line of force

In the history of physics, a line of force in Michael Faraday's extended sense is synonymous with James Clerk Maxwell's line of induction. According to J.J. Thomson, Faraday usually discusses ''lines of force'' as chains of polarized particles in a dielectric, yet sometimes Faraday discusses them as having an existence all their own as in stretching across a vacuum.Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism
Joseph John Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, 1883 In addition to lines of force, J.J. Thomson—similar to Maxwell—also calls them tubes of electrostatic inductance, or simply Faraday tubes. From the 20th century perspective, lines of force are energy linkages embedded in a 19th-century field theory that led to more mathematically and experimentally sophisticated concepts and theories, including Maxwell's equations and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.

Lines of force originated with Michael Faraday, whose theory holds that all of reality is made up of force ''itself''. His theory predicts that electricity, light, and gravity have finite propagation delays. The theories and experimental data of later scientific figures such as Maxwell, Heinrich Hertz, Einstein, and others are in agreement with the ramifications of Faraday's theory. Nevertheless, Faraday's theory remains distinct. Unlike Faraday, Maxwell and others (e.g., J.J. Thomson) thought that light and electricity must propagate through an ether. In Einstein's relativity, there is no ether, yet the physical reality of force is much weaker than in the theories of Faraday. Fields of Force, William Berkson, 1974 Forces and Fields, Mary B. Hesse, 1961

Historian Nancy J. Nersessian in her paper "Faraday's Field Concept" distinguishes between the ideas of Maxwell and Faraday:

Views of Faraday

At first Michael Faraday considered the physical reality of the ''lines of force'' as a possibility, yet several scholars agree that for Faraday their physical reality became a conviction. One scholar dates this change in the year 1838.''The Origins of Field Theory'', L. Pearce Williams (Cornell University), 1966, Random House, p. 88 (a), p.124 (b) Another scholar dates this final strengthening of his belief in 1852. Faraday experimentally studied lines of magnetic force and electrostatic force, showing them not to fit action at a distance models. In 1852 Faraday wrote the paper "On the Physical Character of the Lines of Magnetic Force" which examined gravity, radiation, and electricity, and their possible relationships with the transmission medium, transmission propagation, and the receiving entity.

Views of Maxwell

Initially, James Clerk Maxwell took an agnostic approach in his mathematization of Faraday's theories. This is seen in Maxwell's 1855 and 1856 papers: "On Faraday's Lines of Force" and "On Faraday's Electrotontic State". In the 1864 paper " A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" Maxwell gives scientific priority of the electromagnetic theory of light to Faraday and his 1846 paper "Thoughts on Ray Vibrations". Maxwell wrote:

Tube of force

Maxwell changed Faraday's phrase ''lines of force'' to ''tubes of force'', when expressing his fluidic assumptions involved in his mathematization of Faraday's theories. A tube of force, also called a tube of electrostatic induction or field tube, are the ''lines of electric force'' which moves so that its beginning traces a closed curve on a positive surface, its end will trace a corresponding closed curve on the negative surface, and the line of force itself will generate an inductive tubular surface. Such a tube is called a " solenoid". There is a pressure at right angles to a tube of force of one half the product of the dielectric and magnetic density. If through the growth of a field the tubes of force are spread sideways or in width there is a magnetic reaction to that growth in intensity of electric current. However, if a tube of force is caused to move endwise there is little or no drag to limit velocity. Tubes of force are absorbed by bodies imparting momentum and gravitational mass. Tubes of force are a group of electric lines of force.

Magnetic curves

Early on in his research (circa 1831), Faraday calls the patterns of apparently continuous curves traced out in metallic filings near a magnet ''magnetic curves''. Later on he refers to them as just an instance of magnetic lines of force or simply lines of force. Eventually Faraday would also begin to use the phrase "magnetic field". Colin A. Russell, ''Michael Faraday: Physics and Faith'', 2000, Oxford University Press, pp. 99-100 Chapter 9 "Electromagnetism: 'At Play in the Fields of the Lord'

See also

* Field line
* Flux tube
* Flux

Other relevant papers

*Faraday, Michael, "Thoughts on Ray Vibrations", Philosophical Magazine, May 1846, or Experimental Researches, iii, p. 447
*Faraday, Michael, ''Experimental Researches,'' Series 19.

Notes

{{Michael Faraday

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