The gens Licinia was a celebrated

plebeian In ancient Rome, the plebeians or plebs were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words "commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of the gro ...

family at

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Em ...

, which appears from the earliest days of the

Republic A republic, based on the Latin phrase ''res publica'' ('public affair' or 'people's affair'), is a State (polity), state in which Power (social and political), political power rests with the public (people), typically through their Representat ...

until imperial times, and which eventually obtained the imperial dignity. The first of the

gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; : gentes ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same ''nomen gentilicium'' and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was cal ...

to obtain the

consulship The consuls were the highest elected public officials of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC). Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the ''cursus honorum''an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspire ...

was Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo, who, as

tribune of the plebs Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune () was the first office of the Roman Republic, Roman state that was open to the plebs, plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the pow ...

from 376 to 367 BC, prevented the election of any of the annual

magistrates The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a ''magistratus'' was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judici ...

, until the

patricians The patricians (from ) were originally a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome. The distinction was highly significant in the Roman Kingdom and the early Republic, but its relevance waned after the Conflict of the Orders (494 BC to 287 B ...

acquiesced to the passage of the ''

lex Licinia Sextia The Licinio-Sextian rogations were a series of laws proposed by Tribune of the Plebs, tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, enacted around 367 BC. Livy calls them ''rogatio'' – though he does refer to th ...

'', or Licinian Rogations. This law, named for Licinius and his colleague, Lucius Sextius, opened the consulship for the first time to the plebeians. Licinius himself was subsequently elected consul in 364 and 361 BC, and from this time, the Licinii became one of the most illustrious gentes in the Republic.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 782 (" Licinia Gens").

Origin

The nomen ''Licinius'' is derived from the

cognomen A ''cognomen'' (; : ''cognomina''; from ''co-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became hereditar ...

''Licinus'', or "upturned", found in a number of Roman gentes.Chase, p. 109. ''Licinus'' may have been an ancient

praenomen The praenomen (; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Ancient Rome, Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the ...

, but few examples of its use as such are known. The name seems to be identical with the

Etruscan __NOTOC__ Etruscan may refer to: Ancient civilization *Etruscan civilization (1st millennium BC) and related things: **Etruscan language ** Etruscan architecture **Etruscan art **Etruscan cities **Etruscan coins **Etruscan history **Etruscan myt ...

''Lecne'', which frequently occurs on Etruscan sepulchral monuments. Some scholars have seen evidence of an Etruscan origin for the Licinii in the tradition that Etruscan players were first brought to Rome to take part in the theatrical performances (''

ludi scaenici The architectural form of theatre in Rome has been linked to later, more well-known examples from the 1st century BC to the 3rd Century AD. The theatre of ancient Rome referred to a period of time in which theatrical practice and performance took ...

'') in the consulship of Gaius Licinius Calvus, BC 364. This could, however, be coincidental, as

Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding i ...

explains that the games were instituted this year in order to palliate the anger of the gods. In fact, the name of ''Licinius'' appears to have been spread throughout both

Latium Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire. Definition Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil (Old Latium) on whic ...

and

Etruria Etruria ( ) was a region of Central Italy delimited by the rivers Arno and Tiber, an area that covered what is now most of Tuscany, northern Lazio, and north-western Umbria. It was inhabited by the Etruscans, an ancient civilization that f ...

from a very early time, so the fact that it had an Etruscan equivalent does not definitely show that the gens was of Etruscan derivation.

Praenomina

The chief praenomina used by the Licinii were '' Publius,

Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (biblical figure) (1st century AD) *Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist * Gaius Acilius * Gaius Antonius * Gaius Antonius Hybrida * Gaius Asinius Gal ...

Lucius Lucius is a masculine given name derived from Lucius (Latin ; ), abbreviated L., one of the small group of common Latin forenames () found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius probably derives from Latin word ( gen. ), meaning "light" (<

'', and '' Marcus'', all of which were very common throughout Roman history. The family occasionally used '' Sextus'', and there is at least one instance of '' Gnaeus'' during the first century BC. '' Aulus'' was used by the Licinii Nervae. As in other Roman families, the women of the Licinii generally did not have formal praenomina, but were referred to simply as ''Licinia''; if further distinction were needed, they would be described using various personal or family cognomina.

Branches and cognomina

The family-names of the Licinii are ''Calvus'' (with the agnomina ''Esquilinus'' and ''Stolo''), ''Crassus'' (with the agnomen ''Dives''), ''Geta, Lucullus, Macer, Murena, Nerva, Sacerdos'', and ''Varus''. The other cognomina of the gens are personal surnames, rather than family-names; these include ''Archias, Caecina, Damasippus, Imbrex, Lartius, Lenticula, Nepos, Proculus, Regulus, Rufinus, Squillus'', and ''Tegula''. The only cognomina which occur on coins are ''Crassus, Macer, Murena, Nerva'', and ''Stolo''. A few Licinii are known without a surname; most of these in later times were

freedmen A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, slaves were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their owners), emancipation (granted freedom as part of a larger group), or self- ...

. The surname ''Calvus'' was originally given to a person who was bald,Chase, p. 110 and it was the cognomen of the earliest family of the Licinii to distinguish itself under the Republic. The first of this family bore the agnomen ''Esquilinus'', probably because he lived on the

Esquiline Hill The Esquiline Hill (; ; ) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome. Its southernmost cusp is the ''Oppius'' ( Oppian Hill). Etymology The origin of the name ''Esquiline'' is still under much debate. One view is that the hill was named after the ...

. ''Stolo'', a surname given to the most famous of the family, may be derived from the ''stola'', a long outer garment or cloak, or might also refer to a branch, or sucker.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 586 (" Calvus"). Although the family of the Licinii Calvi afterward vanished into obscurity, the surname ''Calvus'' was later borne by the celebrated orator and poet Gaius Licinius Macer, who lived in the first century BC. His cognomen ''Macer'', designated someone who was lean.''Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary''. Another family of the Licinii bore the cognomen ''Varus'', which means "crooked, bent," or "knock-kneed." The Licinii Vari were already distinguished, when their surname was replaced by that of ''Crassus.'' This was a common surname, which could mean "dull, thick," or "solid," and may have been adopted because of the contrast between this meaning and that of ''Varus''. The surname ''Dives'', meaning "rich" or "wealthy," was borne by some of the Licinii Crassi. It was most famous as the surname of

Marcus Licinius Crassus Marcus Licinius Crassus (; 115–53 BC) was a ancient Rome, Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. He is often called "the richest man in Rome".Wallechinsky, Da ...

, the triumvir, and has been ascribed to his father and brothers, but it is not altogether certain whether it originated with his father, or with the triumvir, in which case it was retroactively applied to the previous generation. ''Lucullus'', the cognomen of a branch of the Licinii, which first occurs in history towards the end of the

Second Punic War The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of Punic Wars, three wars fought between Ancient Carthage, Carthage and Roman Republic, Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For ...

, is probably derived from ''lucus'', a grove, or perhaps a diminutive of the ''

''. The surname does not appear on any coins of the gens.Chase, p. 113. A family of the Licinii bore the surname ''Murena'' (sometimes, but erroneously, written ''Muraena''), referring to the sea-fish known as the murry or lamprey, a prized delicacy since ancient times. This family came from the city of

Lanuvium Lanuvium, modern Lanuvio, is an ancient city of Latium vetus, some southeast of Rome, a little southwest of the Via Appia. Situated on an isolated hill projecting south from the main mass of the Alban Hills, Lanuvium commanded an extensive view ...

, to the southeast of Rome, and was said to have acquired its name because one of its members had a great liking for lampreys, and built tanks for them. The same surname occurring in other families might be said to be derived from the type of shellfish known as ''

murex ''Murex'' is a genus of medium to large sized predatory tropical sea snails. These are carnivorous marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, commonly called "murexes" or "rock snails".Houart, R.; Gofas, S. (2010). Murex Linnaeus, 1 ...

'', from which a valuable dye was extracted.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 1121 (" Murena"). Of the other surnames of the Licinii might be mentioned ''Nerva'', the surname of a family of the Licinii that flourished from the time of the

until the early Empire, derived from ''nervus'', "sinewy"; ''Geta'', perhaps the name of a

Thracian The Thracians (; ; ) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Southeast Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied the area that today is shared between north-eastern Greece, ...

people, to whom one of the Licinii might have been compared; and ''Sacerdos'', a priest, one of a number of cognomina derived from occupations.

Members

Early Licinii

* Gaius Licinius, one of the first

tribunes of the plebs Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune () was the first office of the Roman state that was open to the plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power of the Roman Senate ...

elected, in 493 BC. He and his colleague, Lucius Albinius Paterculus, are said to have elected three others, although according to

Dionysius The name Dionysius (; ''Dionysios'', "of Dionysus"; ) was common in classical and post-classical times. Etymologically it is a nominalized adjective formed with a -ios suffix from the stem Dionys- of the name of the Greek god, Dionysus, parallel ...

, all five were elected by the people.Livy, ii. 33.Dionysius, vi. 89. * Publius Licinius, one of the first ''tribuni plebis'' in 493 BC. According to Dionysius he was elected by the people, although according to

he was one of three chosen by his colleagues. * Spurius Licinius, according to Livius ''tribunus plebis'' in 481 BC, although Dionysius gives his nomen as ''Icilius''. Dionysius may be correct, as the praenomen ''Spurius'' was not used by any other members of the ''gens Licinia''.

Licinii Calvi

* Publius Licinius P. f. Calvus, father of the elder Esquilinus. * Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus Esquilinus, '' tribunus militum consulari potestate'' in 400 BC; according to Livius, one of the first

plebeians In ancient Rome, the plebeians or plebs were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not Patrician (ancient Rome), patricians, as determined by the Capite censi, census, or in other words "commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Et ...

elected to this office, although some of the consular tribunes in 444 and 422 may also have been plebeians. * Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus Esquilinus, ''tribunus militum consulari potestate'' in 396 BC, substituted for his father, who had been elected for the second time, but declined the office on account of his advanced age. * Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus, the father of Stolo, was probably a brother of the younger Esquilinus. * Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus, the first plebeian appointed ''

magister equitum The , in English Master of the Horse or Master of the Cavalry, was a Roman magistrate appointed as lieutenant to a dictator. His nominal function was to serve as commander of the Roman cavalry in time of war, but just as a dictator could be n ...

'' in 368 BC; he had previously served as consular tribune, but the year is uncertain. He was probably consul in either 364 or 361, but he has been confused with his contemporary, Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo.Broughton, vol. I, pp. 112, 113. * Gaius Licinius C. f. P. n. Calvus, surnamed ''Stolo'', one of the two ''tribuni plebis'' who brought forward the ''

'', and who accordingly was elected

consul Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states thro ...

in either 364 or 361 BC, or perhaps in both years.Broughton, vol. I, pp. 116, 118, 119. * Licinius Calvus (Stolo), the son of Gaius Licinius Stolo, with whom he held a thousand Iugera of land, causing his father to be prosecuted for breaking his own regulations regarding land ownership.

Licinii Vari

* Publius Licinius, grandfather of the consul of 236 BC. * Publius Licinius P. f., father of the consul. * Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Varus, consul in 236 BC, carried on the war against the

Corsica Corsica ( , , ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the Regions of France, 18 regions of France. It is the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of the Metro ...

ns and the transalpine

Gauls The Gauls (; , ''Galátai'') were a group of Celts, Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age Europe, Iron Age and the Roman Gaul, Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). Th ...

. * Publius Licinius (C. f. P. n.) Varus, praetor ''urbanus'' in 208 BC; he was instructed to refit thirty old ships and find crews for twenty others, in order to protect the coast near Rome. * Gaius Licinius P. f. (C. n.) Varus, father of Publius and Gaius Licinius Crassus, consuls in 171 and 168 BC.

Licinii Crassi

* Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Dives, censor in 208 BC and consul in 205, during the

. * Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Dives, son of the consul of 205 BC. * Publius Licinius C. f. P. n. Crassus, consul in 171 BC, defeated by

Perseus of Macedon Perseus (; – 166 BC) was king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon from 179 until 168BC. He is widely regarded as the last List of kings of Macedonia, king of Macedonia and the last ruler from th ...

. * Gaius Licinius C. f. P. n. Crassus, as praetor ''urbanus'' in 172 BC, was involved in the trial of Marcus Popillius Laenas. Consul in 168, he was assigned the province of

Cisalpine Gaul Cisalpine Gaul (, also called ''Gallia Citerior'' or ''Gallia Togata'') was the name given, especially during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, to a region of land inhabited by Celts (Gauls), corresponding to what is now most of northern Italy. Afte ...

, but brought his army to

Macedonia Macedonia (, , , ), most commonly refers to: * North Macedonia, a country in southeastern Europe, known until 2019 as the Republic of Macedonia * Macedonia (ancient kingdom), a kingdom in Greek antiquity * Macedonia (Greece), a former administr ...

instead. * Gaius Licinius (C. f. C. n.) Crassus, ''tribunus plebis'' in 145 BC, proposed a bill to fill vacant priesthoods by popular election; it was defeated following a speech by the praetor, Gaius Laelius Sapiens. * Gaius Licinius (C. f. C. n.) Crassus, probably son of the tribune of 145 BC. * Licinia C. f. C. n., a

Vestal Virgin In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals (, singular ) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame. The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty from several s ...

in 123 BC. * Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Dives Mucianus, consul in 131 BC. He was the son of Publius Mucius Scaevola, the consul of 175 BC, but was adopted by his uncle, Publius Licinius Crassus, consul in 171. * Marcus Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Agelastus, grandfather of the triumvir, he was said to have obtained his surname because he never laughed. * Licinia P. f. P. n., sister of Marcus Licinius Crassus Agelastus. * Licinia P. f. P. n., daughter of Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianus, married Gaius Sulpicius Galba, son of the orator Servius Sulpicius Galba. * Licinia P. f. P. n., daughter of Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianus, married

Gaius Gracchus Gaius Sempronius Gracchus ( – 121 BC) was a reformist Roman politician and soldier who lived during the 2nd century BC. He is most famous for his tribunate for the years 123 and 122 BC, in which he proposed a wide set of laws, i ...

, the tribune. * Publius Licinius M. f. P. n. Crassus, father of the triumvir, was consul in 97 BC, and triumphed over the

Lusitani The Lusitanians were an Indo-European languages, Indo-European-speaking people living in the far west of the Iberian Peninsula, in present-day central Portugal and Extremadura and Castilla y Leon of Spain. It is uncertain whether the Lusitanians ...

. * Lucius Licinius L. f. Crassus, the greatest orator of his day, was consul in 95 BC, and censor in 92. * Licinia L. f. L. n., daughter of the consul of 95 BC, married Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, praetor in 94 BC. * Licinia L. f. L. n., daughter of the consul of 95 BC, married the younger Gaius Marius, consul in 82 BC. * Lucius Licinius Crassus Scipio, grandson of the consul of 95 BC, was the son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica and Licinia, and was adopted by his grandfather, who had no sons of his own. His brother was Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio. * Publius Licinius P. f. M. n. Crassus, brother of the triumvir, he died shortly before or during the Social War. * Lucius (?) Licinius P. f. M. n. Crassus, a brother of the triumvir who died in the massacre of 87 BC. * Marcus Licinius P. f. M. n. Crassus, the "

triumvir In the Roman Republic, or were commissions of three men appointed for specific tasks. There were many tasks that commissions could be established to conduct, such as administer justice, mint coins, support religious tasks, or found colonies. M ...

", was consul in 70 and 55 BC, and censor in 65. * Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, as praetor in 57 BC, favoured Cicero's return from exile. He squandered his fortune, which turned his surname, ''Dives'', into a source of mockery. Pompeians Scipio Crassus Junianus

* Publius Licinius P. f. Crassus Junianus Damasippus, tribune of the plebs in 53 BC, and a friend of Cicero. During the

Civil War A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

he was a partisan of Pompeius, and died fighting under Metellus Scipio in

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

.Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem'', iii. 8. § 3.Plutarch, "The Life of Cato the Younger" 70. * Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Damasippus, a contemporary of Cicero, who wrote of his intention to purchase a garden from him in 45 BC. He was a dealer in statuary, and went bankrupt, but was prevented from doing away with himself by the

Stoic Stoic may refer to: * An adherent of Stoicism Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy that flourished in ancient Greece and Rome. The Stoics believed that the universe operated according to reason, ''i.e.'' by a God which is immersed i ...

Stertinius. He was undoubtedly a son of the tribune in 53 BC. * Lucius Licinius (P. f. P. n.) Crassus Damasippus, mentioned in a late Republican inscription from Rome, was probably either the statuary, or his brother, since the elder Damasippus had at least two children, who were pardoned by Caesar after their father's death, and allowed to inherit his property. * Marcus Licinius M. f. P. n. Crassus, elder son of the triumvir, was

Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war. He ...

's quaestor in

Gaul Gaul () was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Roman people, Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy. It covered an area of . Ac ...

, and

prefect Prefect (from the Latin ''praefectus'', substantive adjectival form of ''praeficere'': "put in front", meaning in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but essentially refers to the leader of an administrative area. A prefect' ...

Gallia Cisalpina Cisalpine Gaul (, also called ''Gallia Citerior'' or ''Gallia Togata'') was the name given, especially during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, to a region of land inhabited by Celts (Gauls), corresponding to what is now most of northern Italy. Afte ...

at the beginning of the Civil War in 49 BC. * Publius Licinius M. f. P. n. Crassus, younger son of the triumvir, he was Caesar's legate in Gaul from 58 to 55 BC. He accompanied his father to Syria, and died at the

Battle of Carrhae The Battle of Carrhae () was fought in 53 BC between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire near the ancient town of Carrhae (present-day Harran, Turkey). An invading force of seven Roman legion, legions of Roman heavy infantry under Marcus ...

in 53. * Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus, consul in 30 BC with

Octavian Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (), was the founder of the Roman Empire, who reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in ...

. In the following year, as proconsul of Macedonia, he fought successfully against the surrounding barbarians. * Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus Frugi, consul in 14 BC. * Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus Frugi, consul in AD 27. * Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus Frugi, consul in AD 64, was slain by the emperor

Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his ...

. * Licinius Crassus Scribonianus, son of Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi, he was offered the empire by

Marcus Antonius Primus Marcus Antonius Primus (born between 20 AD and 35 AD – died after 81 AD) was a senator and general of the Roman Empire. Biography Early life Primus was born at Tolosa (Toulouse) in Gaul. Possibly he was descended from Gauls who had been enfranc ...

, but refused. *

Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus (38–69)Tacitus, '' Historiae''Book I, 48."Piso, who was then completing his thirty-first year, had enjoyed more fame than good fortune." was a Roman nobleman who lived in the 1st century. His adoption by ...

, son of Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi, he was adopted as the heir of

Galba Galba ( ; born Servius Sulpicius Galba; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January AD 69) was Roman emperor, ruling for 7 months from 8 June AD 68 to 15 January 69. He was the first emperor in the Year of the Four Emperors and assumed the throne follow ...

, but slain by the soldiers of

Otho Otho ( ; born Marcus Salvius Otho; 28 April 32 – 16 April 69) was Roman emperor, ruling for three months from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. A member of a noble Etruscan civilization, ...

in AD 69. * Licinius M. f. Crassus (Frugi?), son of Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi with Scribonia, he changed his name after his mother's ancestor

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey ( ) or Pompey the Great, was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman who was prominent in the last decades of the Rom ...

. Husband of Claudius' daughter, Claudia Antonia, Pompeius was later murdered in 41.

Family tree of the Licinii Crassi

Licinii Luculli

* Lucius Licinius Lucullus,

curule aedile Aedile ( , , from , "temple edifice") was an elected office of the Roman Republic. Based in Rome, the aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings () and regulation of public festivals. They also had powers to enforce public orde ...

in 202 BC, he and his colleague distinguished themselves by the magnificence with which they exhibited the

Ludi Romani The ''Ludi Romani'' ("Roman Games"; see '' ludi'') was a religious festival in ancient Rome held annually, starting in 366 BC, from September 12 to September 14. In the 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesa ...

, but were suspected of having allowed their subordinates to defraud the public treasury. * Gaius Licinius Lucullus, tribune of the plebs in 196 BC, he proposed the establishment of the '' tresviri epulones'', and was one of the first three persons appointed to the new office. * Marcus Licinius Lucullus, praetor ''peregrinus'' in 186 BC, he and his colleagues were compelled to suspend all judicial proceedings for thirty days, in consequence of the alarm caused by the discovery of the cult of

Bacchus In ancient Greek religion and myth, Dionysus (; ) is the god of wine-making, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, festivity, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, and theatre. He was also known as Bacchus ( or ; ) by the Gre ...

at Rome. * Lucius Licinius (L. f.) Lucullus, consul in 151 BC, he was assigned to

Hispania Hispania was the Ancient Rome, Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two Roman province, provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divide ...

, where he instigated a war against the

Vaccaei The Vaccaei or Vaccei were a pre- Roman Celtic people of Spain, who inhabited the sedimentary plains of the central Duero valley, in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania (specifically in Castile and León). Origins Also designated Vaccaena ...

, and as

proconsul A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a Roman consul, consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority. In the Roman Republic, military ...

the following year, carried on war against the

with acts of great perfidy and cruelty. * Publius Licinius Lucullus, tribune of the plebs in 110 BC, attempted, together with his colleague, Lucius Annius, to procure their joint re-election, but this was opposed by the other tribunes, and the election of all of the annual magistrates was postponed. * Lucius Licinius L. f. (L. n.) Lucullus, praetor in 104 BC, appointed by the senate to the command in

Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...

during the

Second Servile War The Second Servile War was an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Roman Republic on the island of Sicily. The war lasted from 104 BC until 100 BC. It was one of three Servile Wars, spaced approximately 30 years apart. Background The consu ...

; victorious in the field, he was unable to capture the stronghold of the slaves, and surrendered his command, but not before destroying his camp and supplies out of spite. * Lucius Licinius L. f. L. n. Lucullus, consul in 74 BC, the conqueror of

Mithridates Mithridates or Mithradates (Old Persian 𐎷𐎡𐎰𐎼𐎭𐎠𐎫 ''Miθradāta'') is the Hellenistic period, Hellenistic form of an Iranian languages, Iranian theophoric name, meaning "given by Mithra". Its Modern Persian form is Mehrdad. It ...

, over whom he triumphed in 63. He was famous for his wealth and his luxurious lifestyle, gardens, and villa. * Marcus Licinius L. f. L. n. Lucullus, he was adopted into the gens Terentia as ''Marcus Terentius M. f. Varro Lucullus'', consul in 73 BC, and triumphed in 71. * Lucius Licinius Lucullus, praetor in 67 BC, a man famous for his moderation and mildness of disposition; Dionysius records a colorful anecdote about his restraint in the face of insult. * Gnaeus Licinius Lucullus, a friend of

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

, who attended the funeral of Lucullus' mother. * Licinia L. f. L. n., daughter of the consul of 74 BC. * Marcus Licinius L. f. L. n. Lucullus, son of the consul of 74 BC, he was raised by his uncle, Cato, and Cicero. He espoused the cause of

Brutus Marcus Junius Brutus (; ; 85 BC – 23 October 42 BC) was a Roman politician, orator, and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After being adopted by a relative, he used the name Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, which was reta ...

and Cassius, and was killed in the retreat from the

Battle of Philippi The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Liberators' civil war between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (of the Second Triumvirate) and the leaders of Julius Caesar's assassination, Brutus and Cassius, in 42 BC, at Philippi in ...

, in 42 BC.

Licinii Nervae

* Gaius Licinius Nerva, praetor in 167 BC, assigned the province of

Hispania Ulterior Hispania Ulterior (English: "Further Hispania", or occasionally "Thither Hispania") was a Roman province located in Hispania (on the Iberian Peninsula) during the Roman Republic, roughly located in Baetica and in the Guadalquivir valley of moder ...

. * Gaius Licinius C. f. Nerva, perhaps son of the praetor of 167; one of the legates who reported the conquest of Illyricum in 168; the following year he was one of the commissioners to return the

hostages.Livy, xlv. 3, 42. * Aulus Licinius Nerva, praetor in 166 BC; he was assigned to

. * Aulus Licinius (A. f.) Nerva, praetor, probably in 143 BC; the following year he was governor of

, and his quaestor, Lucius Tremellius Scrofa, defeated the army of a pretender. *

Publius Licinius Nerva Publius Licinius Nerva was a Roman politician during the Late Roman Republic. As a propraetor he was assigned as Governor of Sicily in 104 BC at the outbreak of the Second Servile War. In the midst of the Cimbrian War, Italian allies of Rome, up ...

propraetor In ancient Rome, a promagistrate () was a person who was granted the power via '' prorogation'' to act in place of an ordinary magistrate in the field. This was normally ''pro consule'' or ''pro praetore'', that is, in place of a consul or praet ...

in 104 BC, his dealings with the

Publican The (Latin ; Greek τελώνης ''telōnēs'') were public contractors in the Roman Republic and Empire. In their official capacity, they often supplied the Roman legions and military, managed the collection of port duties, and oversaw pub ...

i and their slaves led to the commencement of the

. Nerva was succeeded by his relative, Lucius Licinius Lucullus. * Gaius Licinius Nerva, described by Cicero as a bad but eloquent man, in contrast with Lucius Calpurnius Bestia, ''tribunus plebis'' in 62 BC and one of

Catiline Lucius Sergius Catilina ( – January 62 BC), known in English as Catiline (), was a Roman politician and soldier best known for instigating the Catilinarian conspiracy, a failed attempt to seize control of the Roman state in 63 BC. ...

's conspirators. * Licinius Nerva, quaestor of Decimus Junius Brutus in the war before

Mutina Modena (, ; ; ; ; ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. It has 184,739 inhabitants as of 2025. A town, and seat of an archbi ...

. *

Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus was a Roman Empire, Roman Roman senate, senator who was active during the Principate. He was Roman consul, consul in AD 7 as the colleague of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silanus. Silianus was born the second o ...

, consul in AD 7, was the son of Publius Silius, consul in 20 BC, but was adopted into the family of the Licinii Nervae. * Aulus Licinius A. n. Nerva Silianus, grandson of the Silianus who was consul in AD 7, was consul under Nero in AD 65.

Licinii Sacerdotes

* Gaius Licinius Sacerdos, an eques, who appeared before

Scipio Aemilianus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (185 BC – 129 BC), known as Scipio Aemilianus or Scipio Africanus the Younger, was a Roman general and statesman noted for his military exploits in the Third Punic War against Carthage and durin ...

, during his censorship in 142 BC. Scipio accused him of perjury, but as no witnesses came forward, Licinius was dismissed. * Gaius Licinius C. f. Sacerdos, praetor urbanus in 75 BC; in the following year he had the government of Sicily, in which he was succeeded by

Verres Gaius Verres ( 114 – 43 BC) was a Roman magistrate, notorious for his misgovernment of Sicily. His extortion of local farmers and plundering of temples led to his prosecution by Cicero, whose accusations were so devastating that his defence advo ...

. Cicero contrasts his upright administration with the corruption of his successor.''SIG''
747

Licinii Murenae

* Lucius Licinius Murena, ''

triumvir monetalis The ''triumvir monetalis'' ( ''tresviri'' or ''triumviri monetales'', also called the , abbreviated IIIVIR A. A. A. F. F.) was a moneyer during the Roman Republic and the Empire, who oversaw the minting of coins. In that role, he would be respon ...

'' between 169 and 158 BC, praetor in 147, and legate of

Lucius Mummius Achaicus Lucius Mummius (2nd century BC) was a Roman Republic, Roman statesman and general. He was consul in the year 146 BC along with Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (consul 146 BC), Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus. Mummius was the first of his family to rise to ...

in Greece from 146 to 145.Cicero, ''Pro Murena'', 15 * Lucius Licinius L. f. Murena, praetor before 101 BC. He was a contemporary of the orator Lucius Licinius Crassus, who was consul in 95 BC. * Publius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, described by Cicero as a man of moderate talent, and some literary knowledge, who devoted much attention to the study of antiquity. He died in the

civil war A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

between

Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (, ; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman of the late Roman Republic. A great commander and ruthless politician, Sulla used violence to advance his career and his co ...

and the younger Marius, about 82 BC. * Lucius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, one of Sulla's lieutenants in Greece, he later fought against

without authorization, and was recalled by Sulla in 81 BC. He had probably been praetor about 88. He was awarded a triumph in 81. * Lucius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, elected consul in 62 BC; before entering office he was accused of bribery, and defended by

Quintus Hortensius Quintus Hortensius Hortalus (114–50 BC) was a Roman lawyer, an orator and a statesman. Politically he belonged to the Optimates. He was consul in 69 BC alongside Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus. His nickname was ''Dionysia'', after a fam ...

, Cicero, and

. During his consulship he worked to preserve the peace in the aftermath of Catiline's conspiracy. * Gaius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, legate of his brother, the consul of 62, in Gallia Cisalpina; he captured some of Catiline's allies. He was also aedile ''circa'' 59. * Licinius (L. f. L. n.) Murena, probably the son of the consul of 62, he was adopted by Aulus Terentius Varro, and assumed the name ''Aulus Terentius Varro Murena''. He was consul ''suffectus'' in 23 BC, but the following year conspired with Fannius Caepio and was put to death. * Lucius Licinius Varro Murena, one of the conspirators against Augustus, was the adopted brother of Aulus, consul in 23 BC.

Licinii Macri

* Gaius Licinius Macer, praetor in 68 BC, he was impeached for extortion by Cicero in 66, he took his own life to avoid the disgrace of a public condemnation. He was probably the annalist Licinius Macer, frequently mentioned by Livius and other historians. * Gaius Licinius C. f. Macer Calvus, a renowned orator and poet, favorably compared with Cicero and

Catullus Gaius Valerius Catullus (; ), known as Catullus (), was a Latin neoteric poet of the late Roman Republic. His surviving works remain widely read due to their popularity as teaching tools and because of their personal or sexual themes. Life ...

Others

* Publius Licinius Tegula, the author of a religious poem, sung by the Roman virgins in 200 BC. * Gaius Licinius C. f., a senator in 129 BC. * Licinius, an educated slave belonging to

, who, according to a well-known story, used to stand behind his master with a musical instrument, in order to moderate Gracchus' tone when he was speaking. He afterward became a client of

Quintus Lutatius Catulus Quintus Lutatius Catulus (149–87 BC) was a Roman consul, consul of the Roman Republic in 102 BC. His consular colleague was Gaius Marius. During their consulship the Cimbri and Teutons, Teutones marched south again and Cimbrian War, threatened ...

. * Gaius Licinius P. f. Geta, consul in 116 BC, was expelled from the

senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

with thirty-one others by the censors of 115; he was subsequently restored to his rank, and himself held the office of censor in 108. * Sextus Licinius, a

senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or Legislative chamber, chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the Ancient Rome, ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior ...

, whom

Gaius Marius Gaius Marius (; – 13 January 86 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. Victor of the Cimbrian War, Cimbric and Jugurthine War, Jugurthine wars, he held the office of Roman consul, consul an unprecedented seven times. Rising from a fami ...

ordered to be hurled from the

Tarpeian Rock The Rock of Tarpeia (; Latin: ' or '; ) is a steep cliff on the south side of the Capitoline Hill that was used in Ancient Rome as a site of execution. Adjudicated murderers, traitors, perjurors, and larcenous slaves, if convicted by the '' ...

, on the day that he entered upon his seventh consulship, the first of January, 86 BC. * Gaius Licinius C. f., a senator in 73 BC, had been praetor in an uncertain year. He was probably not related to the Gaius Licinius who was a senator in 129, since he belonged to the '' tribus'' Pomptina, while the senator of 129 was from Terentina. *

Aulus Licinius Archias Aulus Licinius Archias (; fl. c. 120 – 61 BC) was a Greeks, Greco-Syrians, Syrian poet. Life He was born in Antioch, Syria (modern Antakya, Turkey). He studied at his native city, and received a liberal education. During his school days, he ...

, a Greek poet, defended by Cicero on a charge of illegally assuming

Roman citizenship Citizenship in ancient Rome () was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. Citizenship in ancient Rome was complex and based upon many different laws, traditions, and cu ...

in 61 BC. * Lucius Licinius Squillus, one of the conspirators against

Quintus Cassius Longinus Quintus Cassius Longinus, the brother or cousin of Cassius (the assassin of Julius Caesar), was a governor in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) for Caesar. Cassius was one of the '' tresviri monetales'' of the ...

in Hispania, in 48 BC. * Licinius Lenticula, a companion of

Marcus Antonius Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the ...

, who restored him to his former status, after Lenticula had been condemned for gambling. * Licinius Regulus, a senator who lost his seat when the senate was re-organized by Augustus. * Publius Licinius Stolo, ''

'' during the reign of Augustus. * Gaius Licinius Imbrex, a Latin comic poet, quoted by

Aulus Gellius Aulus Gellius (c. 125after 180 AD) was a Roman author and grammarian, who was probably born and certainly brought up in Rome. He was educated in Athens, after which he returned to Rome. He is famous for his ''Attic Nights'', a commonplace book, ...

and

Sextus Pompeius Festus Sextus Pompeius Festus, usually known simply as Festus, was a Ancient Rome, Roman Grammarian (Greco-Roman), grammarian who probably flourished in the later 2nd century AD, perhaps at Narbo (Narbonne) in Gaul. Work He made a 20-volume epitome of V ...

. * Licinius Lartius, praetor in

, and later governor of one of the

imperial province The Roman provinces (, pl. ) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as governo ...

s. He was a contemporary of the elder Plinius. * Licinius Caecina, a senator attached to the party of

in AD 69; he may be the same as the Licinius Caecina of praetorian rank mentioned by the elder Pliny. * Licinius Proculus, a friend of Otho, who raised him to the rank of '' praefectus praetorio''. His bad advice and lack of military experience hastened Otho's downfall. He was pardoned by

Vitellius Aulus Vitellius ( ; ; 24 September 1520 December 69) was Roman emperor for eight months, from 19 April to 20 December AD 69. Vitellius became emperor following the quick succession of the previous emperors Galba and Otho, in a year of civil wa ...

. * Gaius Licinius Mucianus, consul for the first time ''circa'' AD 63, and again in 70 and 72, was the general and chief advisor of

Vespasian Vespasian (; ; 17 November AD 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman emperor from 69 to 79. The last emperor to reign in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for 27 years. His fiscal reforms and consolida ...

. * Licinius Nepos, described by the younger Plinius as an upright but severe man; he was praetor, although the year is uncertain. * Lucius Licinius Sura, consul ''suffectus ex kal. Jul.'' possibly around AD 93, and consul in 102 and 107. * Quintus Licinius Nepos, consul ''suffectus'' at some undetermined point during the reign of

Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus (; ; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through cursus honorum, the ...

. * Licinius Rufinus, a jurist and imperial ''amicus'' ''circa'' AD 210–240; he compiled twelve books of ''Regulae''. * Publius Licinius Valerianus, emperor from AD 253 to 260. *

Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (; – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and alone from 260 to 268. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that nearly caused the collapse of the empire. He ...

, emperor from AD 253 to 268. * Publius Licinius Valerianus Minor, the brother of Gallienus. * Publia Licinia Julia Cornelia Salonina, the wife of Gallienus, and Roman empress. * Publius Licinius Cornelius Valerianus, son of Gallienus and Salonina. * Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus, another son of Gallienus and Salonina. * Publius Licinius Egnatius Marinianus, a son or nephew of Gallienus. * Licinius Diocletianus, a ''vir egregius'' who set up two statues for Gallienus and Salonina in Aquileia.Witschel, "Inschriften und Inschriftenkultur der Konstantinischen Zeit in Aquileia", p. 48: "Wahrend einzelne Personlichkeiten aus der munizipalen Oberschicht wahrend dieser Epoche gar nicht mehr als Stifter von Kaiserstatuen bezeugt sind, behielt die Stadtgemeinde (vertreten durch den orda) ihre traditionelle Bedeutung als Initiatorin fiir solche Ehrungen des Kaisers bei, wenn auch mit abnehmender Tendenz. Daneben traten nun zunehmend einzelne Mitglieder der Reichs- und Provinzialverwaltung sowie eben ho no rati, die sich fiir eine kiirzere oder langere Zeit in der jeweiligen Stadt aufhielten. Das ist besonders deutlich in Aquileia zu sehen, wo die letzte Basis fiir eine Kaiserstatue, die mit Sicherheit von der Stadtgemeinde aufgestellt wurde, aus der Zeit des Philippus Arabs stammt (CIL V 8971 = SI 149 = ALFbLDY 1984, 94 Nr. 73 = InscrAq. 445; errichtet von den Aquileienses; Dat.: 244-246), wahrend bereits unter Gallienus ein ansonsten unbekannter vir egregius namens Licinius Diocletianus zwei Standbilder dieses Herrschers und seiner Frau Cornelia Salonina in Auftrag gab ( CIL V 856/57 = ILS 547 = ALFOLDY 1984, 94f. Nr. 74/75 = Inscr.Aq. 446/47). Die zwei Basen fiir Statuen des Diocletianus (und Maximianus), die wir aus Aquileia bzw. aus dem Territorium der Stadt kennen, wurden sodann von hochrangigen Vertretem der staatlichen Administration errichtet, namlich von einem corrector Italiae (CIL V 8205 =SI 1109 = Inscrit X 4, 330; sekundar vermauert im Schloss von Duino; Dat.: 286) 152 sowie von einem rationalis ( CIL V 858 = ALFbLDY 1984, 95 Nr. 76 = Inscr.Aq. 462; Dat.: 288?)" * Valerius Licinianus Licinius, emperor from AD 307 to 324. * Valerius Licinianus Licinius, son of the emperor Licinius, he was put to death in AD 326, when he was about 11 years old.

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

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Epistulae ad Atticum ''Epistulae ad Atticum'' (Latin for "Letters to Atticus") is a collection of letters from Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his close friend Titus Pomponius Atticus. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's oth ...

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Epistulae ad Familiares ''Epistulae ad Familiares'' (''Letters to Friends'') is a collection of letters between Ancient Rome, Roman politician and orator Cicero, Marcus Tullius Cicero and various public and private figures. The letters in this collection, together wit ...

Philippicae The ''Philippics'' () are a series of 14 speeches composed by Cicero in 44 and 43 BC, condemning Mark Antony. Cicero likened these speeches to those of Demosthenes against Philip II of Macedon; both Demosthenes' and Cicero's speeches became ...

Pro Cluentio ''Pro Cluentio'' is a speech by the Roman orator Cicero given in defense of a man named Aulus Cluentius Habitus Minor, addressed to the judge Gaius Aquilius Gallus. Cluentius, from Larinum in Samnium, was accused in 69 BC by his mother Sassia ...

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