philosopher
Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...
German language
German (, ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western Europe, Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and Official language, official (or co-official) language in Germany, Austria, Switze ...
Austria
Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Aust ...
n by
ethnicity
An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people with shared attributes, which they Collective consciousness, collectively believe to have, and long-term endogamy. Ethnicities share attributes like language, culture, common sets of ancestry, ...
or nationality. Each one, however, satisfies at least one of the following criteria:
# s/he has been identified as a philosopher in any reputable, reliable encyclopedic/scholarly publication ''(e.g. MacMillan, Stanford, Routledge, Oxford, Metzler.)''
# s/he has written multiple articles published in reputable, reliable journals of philosophy and/or written books that were reviewed in such journals.
Reference works such as the following discuss the lives and summarize the works of notable philosophers:
*(Cambridge) ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy'', (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press; 1999.
*(Macmillan) Macmillan's ''Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', 1st edition (Paul Edwards, chief editor), 1973.
**(Macmillan2) 2nd edition (Donald M. Borchert, chief editor), 2006,
*(Metzler) ''Metzler Philosophen Lexikon: von den Vorsokratikern bis zu den Neuen Philosophen'', 3rd ed., Bernd Lutz (Stuttgart: Metzler, 2003).
*(Oxford 1995) ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford University Press, 1995, .
**(Oxford 2005) 2005,
*(Routledge 1998) '' Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge, 1998, .
**(Routledge 2000) ''Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge, 2000,
*(Stanford) Peer-reviewed online '' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''.
**(Sassen) Brigitte Sassen. 18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant in '' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''
Ludwig Boltzmann
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( ; ; 20 February 1844 – 5 September 1906) was an Austrian mathematician and Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist. His greatest achievements were the development of statistical mechanics and the statistical ex ...
(1844–1906) ''(Oxford 1995)''
: Bernhard Bolzano (1781–1848) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995; Routledge 2000)''
: Franz Brentano (1838–1907) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995; Routledge 2000)''
: Martin Buber (1878–1965) ''(Cambridge; Oxford 1995; Routledge 2000; Stanford)''
: Ludwig Büchner (1824–1899) ''(Macmillan; Routledge 2000)''
C
: Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995; Routledge 2000)''
: Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995)''
: Julie Clodius (1750–1805)
: Hermann Cohen (1842–1918) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995)''
: Christian August Crusius (1715–1775) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Routledge 2000)''
: Heinrich Czolbe (1819–1873) ''(Cambridge)''
D
: Max Dessoir (1867–1947) ''(Macmillan)''
: Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995)''
: Eugen Dühring (1833–1921) ''(Routledge 2000)''
Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels ( ;"Engels" ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.Gustav Fechner (1801–1887) ''(Cambridge)''
: Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (1804–1872) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995)''
: Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995)''
:
Gottlob Frege
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (; ; 8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He was a mathematics professor at the University of Jena, and is understood by many to be the father of analytic philos ...
(1848–1925) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995; Routledge 2000)''
: Jakob Friedrich Fries (1773–1843) ''(Macmillan2; Routledge 2000)''
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a 19th-century German idealist. His influence extends across a wide range of topics from metaphysical issues in epistemology and ontology, to political philosophy and t ...
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German Philosophy, philosopher and one of the central Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works ...
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (; ; 22 January 1729 – 15 February 1781) was a German philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art critic, and a representative of the Enlightenment era. His plays and theoretical writings substantially influenced the dev ...
(1729–1781) ''(Cambridge; Oxford 1995)''
: Dieter Leisegang (1942–1973)
: Otto Liebmann (1840–1912) ''(Macmillan2)''
: Hans Lipps (1889–1941)
: Paul Lorenzen (1915–1994) ''(Routledge 2000)''
: Hermann Lotze (1817–1881) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995)''
: Karl Löwith (1897–1973) ''(Metzler)''
: Georg Lukács (1885–1971) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan2; Oxford 1995)''
: Arne Næss (1912–2009) ''(Oxford 1995)''
: Paul Natorp (1854–1924) ''(Macmillan)''
: Leonard Nelson (1882–1927) ''(Macmillan; Macmillan2)''
:
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher. He began his career as a classical philology, classical philologist, turning to philosophy early in his academic career. In 1869, aged 24, Nietzsche bec ...
Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian–British philosopher, academic and social commentator. One of the 20th century's most influential philosophers of science, Popper is known for his rejection of the ...
Max Weber
Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (; ; 21 April 186414 June 1920) was a German Sociology, sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economy, political economist who was one of the central figures in the development of sociology and the social sc ...
Hermann Weyl
Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl (; ; 9 November 1885 – 8 December 1955) was a German mathematician, theoretical physicist, logician and philosopher. Although much of his working life was spent in Zürich, Switzerland, and then Princeton, New Jersey, ...
(1885–1955) ''(Macmillan)''
: Wilhelm Windelband (1848–1915) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan)''
: Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan; Oxford 1995)''
: Christian Wolff (1679–1754) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan; Oxford 1995; Routledge 2000; Sassen)''
: Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) ''(Cambridge; Macmillan; Routledge 2000)''
German language
German (, ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western Europe, Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and Official language, official (or co-official) language in Germany, Austria, Switze ...