List Of Anatomical Variations
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This article provides a comprehensive list of anatomical variations, which are naturally occurring differences in human morphology. These variations are not considered defects or abnormalities but rather normal deviations that do not inherently indicate pathology.


Head and neck


Skeletal variations

* Occipitalization of the atlas * Basilar tubercle of clivus * Tubercle at the anterior rim of foramen magnum * Clivus bony canal * Condylus tertius * Epipteric bone * Foramen tympanicum * Ossified petrosphenoid ligament * Ossification anomalies of the atlas (C1) * Craniopharyngeal canal * Canalis basilaris medianus * Fossa navicularis magna * Transverse basilar fissure (Saucer's fissure) (see Clivus) * Arcus praebasiocipitalis * Stafne bone cavity * Arcuate foramen * Ossiculum terminale (of dens) * Os odontoideum * Intermediate condylar canal * Innominate canal of Arnold * Arcus praebasiocipitalis * Inca bone * Haller cell * Sphenoethmoidal air cell (Onodi cell) (see Sphenoid sinus) * Accessory maxillary ostium (see Maxillary sinus) * Thyroid foramen (see Thyroid cartilage) * Collateral eminence * Wormian bones


Muscular variations

* Levator glandulae thyroidea (levator muscle of thyroid gland) * Accessory belly of digastric muscle (see Digastric muscle) * Atlantomastoid muscle * Styloauricularis muscle * Transversus nuchae muscle * Pterygoideus proprius muscle * Levator claviculae muscle * Levator glandulae thyroidea muscle * Cleidoatlanticus muscle * Cleidocervical muscle * Cleidofascialis muscle * Cleidohyoideus muscle * Cleidomastoideus muscle * Cleido-occipitalis cervicalis muscle * Cricocorniculate muscle * Cricohyoid muscle (variation of thyrohyoid) * Sternoclavicularis anticus muscle * Styloauricularis muscle


Vascular variations

* Persistent primitive olfactory artery * Artery of Percheron * Stapedial artery * Thyroid ima artery * Fourth thyroid vein (of Kocher) (see Inferior thyroid veins) * Falcine sinus * Hypoglossal artery *Persistent left superior vena cava * Trigeminal artery


Nervous variations

* Trigeminal nerve duplication * Aberrant facial nerve course * Accessory hypoglossal nerve


Other variations

* Preauricular sinus * Supernumerary nipple * Darwin's tubercle *
Anisocoria Anisocoria is a condition characterized by an unequal size of the eyes' pupils. Affecting up to 20% of the population, anisocoria is often entirely harmless, but can be a sign of more serious medical problems. Causes Anisocoria is a common cond ...
* Diagonal earlobe crease * Empty sella turcica * Epicanthic fold * Crease of the upper eyelid (Single or Double eyelid) * Zuckerkandl's tubercle * Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland


Vertebral column and ribs


Skeletal variations

* Atlanto-occipital fusion (see Atlanto-occipital joint) * Butterfly vertebrae * Cervical ribs * Coccygeal ribs * Block vertebrae * Sagittal cleft vertebrae * Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae * Split cord malformation * Sternal cleft * Spondylolisthesis * Oppenheimer's ossicle * Spondylolysis * Sprengel's deformity


Thorax


Skeletal variations

* Sternal foramen and xiphoid foramen * Episternal ossicles * Manubriosternal fusion (see
Sternum The sternum (: sternums or sterna) or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major bl ...
) * Sternoxiphoidal fusion * Bifid xiphoid process (see Xiphoid process) * Bifid rib


Muscular variations

* Sternalis muscle (rectus thoracis) * Costocoracoideus  muscle


Other variations

* Azygos lobe of the lung * Tracheal bronchus (see Bronchus) * Cardiac bronchus (see Bronchus) * Supernumerary lung fissures * Horseshoe lung


Upper limb


Skeletal variations

* Bifurcated clavicle * Coracoclavicular joint * Os acromiale (see Acromion) * Carpal coalition * Carpal boss * Bipartite capitate * Supracondylar process of the humerus * Scapular foramina and tunnels


Muscular variations

* Accessory subscapularis muscle * Gantzer's muscle (see Flexor pollicis longus muscle) * Chondroepitrochlearis muscle (see Pectoralis major) * Coracocapsularis muscle * Costodeltoideus muscle * Axillary arch muscle * Epitrochleoanconeus (anconeous epitrochlearis) muscle * Extensor medii proprius muscle * Extensor digitorum brevis manus muscle * Extensor indicis et medii communis muscle * Extensor pollicis et indicis communis muscle * Extensor carpi radialis tertius (extensor carpi radialis accessorius) muscle * Linburg-Comstock variation (conjoint flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus of the index) * Palmaris profundus muscle * Flexor carpi radialis profundus muscle * Ulnaris quinti muscle * Pisiuncinatus muscle (pisohamatus) * Sternohumeralis muscle * Sternochondrocoracoideus muscle * Subscapularis minor muscle * Tensor semivaginae articulations humeroscapularis muscle * Thoracobrachialis muscle


Vascular variations

* Alar thoracic artery * Median artery * Superficial ulnar artery * Variation of the basilic vein


Nervous variations

* Bifid median nerve (see
Median nerve The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus. The median nerve originates from the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus, and has cont ...
) * Nerve of McKenzie * Martin-Gruber anastomosis * Riché-Cannieu anastomosis * Berrettini anastomosis * Froment-Rauber nerve


Other variations

* Accessory nail of the fifth toe * Osborne's ligament * Struthers' ligament


Lower limb


Skeletal variations

* Femoral anteversion/retroversion * Os tibiale externum * Fabella (popliteal sesamoid) * Calcaneonavicular coalition * Accessory navicula * Talocalcaneal coalition * Cyamella (popliteal fabella) * Sesamoid bone of the second, third, fourth, and fifth finger * Talus accessorius * Os trigonum


Muscular variations

* Accessory soleus muscle * Accessory popliteus muscle *
Adductor minimus muscle In human anatomy, the adductor minimus (adductor femoris minimus or adductor quartus) is a small and flat skeletal muscle in the thigh which constitutes the upper, lateral part of the adductor magnus muscle.Bergman, Ronald A.; Afifi, Adel K.; M ...
* Tensor fasciae suralis muscle * Gastrocnemius tertius muscle (see Gastrocnemius muscle) * Gluteoperinealis muscle * Gluteus quartus muscle * Popliteus biceps muscle * Fibularis (peroneus) quartus muscle * Peroneocalcaneus internus muscle


Vascular variations

* Marginal artery of the colon * Corona mortis (see Obturator artery)


Nervous variations

* Sciatic nerve variations in relation to the piriformis muscle


Abdomen


Muscular variations

* Interfoveolar muscle * Saphenous muscle * Pubotransversalis muscle


Vascular variations

* Arc of Bühler * Third mesenteric artery * Marginal artery of the colon (of of Drummond)


Other variations

* Accessory spleen * Annular pancreas * Bifid pancreas tail * Double common bile duct * Agenesis of vermiform appendix (see Appendix (anatomy)) * Colon duplication * Accessory pancreatic duct * Pancreas divisum * Gastropancreatic ligament


Pelvis


Vascular variations

* Uterine artery anastomoses variations


Other variations

* Bladder exstrophy * Renal artery anomalies * Splenogonadal fusion * Supernumerary
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* Horseshoe kidney (Ren arcuatus) * Hirsuties coronae glandis


References

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