An early system of plant taxonomy, the Lindley system, was first published by

John Lindley John Lindley Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidology, orchidologist. Early years Born in Old Catton, Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four c ...

as ''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany'' (''Natural History'', 1830). This was a minor modification of that of de Candolle (1813). He developed this further over a number of publications, including the ''Nixus plantarum'' (1833) and a second edition of ''Natural History'' (1836), in which he introduced the concept of a higher order of taxonomic rank, the Alliances, in which he embedded the Tribes (families). He also expanded his ideas on Exogens in his entry of that name in the Penny Cyclopedia (1838). In 1839 he revised his division of the plant kingdom into classes in an article in the Botanical Register. Lindley's system culminated in the three editions of his ''Vegetable Kingdom'' (1846, 1847, 1853). The schema of the ''Natural History'' is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii. In the ''Vegetable Kingdom'', the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853, with the schema on p. ''lv''. Cross references from ''Natural History'' to ''Vegetable Kingdom'' in quare brackets

Summary

''An Introduction to the Natural History of Botany'' (1830)

:Schema p. xxxv, :Outline p. xxxvii :Index p. 345 :Genera organised into Orders (referred to as Tribes, in English) * Class I: Vasculares (Flowering plants) p. 1 ** Subclass I: Exogenae (

Dicotyledons The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, ...

) p. 1 *** Tribe I.

Angiospermae Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The ...

p. 2 *** Tribe II. Gymnospermae p. 245 ** Subclass II: Endogenae ( Monocotyledons) p. 251 *** Tribe I Petaloideae p. 252 *** Tribe II Glumaceae * Class II: Cellulares (Flowerless plants) ** 1. Filicoideae ** 2. Muscoideae ** 3. Aphyllae * Index to ''Introduction to Natural History'' p. 345

''Vegetable Kingdom'' (1846–1853)

:Summary of previous systems p. xxxv (see Notes) :Schema for 1846 and 1853 p. lv :Genera organised into Alliances and Orders Flowerless plants (Asexual) * Class I: Thallogens * Class II: Acrogens Flowering plants (Sexual) * Class III: Rhizogens * Class IV: Endogens * Class V: Dictyogens * Class VI: Gymnogens * Class VII: Exogens *Index to ''Vegetable Kingdom'' p. 833

Natural History orders (1830–1836)

165 orders (list p. 3)

Class I: Vasculares: Flowering plants

p. 1

Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons)

* Tribe I.

p. 2 ** Polypetale 165 orders p. 2 *** Thalamiflorae **** Apocarpae ***** 23. Menispermeae p. 31 ***** ... ***** 117. Coriarieae p. 135 **** Syncarpae ***** 5.

Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae () is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate climate, temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera with about 70 know ...

***** ... ***** 130.

Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus '' Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system plac ...

(Violets) p. 146 ***** ... ***** 107. Humiriaceae *** Calyciflorae **** Apocarpae **** 38. Saxifrageae **** ... **** 147.

Crassulaceae The Crassulaceae (, from Latin ''crassus'', thick), also known as the crassulas, the stonecrops or the orpine family, are a diverse Family (biology), family of dicotyledon angiosperms primarily characterized by succulent leaves and a form of phot ...

**** Syncarpae ***** 132. Malesherbiaceae ***** ... ***** 1.

Araliaceae The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants commonly called the ginseng family. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely ...

(Aralia) p. 4 ***** ... ***** 58. Alangieae ** Apetale *** Aristolochiae *** ... *** Empetreae ** Achlamydeae *** Podostemeae *** .... ***

Piperaceae The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family (biology), family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in five genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two mai ...

** Monopetale *** Gesnereae *** ... *** Orobancheae * Tribe II. Gymnospermae p. 245 ** Coniferae ** Cycadeae

Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons)

Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p. 251 * Tribe I Petaloideae 32 orders p. 252 (May be Tripetaloideous, Hexapetaloideous or Spadiceous) ** Tripetaloideae 8 orders *** 230 Butomeae (p. 253) lismales 208 *** 229 Alismaceae (p. 253) lismales 209*** 232 Commelineae (p. 255) yridales 188*** 233 Xyrideae (p. 255) yridales 187*** 231 Hydrocharideae (p. 254) ydrales 141*** 234

Bromeliaceae The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) are a family of monocot flowering plants of about 80 genera and 3700 known species, native mainly to the tropical Americas, with several species found in the American subtropics and one in tropical west Africa, ...

(p. 256) arcissales 147*** 241 Scitamineae (p. 265) *** 242 Marantaceae (p. 267) momales 168** Hexapetaloideae(17 orders) *** 235: Hypoxideae *** 236: Burmannieae (p. 257) *** 237: Haemodoraceae (Blood-root tribe) p. 258*** 239: Irideae (Cornflag tribe) p. 260 *** 238: Amaryllideae (Narcissus tribe) p. 259*** 240: Orchideae *** 239: Irideae (p. 260) arcissales 159*** 240 Orchideae (p. 262) rchidales 173..... *** 243

Musaceae Musaceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera with about 91 known species, placed in the order Zingiberales. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves w ...

(p. 269) *** 235 Hypoxideae (p. 257) arcissales 154*** 238 Amaryllideae (p. 259) arcissales 155*** 237 Haemadoraceae (p. 258) arcissales 155*** ............ *** ............ *** 244 Junceae (p. 270) uncales 191*** 247 Asphodeleae (p. 273) iliaceae 200*** 248 Gilliesieae (p. 275) iliales 196*** 251

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fai ...

(p. 279) iliales 200*** 249 Smilaceae (p. 277) *** 253 Restiaceae (p. 283) '' lumales 121' - Glumaceae ** Spadiceae (7 orders) *** 254 Pandaneae p. 284 *** 255

Typhaceae The Typhaceae () are a family of flowering plants, sometimes called the cattail family. The botanical name for the family has been recognized by most taxonomists. Description Members can be recognized as large marsh herbs with alternate two-rank ...

p. 285 *** 256

Aroideae Aroideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the family (biology), family Araceae. It is the largest subfamily in Araceae and consists of about 72 genera, and 2,300 species. Many Aroideae have spiny pollen grains without a sporopollenin outer e ...

p. 286 *** 257 Balanophoreae p. 288 *** 258 Fluviales p. 289 *** 259 Juncagineae p. 290 *** 259 Pistiaceae p. 291 rales 124* Tribe II Glumaceae 2 orders p. 292 lumales 105 **

Cyperaceae The Cyperaceae () are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as wikt:sedge, sedges. The family (biology), family is large; botanists have species description, described some 5,500 known species in about 90 ...

07**

Gramineae Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated i ...

p. 292 raminaceae 106

Class II: Cellulares: Flowerless plants

p. 307 * 1. Filicoideae, or Fern-like plants **

Equisetaceae Equisetaceae, also known as the horsetail family, is a family of ferns and the only surviving family of the order Equisetales, with one surviving genus, ''Equisetum'', comprising about twenty species. Evolution and systematics Equisetaceae is ...

** Filices **

Lycopodiaceae The Lycopodiaceae (class Lycopodiopsida, order Lycopodiales) are an old family of vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses and firmosses, comprising 17 accepted genera and about 500 known species. This family originated about 380 mi ...

Marsileaceae Marsileaceae () is a small family of heterosporous aquatic and semi-aquatic ferns, though at first sight they do not physically resemble other ferns. The group is commonly known as the "pepperwort family" or as the "water-clover family" becau ...

* 2. Muscoideae, or Moss-like plants ** Musci ** Hepaticae ** Characeae * 3. Aphyllae ** Lichenes **

Fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...

Algae Algae ( , ; : alga ) is an informal term for any organisms of a large and diverse group of photosynthesis, photosynthetic organisms that are not plants, and includes species from multiple distinct clades. Such organisms range from unicellular ...

Vegetable Kingdom alliances and orders (1846–1853)

''(pages refer to 1853 edition)''

Flowerless plants

p. 5

Class I: Thallogens

3 Alliances ** Algales p. 8 *** Diatomaceae *** ... *** Characeae ** Fungales, Fungi p. 29 *** Hymenomycetes *** ... *** Physomycetes ** Lichenales, Lichens p. 45 *** Graphidaceae *** Collemaceae ***

Parmeliaceae The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: '' Xanthoparmelia'' ( 82 ...

Class II: Acrogens

3 Alliances p. 51 ** Muscales, or Moss-like plants p. 54 *** Hepaticae **** Ricciaceae **** ... ****

, Horsetails *** Musci **** Andraeaceae **** Bryaceae ** Lycopodales p. 68 *** Lycopodaceae ***

** Filicales p. 74 *** Ophioglossaceae ***

Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae is a Family (biology), family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genus, genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder ...

, Ferns *** Danaeaceae

Flowering plants

Class III: Rhizogens

3 orders p. 83 *

Balanophoraceae The Balanophoraceae are a subtropical to tropical family of obligate parasitic flowering plants, notable for their unusual development and formerly obscure affinities. In the broadest circumscription, the family consists of 16 genera. Alterna ...

p. 88 * Cytinaceae p. 91 *

Rafflesiaceae The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants comprising 36 species in 3 genera found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including ''Rafflesia arnoldii'', which has the largest flowers of all plants. The plants are e ...

p. 93

Class IV: Endogens (Monocotyledons)

11 Alliances p. 95 * Glumales 5 orders p. 105 ** Graminaceae, Grasses **

, Sedges ** ... **

Eriocaulaceae The Eriocaulaceae are a family (biology), family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales, commonly known as the pipewort family. The family is large, with about 1207 known species described in seven genera. They are widely distri ...

, Pipeworts * Arales 4 orders p. 123 ** Pistiaceae **

Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also ...

Pandanaceae Pandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, from West Africa to the Pacific. It contains 982 known species in five genera, of which the type genus, ''Pandanus'', is the most important, with s ...

* Palmales, Palms 1 order p. 133 ** Palmaceae * Hydrales 4 orders p. 140 ** Hydrocharidaceae ** Naiadaceae **

Triuridaceae Triuridaceae are a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants, including nine genera with a total of approximately 55 known species. All members lack chlorophyll and are mycoheterotrophic (obtain food by digesting intracellular fungi, o ...

** Zosteraceae * Narcissales 6 orders p. 146 **

p. 147 ** Taccaceae ** Haemodoraceae ** Hypoxidaceae p. 154 **

Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...

, Amaryllids 4 tribes 68 genera 400 species p. 155 *** Amarylleae *** Narcisseae *** Alstromerieae *** Agaveae **

Iridaceae Iridaceae () is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the Iris (plant), irises. It has a nearly global distribution, with 69 accepted genera with a total of about 2500 species. It includes a number of economically importan ...

p. 159 (53 Genera, 550 species) * Amomales 3 orders p. 162 **

Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical ...

** Marantaceae * Orchidales 3 orders p. 170 **

Burmanniaceae Burmanniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 99 species of herbaceous plants in eight genera. Description These plants are annual or perennial herbs, with generally unbranched stems, some lacking leaves. Some members of this fam ...

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family (biology), family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Orchids are cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan plants that ...

, Orchids ** Apostasiaceae * Xyridales 4 orders p. 185 ** Philydraceae ** .... ** Mayaceae * Juncales 2 orders p. 190 **

Juncaceae Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and ...

, Rushes ** Orontiaceae *

Liliales Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includ ...

p. 195 4 orders ** Gilliesiaceae p. 196 ** Melanthaceae **

, Lilyworts 11 tribes 133 genera 1200 species p. 200 *** I Tulipeae *** ... *** IV Scilleae *** ... *** IX Asparageae *** ... *** XI Ophiopogoneae ** Pontederaceae * Alismales 3 orders p. 207 ** Butomaceae ** Alismaceae ** Juncaginaceae

Class V: Dictyogens

5 orders p. 211 * Dioscoreaceae, Yams p. 214 * ... * Roxburghiaceae

Class VI: Gymnogens

4 orders p. 221 *

Cycadaceae ''Cycas'' is a genus of cycad, and the only genus in the family Cycadaceae with all other genera of cycad being divided between the Stangeriaceae and Zamiaceae families. '' Cycas circinalis'', a species endemic to India, was the first cycad speci ...

, Cycads *

Pinaceae The Pinaceae (), or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as Cedrus, cedars, firs, Tsuga, hemlocks, Pinyon_pine, piñons, larches, pines and spruces. The family is incl ...

, Conifers p. 226 *

Taxaceae Taxaceae (), commonly called the yew family, is a coniferous family (biology), family which includes six Extant taxon, extant and two extinct genera, and about 30 species of plants, or in older interpretations three genera and 7 to 12 species. ...

* Gnetaceae

Class VII: Exogens

4 subclasses * Sub-class I: Diclinous Exogens 8 alliances p. 249 * Sub-class II: Hypogynous Exogens 13 alliances p. 325 ** Alliance 26: Violales p. 325 *** Family 116:

p. 338 * Sub-class III: Perigynous Exogens 10 alliances p. 523 ** 48. Echiales p. 649 *** Family 258:

Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the Borago, borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees, and herbs in 146 to 154 genus, genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single famil ...

p. 655 * Sub-class IV: Epigynous Exogens 7 alliances p. 688

Notes

His final schemata is illustrated in the ''Vegetable Kingdom'', his last work, on pages lv-lxvii. In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time.

References

Bibliography

* * * ;A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836) * * ;The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853) * * * {{List of systems of plant taxonomy system, Lindley