, making them difficult to detect during approach. On the night of 5 January 1565, crewmembers of the ''San Lucas'' recognized that the ship was headed directly towards one of the Marshall Islands' atolls (possibly
Likiep Atoll Likiep Atoll ( Marshallese: , ) is a coral atoll of 65 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. It is approximately northwest of Wotje. Its total land area is only , but that en ...
) and was at risk of running aground. Martín quickly ordered the sails lowered as the ''San Lucas'''s
helmsman A helmsman or helm (sometimes driver or steersman) is a person who steering, steers a ship, sailboat, submarine, other type of maritime vessel, airship, or spacecraft. The rank and seniority of the helmsman may vary: on small vessels such as fis ...
turned the vessel hard to port. Pushed by a strong breeze, the ship narrowly avoided crashing into the atoll and instead entered a shallow body of water. While standing on the deck and searching for a way to reenter the open sea, Martín was swept off of the ship by a wave. He managed to cling onto a rope with a single hand and reboard the vessel. Two days after avoiding that collision, the ''San Lucass crew spotted a canoe piloted by three inhabitants of the islands. The sailors helped the three natives, two grown men and one boy, board the ship and gave them beads, a knife, toy bells, and a shirt in exchange for fish, coconuts, and water. The natives then led ten of the crewmembers—among them Martín and Arellano—to their families and their homes, which they had built on the shoreline of an island amid the coral reefs (possibly
Kwajalein Atoll Kwajalein Atoll (; Marshallese language, Marshallese: ) is part of the Marshall Islands, Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). The southernmost and largest island in the atoll is named Kwajalein Island, which its majority English-speaking re ...
). Martín called the island "the Island of the Two Neighbors", referring to the two families that resided there. The following day, 8 January, the sailors of the ''San Lucas'' encountered a well-populated island (perhaps
Lib Lib may refer to: Computing * Library (computing) ** .lib, a static library on Microsoft platforms ** , a directory on Unix-like systems * Lib-80, a Microsoft Library Manager tool; see Microsoft MACRO-80 People * Lib, one of two Jaredite kings ...
) whose inhabitants swam out more than one league to meet the vessel; Arellano named it "the Island of the Swimmers" in reference to this. The ''San Lucas'' failed to stop at any point in the Marshall Islands because they could not find anchorage in the coral reefs; before the voyage, Legazpi had instructed any ship that became separated to stop at the nearest island and await the rest of the squadron for ten days. Having successfully navigated through the Marshall Islands, the ''San Lucas'' proceeded to the
Caroline Islands The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea. Politically, they are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in the cen ...
, barely avoiding a reef on 15 January and arriving on 17 January to most likely
Chuuk Lagoon Chuuk Lagoon, previously Truk Atoll, is an atoll in the central Pacific Ocean. It lies about 1,800 kilometres (970 nautical miles) northeast of New Guinea and is part of Chuuk State within the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). A protective ...
. After the inhabitants of Chuuk invited the ''San Lucas'' to sail into an inlet within the atoll, they launched an assault on the vessel with spears and clubs. The sailors attempted to withdraw as Arellano ordered a musket volley to frighten the natives away. Martín assessed that it would be impossible to exit from where they had entered in the dark; he instead marked the bearing of a nearby shoal for reference and had the leadsman search for anchorage. As the ship moved slowly along the shoal, the leadsman located a bottom at thirty
fathoms A fathom is a unit of length in the imperial and the U.S. customary systems equal to , used especially for measuring the depth of water. The fathom is neither an international standard (SI) unit, nor an internationally accepted non-SI unit. H ...
and the ''San Lucas'' managed to anchor for the night. They departed Chuuk the following morning and although about a dozen canoes followed them, a sailor scared them off with a shot from a
culverin A culverin was initially an ancestor of the hand-held arquebus, but the term was later used to describe a type of medieval and Renaissance cannon. The word is derived from the antiquated "culuering" and the French (from " grass snake", follo ...
. The next day, the ''San Lucas'' anchored at Pulap Atoll, in desperate need of wood and water. After a sailor sailed to and from the atoll on one of the inhabitant's canoes, returning with jars of water, Martín and Arellano planned to row to the island with eight other men. They departed in their boat, but worried that the reef would tear a hole in the bottom and disconcerted by the sight of islanders hiding behind trees holding spears, Martín and Arellano reversed course and returned to the ''San Lucas''. Instead, three more sailors boarded canoes and went towards the island, where the natives beat the first two to death with clubs. The third managed to fight off the natives who were bringing him to the island and was rescued by his crewmates. The ''San Lucas'' departed with its crew reduced to just eight sailors and ten soldiers. On 22 January, the ''San Lucas'' coasted near an atoll—probably
Sorol Sorol is a coral atoll of nine islands in the central Caroline Islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district in Yap State in the Federated States of Micronesia. Sorol is located approximately south of Ulithi and southeast of t ...
—when two canoes met them out at sea. Martín threw a red jacket into the water for the natives and one of the canoes sailed over to take it. As they drew near, a soldier seized a boy from the canoe by the hair and dragged him onto the ship while the rest fired muskets and a culverin at both canoes. The wounded men abandoned their canoes and swam back to the island. The crew of the ''San Lucas'' captured the canoes and broke them down for firewood. As for the boy, the crew cut his hair, clothed him, and named him Vicente. They passed by another atoll, likely Ngulu, the following night. Martín and the crew of the ''San Lucas'' were the first of the fleet to reach the Philippines, spotting the islands on 29 January, seventy days after departing from Mexico. That evening, the wind changed and began to push them towards the shore. Threatened with the ship's grounding, the crew lowered the rowboat, aiming to use it to tow the ship out of danger; instead, the wind hurtled the boat into the ship, damaging both craft. By 02:00 the next morning, the crew had accepted that the ''San Lucas'' would run aground, which it did, and began preparing to unload the ship. Then, the wind shifted once more, freeing the ship. Martín suggested to Arellano that like
Ruy López de Villalobos Ruy López de Villalobos (;  – 23 April 1546) was a Spanish explorer who led a failed attempt to colonize the Philippines in 1544, attempting to assert Spanish control there under the terms of the treaties of Tordesillas and Zaragoza. U ...
, who had led an expedition to the Philippines two decades earlier, they would be unable to sail north along
Mindanao Mindanao ( ) is the List of islands of the Philippines, second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and List of islands by population, seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the ...
due to a
current Currents, Current or The Current may refer to: Science and technology * Current (fluid), the flow of a liquid or a gas ** Air current, a flow of air ** Ocean current, a current in the ocean *** Rip current, a kind of water current ** Current (hydr ...
; accordingly, it would be better to travel south to the
Davao Gulf Davao Gulf is a gulf situated in the southeastern portion of Mindanao in the Philippines. It has an area of or about 520,000 hectares. Davao Gulf cuts into the island of Mindanao from the Philippine Sea. It is surrounded by all five provinces ...
. Arellano agreed and the ''San Lucas'' cruised to the gulf, where its crew brought it to rest in a sheltered cove. On the morning of 30 January, Martín and four sailors rowed to shore to meet with three Filipinos who had called out to them. The Filipinos left and returned that afternoon with thirty or forty warriors. Arellano and Martín rowed back to the island to reconvene with them; together, the groups embraced and drank alcohol. The ''San Lucas'' remained anchored in the cove for the entirety of February. A minor mutiny began there as four discontented men absconded with the ship's rowboat, a flint stone, and some
arquebuses An arquebus ( ) is a form of long gun that appeared in Europe and the Ottoman Empire during the 15th century. An infantryman armed with an arquebus is called an arquebusier. The term ''arquebus'' was applied to many different forms of firearms ...
and made a camp on the island. Tied to the ship with rope, Martín swam as close as he could to the shore and appealed to the men, but still they refused to return. One night, Martín led Arellano and three men to the mutineers' camp, where he shot their lookout with an arquebus while the rest of the men apprehended the sleeping campers. Arellano brought all four mutineers to the ship and arranged their execution, but just before the men could be hanged, Martín intervened and claimed they would be unable to depart with such a diminished crew.


Return voyage

Repaired, the ''San Lucas'' left the cove on 4 March and continued west around Mindanao, their departure apparently motivated by an impending Filipino attack. Before they left, the men of the ''San Lucas'' had left crosses and a jar of letters detailing their path, hoping the rest of the fleet would find them. They cruised around the center of the Philippines and passed the islands of Mindanao,
Cebu Cebu ( ; ), officially the Province of Cebu (; ), is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, and consists of a main island and 167 surrounding islands and islets. The coastal zone of Cebu is identified as a ...
,
Bohol Bohol (), officially the Province of Bohol (; ), is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas Regions of the Philippines, region, consisting of the island itself and 75 minor surrounding islands. It is home to Bohola ...
, and
Leyte Leyte ( ) is an island in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines. It is eighth-largest and sixth-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 2,626,970 as of 2020 census. Since the accessibility of land has been ...
with the intent of locating Legazpi and the fleet, but never sighted the other vessels. Martín deftly piloted the ship around a shoal and through the
San Bernardino Strait The San Bernardino Strait () is a strait in the Philippines, connecting the Samar Sea with the Philippine Sea. It separates the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon from Samar (island), Samar of Visayas. History During an ill-fated expedition, only one ship ...
, reentering the open ocean on 21 April. Advising Arellano, Martín recommended that they sail northeast back to Mexico, avoiding the Portuguese
Spice Islands In the culinary arts, a spice is any seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance in a form primarily used for flavoring or coloring food. Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for ...
, and they set out to do so the following day. Before them,
Magellan Ferdinand Magellan ( – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese people, Portuguese explorer best known for having planned and led the Magellan expedition, 1519–22 Spanish expedition to the East Indies. During this expedition, he also discovered t ...
, Loaísa, Álvaro de Saavedra, and López de Villalobos had all attempted to sail the Pacific west to east to America; each had failed. Martín intended to first navigate to Japan and stop for supplies before attempting the crossing, but the ''San Lucas'' never landed in Japan due to a misleading map. In fact, the only land the crew would see between the Philippines and North America was
Lot's Wife In the Bible, Lot's wife is a figure first mentioned in Genesis 19. The Book of Genesis describes how she became a pillar of salt after she looked back at Sodom during its destruction by God. She is not named in the Bible, but is called Ado or ...
, south of
Tokyo Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan, capital and List of cities in Japan, most populous city in Japan. With a population of over 14 million in the city proper in 2023, it is List of largest cities, one of the most ...
. The ''San Lucas'' continued north until Martín, worried that they were close enough to China to run aground, directed the ship to the east. By that time, they were so far north that on 11 June, snow fell on the ship and their lamp oil froze; no European had traveled as far north in the Pacific before them. During the journey, the ship's men developed
scurvy Scurvy is a deficiency disease (state of malnutrition) resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Early symptoms of deficiency include weakness, fatigue, and sore arms and legs. Without treatment, anemia, decreased red blood cells, gum d ...
and were forced to use their own clothing to patch the sails. They also had to deal with rats gnawing into their casks of water and spilling their contents. At one point in the journey, to combat insubordination among the crew, Arellano and Martín had two men thrown overboard. On 16 July, the crew of the ''San Lucas'' spotted North America for the first time; Martín surmised that they were seeing
Cedros Island Cedros Island (''Isla de Cedros'', "island of cedars" in Spanish (language), Spanish) is an island in the Pacific Ocean belonging to the state of Baja California, Mexico. The dry and rocky island had a population of 1,350 in 2005 and has an area o ...
off the coast of
Baja California Baja California, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California, is a state in Mexico. It is the northwesternmost of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1952, the area was known as the North Territory of B ...
. On 28 July, just a few hundred miles from the shore, two sizable waves struck the vessel, tipping it over, flooding it with water, and carrying away its helmsman. The sailors could hardly attend to Martín's orders to right the ship due to their fatigue, hunger, and the disorientation caused by the waves. Navigating with just their
foresail A foresail is one of a few different types of sail set on the foremost mast (''foremast'') of a sailing vessel: * A fore-and-aft sail set on the foremast of a schooner or similar vessel. * The lowest square sail on the foremast of a full-rigged ...
, the crew experienced calmer weather thereafter and landed back at the port of Navidad on 9 August 1565, three months and twenty days after leaving the Philippines. Martín, Arellano, and their crew became the first men to make the west–east return voyage from Asia to the Americas. Martín and the voyagers of the ''San Lucas'' were celebrated in Mexico for their accomplishment and made plans to travel to Spain for a meeting with King Philip II. This period of celebration was interrupted when on 8 October 1565, the fleet's flagship, the ''San Pedro'', returned to Mexico, having also completed the return voyage. Legazpi and his advisor Urdaneta were both highly suspicious of Arellano and Martín, believing they had deliberately separated the ''San Lucas'' from the rest of the fleet. Legazpi's legal representative worked quickly to prevent Arellano and Martín from sailing to Spain and ordered them to appear before Legazpi himself, who had remained in a newly established Philippine colony. The Real Audiencia of Mexico dismissed Legazpi's charges, as there were multiple pieces of evidence indicating their innocence: multiple pilots had noted a storm when the ''San Lucas'' separated; the crew of the ''San Lucas'' had sailed around the Philippines searching for the rest of the fleet and had left crosses and a jar of letters; and they had returned directly to Navidad instead of the Spice Islands or any other location.


Final expedition

The Real Audiencia of Mexico permitted Arellano to sail to Spain but ordered Martín to lead a voyage back to the Philippines to resupply Legazpi's colony. Martín understood that this was a punishment and that Legazpi would have him executed as soon as he arrived. To convince Martín to carry out the expedition, he was given 11,000 ducats to purchase a ship and contract a crew; Martín and his associates squandered the money and were imprisoned for
embezzlement Embezzlement (from Anglo-Norman, from Old French ''besillier'' ("to torment, etc."), of unknown origin) is a type of financial crime, usually involving theft of money from a business or employer. It often involves a trusted individual taking ...
. The Audiencia thus selected a ship and captain for Martín and released him from prison; separately, they ordered Legazpi to hang Martín upon his arrival. Martín's ship, the ''San Jerónimo'', departed
Acapulco Acapulco de Juárez (), commonly called Acapulco ( , ; ), is a city and Port of Acapulco, major seaport in the Political divisions of Mexico, state of Guerrero on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, south of Mexico City. Located on a deep, semicirc ...
on 1 May 1566. Soon after setting sail, Martín informed his captain, Pero Sánchez Pericón, that he had no intention of sailing to the colony in Cebu and offered to navigate to Japan or Mindanao, where they could enrich themselves. Pericón refused, leading Martín to conspire against him. He began by encouraging the sailors of the ''San Jerónimo'' to kill Pericón's prized horse, which they did. Enraged, the captain offered a reward of 1,000
pesos The peso is the monetary unit of several Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, as well as the Philippines. Originating in the Spanish Empire, the word translates to "weight". In most countries of the Americas, the symbol commonly known a ...
for information on anyone conspiring against him and one for 400 pesos for information on whomever killed his horse. Nobody claimed these rewards and Pericón and his son were left with few allies aboard the ship. On the night of 3 June, the
sergeant Sergeant (Sgt) is a Military rank, rank in use by the armed forces of many countries. It is also a police rank in some police services. The alternative spelling, ''serjeant'', is used in The Rifles and in other units that draw their heritage f ...
Juan Ortiz de Mosquera and the sailor Bartolomé de Lara broke into the captain's quarters and stabbed Pericón and his son to death; Martín stood outside with a sword and shield to prevent anyone from intervening. Mosquera, popular among the men of the ship, was named the new captain and announced his plan to continue to Cebu. He was suspicious of Martín and watched him closely, even considering hanging him preemptively, but on 21 June, Martín successfully orchestrated Mosquera's murder. While Mosquera, Martín, and others were eating breakfast, sailors accosted Mosquera and bound his hands and feet. Martín informed Mosquera that he was to be executed for murdering Pericón and had him thrown into the ocean, still alive. Martín also justified the execution afterwards by labeling Mosquera a sodomite.


Marooning

The ''San Jerónimo'' arrived at the Marshall Islands on 29 June, with Martín establishing himself as the vessel's "dictator" by that point. After a week amidst the islands, the ''San Jerónimo'' nearly wrecked against a reef before the sailor Lara, contrary to Martín's orders, took control of the ship and led it into a channel, where the crew dropped anchor safely; they were inside
Ujelang Atoll Ujelang Atoll ( Marshallese: , ) is an uninhabited coral atoll of 30 islands in the Pacific Ocean, in the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is , and it encloses a lagoon of . It is the westernmost island in the Marshall I ...
. Martín, intending to
maroon Maroon ( , ) is a brownish crimson color that takes its name from the French word , meaning chestnut. ''Marron'' is also one of the French translations for "brown". Terms describing interchangeable shades, with overlapping RGB ranges, inc ...
those who were disloyal to him, ordered nearly everyone to exit the ship under the pretext that it needed to be repaired. He then spent days on Ujelang speaking to the ''San Jerónimo'''s men, testing their loyalty to him and trying to sway them to his side. On 16 July, a group of dissenters rowed to the ''San Jerónimo'', wounded Martín's guards aboard the ship, and took command of it and its weapons. Martín, still ashore, was confident that his men on the vessel would retake control from the dissenters and doubted they would be able to travel far without any sails or navigational tools, which had all been removed. At this point, a growing number of men began abandoning Martín and swimming to the ''San Jerónimo'' to avoid being marooned. Martín ordered his followers to swim to the ship to retake it, causing the men aboard the vessel to attempt to depart; after the failed attempt, the ship was pushed back into the atoll. From there, Martín's followers and the men aboard the ship negotiated. In return for the sails and navigational tools, Martín's group was given food. The ''San Jerónimo'' then departed on 21 July, marooning Martín and 26 of his associates. After the marooning, there was no confirmed sighting of Martín and his men. In 1568,
Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira Álvaro de Mendaña y Neira (or Neyra) (1 October 1542 – 18 October 1595) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and cartographer, best known for two of the earliest recorded expeditions across the Pacific Ocean in 1567 and 1595. His voyages led t ...
stopped at an island in the Marshall Islands. Based on the presence of a rope and chisel on the island, he believed that Martín and the marooners had been there. Later, the missionary Juan Antonio Cantova theorized that the fair skin of some inhabitants of the Caroline Islands was a trait passed by the marooners, thus suggesting that Martín and his associates left descendants there.


Legacy


Achievements

Martín and the crew aboard the ''San Lucas'' became the first men to sail across the Pacific and then make the west–east return voyage from Asia to the Americas. Before him, numerous explorers had sailed to Asia from the Americas, but none had managed to return. The historian
Andrés Reséndez In 2017, Reséndez won the Bancroft Prize in American History and Diplomacy for '' The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America''. Early life Reséndez grew up in Mexico City. Education and career He received h ...
credits Martín with permanently linking Asia with the Americas and causing the emergence of a transpacific exchange of crops, animals, and precious metals. Martín and his men were also the first Europeans to spot a number of islands, among them Chuuk Lagoon, Pulap Atoll, and Sorol. Due to Arellano and Martín's alleged desertion, the importance of their accomplishments has been minimized by some historians; Pierre Chaunu even described their voyage as "merely anecdotal".


Character

Whether or not Martín deliberately separated the ''San Lucas'' from the Legazpi fleet is uncertain. Legazpi, Urdaneta, and others on the voyage believed that he had done so intentionally as part of a plot; the mid-20th century writers
José de Arteche José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced very differently in each of the two languages: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ). In French, the name ''José'', pronounced , ...
and Mairin Mitchell both concurred with this assessment. Conversely, Reséndez described the belief that Martín had intentionally separated the ''San Lucas'' from the other ships as "at least excessive and quite likely unfounded", basing this assessment on the evidence laid out in Martín's defense before the Real Audiencia of Mexico. Regardless, the circumstances of both of Martín's expeditions have led to him generally being remembered as treacherous and conniving. The author Andrew Sharp referred to him as "notorious" and a "plotter", writing that he "was born to be in mischief". The writer William Lytle Schurz called him "faithless" and noted that "the character of artín... lent color to the suspicions of Legazpi". The Filipino historian Junald Dawa Ango, while discussing the ''San Jerónimo'' expedition, labeled Martín a "treacherous pilot".


References


Notes


Citations


Works cited

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{Authority control Spanish explorers of the Pacific Portuguese people of African descent 16th-century Portuguese people Exploration of the Pacific Ocean History of Africa Spanish explorers of North America Explorers of Asia