The 1711 Sales Auction Catalogue of the Library of Sir Thomas Browne highlights the erudition of the physician, philosopher and

encyclopedist An encyclopedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are arranged alphabetically by artic ...

, Sir

Thomas Browne Sir Thomas Browne ( "brown"; 19 October 160519 October 1682) was an English polymath and author of varied works which reveal his wide learning in diverse fields including science and medicine, religion and the esoteric. His writings display a d ...

(1605-1682). It also illustrates the proliferation, distribution and availability of books printed throughout 17th century Europe which were purchased by the

intelligentsia The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the i ...

aristocracy Aristocracy (; ) is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocracy (class), aristocrats. Across Europe, the aristocracy exercised immense Economy, economic, Politics, political, and soc ...

, priest, physician and educated merchant-class.

Biography

Browne graduated from the

University of Leiden Leiden University (abbreviated as ''LEI''; ) is a public research university in Leiden, Netherlands. Established in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange as a Protestant institution, it holds the distinction of being the oldest university in the Neth ...

in 1633 having previously studied at the Universities of

Montpellier Montpellier (; ) is a city in southern France near the Mediterranean Sea. One of the largest urban centres in the region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania, Montpellier is the prefecture of the Departments of France, department of ...

and

Padua Padua ( ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in Veneto, northern Italy, and the capital of the province of Padua. The city lies on the banks of the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice and southeast of Vicenza, and has a population of 20 ...

for his medical degree. Upon his establishment in

Norwich Norwich () is a cathedral city and district of the county of Norfolk, England, of which it is the county town. It lies by the River Wensum, about north-east of London, north of Ipswich and east of Peterborough. The population of the Norwich ...

as a physician in 1637 he was able to begin a lifetime's bibliophilia, building a private library, acquiring and reading an estimated 1,500 titles. He was adept in five contemporary languages: French, Italian, Spanish, Dutch and Danish; these languages as well as

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

and

Hebrew Hebrew (; ''ʿÎbrit'') is a Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and ...

and the predominant written form of the Renaissance, namely

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

, are all represented in his Library.

The catalogue

The ''1711 Sales Auction Catalogue'' reflects the wide scope of Browne's interests. It includes many of the sources of his encyclopaedia '' Pseudodoxia Epidemica'' which went through six editions (1646 to 1672); and established him as one of the leading intellects of 17th-century Europe. Browne's erudite learning is reflected by the

Classics Classics, also classical studies or Ancient Greek and Roman studies, is the study of classical antiquity. In the Western world, ''classics'' traditionally refers to the study of Ancient Greek literature, Ancient Greek and Roman literature and ...

of antiquity as well as history,

geography Geography (from Ancient Greek ; combining 'Earth' and 'write', literally 'Earth writing') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding o ...

philology Philology () is the study of language in Oral tradition, oral and writing, written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also de ...

, philosophy,

anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old scien ...

, theology,

cartography Cartography (; from , 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and , 'write') is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can ...

embryology Embryology (from Ancient Greek, Greek ἔμβρυον, ''embryon'', "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, ''-logy, -logia'') is the branch of animal biology that studies the Prenatal development (biology), prenatal development of gametes (sex ...

, medicine, cosmography,

ornithology Ornithology, from Ancient Greek ὄρνις (''órnis''), meaning "bird", and -logy from λόγος (''lógos''), meaning "study", is a branch of zoology dedicated to the study of birds. Several aspects of ornithology differ from related discip ...

mineralogy Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical mineralogy, optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifact (archaeology), artifacts. Specific s ...

zoology Zoology ( , ) is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the anatomy, structure, embryology, Biological classification, classification, Ethology, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinction, extinct, and ...

, travel, law,

mathematics Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, Mathematical theory, theories and theorems that are developed and Mathematical proof, proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many ar ...

geometry Geometry (; ) is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. Geometry is, along with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. A mathematician w ...

, literature, both Continental and English, the latest advances in scientific thinking in

astronomy Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and their overall evolution. Objects of interest includ ...

chemistry Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules a ...

as well as esoteric topics such as

astrology Astrology is a range of Divination, divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions ...

alchemy Alchemy (from the Arabic word , ) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe. In its Western form, alchemy is first ...

physiognomy Physiognomy () or face reading is the practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer appearance—especially the face. The term can also refer to the general appearance of a person, object, or terrain without referenc ...

and the

Kabbalah Kabbalah or Qabalah ( ; , ; ) is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism. It forms the foundation of Mysticism, mystical religious interpretations within Judaism. A traditional Kabbalist is called a Mekubbal ...

are all represented in the ''Catalogue'' of his library contents. It was however not until 1986 that the ''Catalogue'' was first made widely available. The American scholar Jeremiah Stanton Finch, Dean Emeritus at

Princeton University Princeton University is a private university, private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the List of Colonial ...

took on the task of indexing Browne's work during his retirement, completing the indexing of the books of Sir Thomas and his son Edward Browne's libraries, "after many years in many libraries". Finch noted that the ''Catalogue'' advertised books of sculpture and painting, which somehow were never delivered to the

auction An auction is usually a process of Trade, buying and selling Good (economics), goods or Service (economics), services by offering them up for Bidding, bids, taking bids, and then selling the item to the highest bidder or buying the item from th ...

house. In the event, the auction held upon 8–10 January 1711 was attended by

Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish writer, essayist, satirist, and Anglican cleric. In 1713, he became the Dean (Christianity), dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, and was given the sobriquet "Dean Swi ...

and buyers working on behalf of Sir

Hans Sloane Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet, (16 April 1660 – 11 January 1753), was an Irish physician, naturalist, and collector. He had a collection of 71,000 items which he bequeathed to the British nation, thus providing the foundation of the British ...

. Thus an unknown percentage of books auctioned from the Library of Sir Thomas Browne subsequently formed the foundation for the future

British Library The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom. Based in London, it is one of the largest libraries in the world, with an estimated collection of between 170 and 200 million items from multiple countries. As a legal deposit li ...

.''A Facsimile of the 1711 Sales Auction Catalogue of Sir Thomas Browne and his son Edward's Libraries. Introduction, notes and index by J.S. Finch'' (E.J. Brill: Leiden, 1986) Page 7 The ''1711 Sales Auction Catalogue'' records the omnivorous reading and bibliophilia which Browne engaged upon for roughly sixty years, it also exemplifies the observation: :''to the student of the history of ideas in its modern sense of the inter-relationship between science, art and philosophy, Browne is of great importance''.'' The Strategy for Truth – Leonard Nathanson Chicago University Press 1967''

Greek literature

Aeschylus Aeschylus (, ; ; /524 – /455 BC) was an ancient Greece, ancient Greek Greek tragedy, tragedian often described as the father of tragedy. Academic knowledge of the genre begins with his work, and understanding of earlier Greek tragedy is large ...

Sophocles Sophocles ( 497/496 – winter 406/405 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. was an ancient Greek tragedian known as one of three from whom at least two plays have survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or contemporary with, those ...

Euripides Euripides () was a Greek tragedy, tragedian of classical Athens. Along with Aeschylus and Sophocles, he is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians for whom any plays have survived in full. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to ...

ed.

Johannes Meursius Johannes Meursius (van Meurs) (9 February 1579 – 20 September 1639) was a Dutch classical philology, classical scholar and antiquary. Biography Meursius was born Johannes van Meurs at Loosduinen, near The Hague. He was extremely precocious, ...

Leiden 1612 *

Archimedes Archimedes of Syracuse ( ; ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek Greek mathematics, mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and Invention, inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse, Sicily, Syracuse in History of Greek and Hellenis ...

, ''Opera'' 1615 *

Aristotle Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, a ...

, ''Opera'', 1615 ** ''Rhetorica'', 1619 ** ''De Mundo'', 1591 ** ''Problemata'', 1632 edited by Ludovico Settala *

Aristophanes Aristophanes (; ; ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek Ancient Greek comedy, comic playwright from Classical Athens, Athens. He wrote in total forty plays, of which eleven survive virtually complete today. The majority of his surviving play ...

, Comedies XI, Leiden 1624 Athenaeus Deipnosophists edited by Isaac Casaubon

Arrian Arrian of Nicomedia (; Greek: ''Arrianos''; ; ) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of the Roman period. '' The Anabasis of Alexander'' by Arrian is considered the best source on the campaigns of ...

, ''Ponti Euxini'', Geneva 1577 ** ''de Venatione'', Paris 1644 *

Apollonius of Rhodes Apollonius of Rhodes ( ''Apollṓnios Rhódios''; ; fl. first half of 3rd century BC) was an ancient Greek literature, ancient Greek author, best known for the ''Argonautica'', an epic poem about Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Go ...

, ''

Argonautica The ''Argonautica'' () is a Greek literature, Greek epic poem written by Apollonius of Rhodes, Apollonius Rhodius in the 3rd century BC. The only entirely surviving Hellenistic civilization, Hellenistic epic (though Aetia (Callimachus), Callim ...

'' 2 vols. Leiden 1641 *

Athenaeus Athenaeus of Naucratis (, or Nαυκράτιος, ''Athēnaios Naukratitēs'' or ''Naukratios''; ) was an ancient Greek rhetorician and Grammarian (Greco-Roman), grammarian, flourishing about the end of the 2nd and beginning of the 3rd century ...

Deipnosophistae The ''Deipnosophistae'' (, ''Deipnosophistaí'', lit. , where ''sophists'' may be translated more loosely as ) is a work written in Ancient Greek by Athenaeus of Naucratis. It is a long work of Greek literature, literary, Ancient history, h ...

or ''Banquet of the learned'' ed.

Isaac Casaubon Isaac Casaubon (; ; 18 February 1559 – 1 July 1614) was a classical scholar and philologist, first in France and then later in England. His son Méric Casaubon was also a classical scholar. Life Early life He was born in Geneva to two F ...

1612 *

Epicurus Epicurus (, ; ; 341–270 BC) was an Greek philosophy, ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism, a highly influential school of philosophy that asserted that philosophy's purpose is to attain as well as to help others attain tranqui ...

Philosophy of, ed.

Pierre Gassendi Pierre Gassendi (; also Pierre Gassend, Petrus Gassendi, Petrus Gassendus; 22 January 1592 – 24 October 1655) was a French philosopher, Catholic priest, astronomer, and mathematician. While he held a church position in south-east France, he a ...

2 vols. Leiden 1649 *

Euclid Euclid (; ; BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician. Considered the "father of geometry", he is chiefly known for the '' Elements'' treatise, which established the foundations of geometry that largely domina ...

, ''Elementorum Libri 6. priores'', London 1620 *

, Tragedies, 1562 *

Homer Homer (; , ; possibly born ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Despite doubts about his autho ...

, ''Opera'', Basle 1612 *

Herodotus Herodotus (; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum, Turkey), under Persian control in the 5th century BC, and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. He wrote the '' Histori ...

, ''Historia'' Frankfurt 1608 *

Iamblichus Iamblichus ( ; ; ; ) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who determined a direction later taken by Neoplatonism. Iamblichus was also the biographer of the Greek mystic, philosopher, and mathematician Pythagoras. In addition to his philosophical co ...

, ''Life of

Pythagoras Pythagoras of Samos (; BC) was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher, polymath, and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism. His political and religious teachings were well known in Magna Graecia and influenced the philosophies of P ...

'' **''The Mysteries of Egyptians and

Chaldea Chaldea () refers to a region probably located in the marshy land of southern Mesopotamia. It is mentioned, with varying meaning, in Neo-Assyrian cuneiform, the Hebrew Bible, and in classical Greek texts. The Hebrew Bible uses the term (''Ka� ...

ns'', Leyden 1670 *

Lucian Lucian of Samosata (Λουκιανὸς ὁ Σαμοσατεύς, 125 – after 180) was a Hellenized Syrian satirist, rhetorician and pamphleteer who is best known for his characteristic tongue-in-cheek style, with which he frequently ridi ...

, ''Opera'', 1546 ** ''Dialogi Selectiores'', Paris 1572 *

Philo Philo of Alexandria (; ; ; ), also called , was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, in the Roman province of Egypt. The only event in Philo's life that can be decisively dated is his representation of the Alexandrian J ...

, ''Opera'', Cologne 1613 *

Plato Plato ( ; Greek language, Greek: , ; born BC, died 348/347 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical Greece, Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the writte ...

, ''Chalcidii Timaeus'', Leiden 1617 (ed.

) *'' Sibyllina Oracula'', 1607 *

Theophrastus Theophrastus (; ; c. 371 – c. 287 BC) was an ancient Greek Philosophy, philosopher and Natural history, naturalist. A native of Eresos in Lesbos, he was Aristotle's close colleague and successor as head of the Lyceum (classical), Lyceum, the ...

, Characters, notes by

, Leyden 1638 *

Xenophon Xenophon of Athens (; ; 355/354 BC) was a Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian. At the age of 30, he was elected as one of the leaders of the retreating Ancient Greek mercenaries, Greek mercenaries, the Ten Thousand, who had been ...

Cyropaedia The ''Cyropaedia'', sometimes spelled ''Cyropedia'', is a partly fictional biography of Cyrus the Great, the founder of Persia's Achaemenid Empire. It was written around 370 BC by Xenophon, the Athens, Athenian-born soldier, historian, and studen ...

Gk & Lat London 1674

Roman literature

Boethius Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, commonly known simply as Boethius (; Latin: ''Boetius''; 480–524 AD), was a Roman Roman Senate, senator, Roman consul, consul, ''magister officiorum'', polymath, historian, and philosopher of the Early Middl ...

, '' Consolation of Philosophy'', 1653 * Censorinus, ''De die natali'' Leiden 1593 *

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

, '' Dream of Scipio'' ** ''Opera'' 2 vols. 1527 ** ''

Epistulae ad Familiares ''Epistulae ad Familiares'' (''Letters to Friends'') is a collection of letters between Ancient Rome, Roman politician and orator Cicero, Marcus Tullius Cicero and various public and private figures. The letters in this collection, together wit ...

'' 1550 *

Florus Three main sets of works are attributed to Florus (a Roman cognomen): ''Virgilius orator an poeta'', the ''Epitome of Roman History'' and a collection of 14 short poems (66 lines in all). As to whether these were composed by the same person, or ...

, ''Historia'', Leiden 1655 *

Hyginus Hyginus may refer to: People *Hyginus, the author of the '' Fabulae'', an important ancient Latin source for Greek mythology. *Hyginus, the author of the ''Astronomia'', a popular ancient Latin guide on astronomy, probably the same as the author ...

, ''Fabulae'' Paris 1578 *

Isidore of Seville Isidore of Seville (; 4 April 636) was a Spania, Hispano-Roman scholar, theologian and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville, archbishop of Seville. He is widely regarded, in the words of the 19th-century historian Charles Forbes René de Montal ...

, ''Originum'' 20 Books *

Martianus Capella Martianus Minneus Felix Capella () was a jurist, polymath and Latin literature, Latin prose writer of late antiquity, one of the earliest developers of the system of the seven liberal arts that structured early medieval education. He was a native ...

, '' de nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii'', 1577 *

Juvenal Decimus Junius Juvenalis (), known in English as Juvenal ( ; 55–128), was a Roman poet. He is the author of the '' Satires'', a collection of satirical poems. The details of Juvenal's life are unclear, but references in his works to people f ...

, ''Satyrae'', Leyden 1523 *

Macrobius Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, usually referred to as Macrobius (fl. AD 400), was a Roman provincial who lived during the early fifth century, during late antiquity, the period of time corresponding to the Later Roman Empire, and when Latin was ...

, ''Somnium Scipionis'' ( Dream of Scipio) 1556 *

Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ( ; ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoicism, Stoic philosopher. He was a member of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty, the last of the rulers later known as the Five Good Emperors ...

, notes by Meric Casaubon, London 1643 *

Ovid Publius Ovidius Naso (; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a younger contemporary of Virgil and Horace, with whom he i ...

, ''Opera'', London 1656 *

Petronius Gaius Petronius Arbiter"Gaius Petronius Arbiter"
Britannica.com. (; ; ; s ...

Satyricon The ''Satyricon'', ''Satyricon'' ''liber'' (''The Book of Satyrlike Adventures''), or ''Satyrica'', is a Latin work of fiction believed to have been written by Gaius Petronius in the late 1st century AD, though the manuscript tradition identifi ...

, 1654 *

Plautus Titus Maccius Plautus ( ; 254 – 184 BC) was a Roman playwright of the Old Latin period. His comedies are the earliest Latin literary works to have survived in their entirety. He wrote Palliata comoedia, the genre devised by Livius Andro ...

, Comedies, with notes by Denis Lambin 1581 *

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 79), known in English as Pliny the Elder ( ), was a Roman Empire, Roman author, Natural history, naturalist, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the Roman emperor, emperor Vesp ...

, ''

Naturalis Historia The ''Natural History'' () is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. Despite the work' ...

'', Brussels 1496 *

Propertius Sextus Propertius was a Latin elegiac poet of the Augustan age. He was born around 50–45 BC in Assisium (now Assisi) and died shortly after 15 BC. Propertius' surviving work comprises four books of '' Elegies'' ('). He was a friend of the ...

, ''cum Notis Varior.'' ''Traj.'' 1658 *

Quintilian Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (; 35 – 100 AD) was a Roman educator and rhetorician born in Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing. In English translation, he is usually referred to as Quin ...

, ''

Institutio Oratoria ''Institutio Oratoria'' ( English: Institutes of Oratory) is a twelve-volume textbook on the theory and practice of rhetoric by Roman rhetorician Quintilian. It was published around year 95 AD. The work deals also with the foundational education ...

'' 1575 * Seneca, ''Tragedies'', Leiden 1651 *

Suetonius Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire. His most important surviving work is ''De vita Caesarum'', common ...

, ''Lives of the 12 Caesars'', trans.

Philemon Holland Philemon Holland (1552 – 9 February 1637) was an English schoolmaster, physician and translator. He is known for the first English translations of several works by Livy, Pliny the Elder, and Plutarch, and also for translating William Camden's ...

1659 *

Terence Publius Terentius Afer (; – ), better known in English as Terence (), was a playwright during the Roman Republic. He was the author of six Roman comedy, comedies based on Greek comedy, Greek originals by Menander or Apollodorus of Carystus. A ...

, ''Comedies'', 1625 *

Valerius Maximus Valerius Maximus () was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ' ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' or ''Facta et dicta memorabilia''). He worke ...

, with notes, Leiden 1651 *

Virgil Publius Vergilius Maro (; 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Rome, ancient Roman poet of the Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Augustan period. He composed three of the most fa ...

, ''Opera'', Amsterdam 1654 *

Vitruvius Vitruvius ( ; ; –70 BC – after ) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work titled . As the only treatise on architecture to survive from antiquity, it has been regarded since the Renaissan ...

, ''L'Architetturra di Vitruvio, tradotta & commentata da Daniele Barbaro'' Venice 1641

Arabic

Alhazen Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham ( Latinized as Alhazen; ; full name ; ) was a medieval mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age from present-day Iraq.For the description of his main fields, see e.g. ("He is one of the princ ...

, ''Opticae Thesaurus'' Libri X, Basle 1572 * 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, ''Liber Totius Medicine'' Venice 1523

Contemporary science

* François d'Aguilon, ''Opticorum Libri 6'', Antwerp 1613 * Petrus Apianus, ''Cosmographia'', Antwerp 1545 * Mario Bettini, ''Beehives of Universal Philosophical Mathematics'' 1656 *

Isaac Barrow Isaac Barrow (October 1630 – 4 May 1677) was an English Christian theologian and mathematician who is generally given credit for his early role in the development of infinitesimal calculus; in particular, for proof of the fundamental theorem ...

's Elements, London 1660 * Antonio Bosio, ''Roma Subterranea cum. fig. 3 Tomi in 1 vol.'' Cologne 1659 *

Robert Boyle Robert Boyle (; 25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, Alchemy, alchemist and inventor. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the foun ...

, Usefulness of Experimental Philosophy, London 1671 * Henry Briggs, ''Arithemica Logarithmica'', London 1644 Galileos Dialogue Title Page

* Alessandro Piccolomini, ''De Sphaera'', Basle 1565 *

Thomas Digges Thomas Digges (; c. 1546 – 24 August 1595) was an English mathematician and astronomer. He was the first to expound the Copernican system in English but discarded the notion of a fixed shell of immoveable stars to postulate infinitely many s ...

, ''Alae seu Scalae Mathematicae'', London 1573 * Thomas Fincke, ''Geometria Rotundi'', Basle 1583 *

Galileo Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei ( , , ) or mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a poly ...

, ''

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems ''Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems'' (''Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo'') is a 1632 book by Galileo Galilei comparing Nicolaus Copernicus's Copernican heliocentrism, heliocentric system model with Ptolemy's geocen ...

'', Trent 1635 ** ''

Sidereus Nuncius ''Sidereus Nuncius'' (usually ''Sidereal Messenger'', also ''Starry Messenger'' or ''Sidereal Message'') is a short astronomical treatise (or ''pamphlet'') published in Neo-Latin by Galileo Galilei on March 13, 1610. It was the first published ...

'', London 1653 ** Two World Systems Englished by T. Sainsbury, 1661 * William Gilbert, '' De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure'' 1600 * Sir Matthew Hale's ''Observat. touch. the Torricelli Experiment'' 1674 * Jean-Baptiste du Hamel, ''de

meteor A meteor, known colloquially as a shooting star, is a glowing streak of a small body (usually meteoroid) going through Earth's atmosphere, after being heated to incandescence by collisions with air molecules in the upper atmosphere, creating a ...

is &

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserve ...

bus'', Paris 1660 ** ''de consensu Vet. & Novae Philosophiae'' Paris 1663 ** Paris 1670 *

Robert Hooke Robert Hooke (; 18 July 16353 March 1703) was an English polymath who was active as a physicist ("natural philosopher"), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist, and architect. He is credited as one of the first scientists to investigate living ...

, Lectures, London 1678 *

Christiaan Huygens Christiaan Huygens, Halen, Lord of Zeelhem, ( , ; ; also spelled Huyghens; ; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor who is regarded as a key figure in the Scientific Revolution ...

, ''Systema Saturnium'', The Hague 1659 *

Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, Natural philosophy, natural philosopher and writer on music. He is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, best know ...

, '' Mysterium Cosmographicum'', Tübingen 1596 ** '' De Stella Nova in Pede Serpentis'', Prague 1606 ** ''ad Vitellionem Paralipomena'', Frankfurt 1604 *

Fortunio Liceti Fortunio Liceti (Latin: ''Fortunius Licetus''; October 3, 1577 – May 17, 1657) was an Italian physician and philosopher. Early life He was born prematurely at Rapallo, near Genoa to Giuseppe Liceti and Maria Fini, while the family was moving ...

, ''De lucernis antiquorum reconditis'', Udine 1652 ** '' Antiqua Schemata Gemmar. Anular. cum fig.'', 1653 ** ''De spontaneo viventium ortu libri quatuor'', Vicenza 1618 ** ''De his, qui diu vivunt sine alimento'', Padua 1612 **'' De quaesitis per epistolas a claris viris responsa'', Bologna 1640 ** ''De Terra & de Lucidis in Sublimi'', Udine 1640 ** ''De lapide Bononiensi & Qualitis'', Udine 1640 ** ''De regulari motu minimaque parallaxi cometarum coelestium disputationes'', Udine 1640 *

Jan Marek Marci Jan Marek Marci (; June 13, 1595April 10, 1667), or Johannes Marcus Marci, was a Bohemian doctor and scientist, rector of the Charles University in Prague, University of Prague, and official physician to the Holy Roman Emperors. The crater Marci ...

,'' Idearum Operatricum Idea'' Hannover 1635 *

William Oughtred William Oughtred (5 March 1574 – 30 June 1660), also Owtred, Uhtred, etc., was an English mathematician and Anglican clergyman.'Oughtred (William)', in P. Bayle, translated and revised by J.P. Bernard, T. Birch and J. Lockman, ''A General ...

, ''Clavis Mathematica'' London 1648 * Georg Purbach, ''Theoricae novae Planetarum'', Basle 1568 *

Regiomontanus Johannes Müller von Königsberg (6 June 1436 – 6 July 1476), better known as Regiomontanus (), was a mathematician, astrologer and astronomer of the German Renaissance, active in Vienna, Buda and Nuremberg. His contributions were instrument ...

, ''Tabulae Directionum & Prosectionum'', 1551 *

Robert Recorde Robert Recorde () was a Welsh physician and mathematician. He invented the equals sign (=) and also introduced the pre-existing plus (+) and minus (−) signs to English speakers in 1557. Biography Born around 1510, Robert Recorde was the sec ...

, Whetstone of Witte, 1557 *

Christoph Scheiner Christoph Scheiner (25 July 1573 (or 1575) – 18 June 1650) was a Jesuit priest, physicist and astronomer in Ingolstadt. Biography Augsburg/Dillingen: 1591–1605 Scheiner was born in Markt Wald near Mindelheim in Swabia, earlier margravate Burg ...

, ''Rosa Ursina sive Sol'' Bracciano, 1630 *

Gaspar Schott Gaspar Schott (German language, German: ''Kaspar'' (or ''Caspar'') ''Schott''; Latin: ''Gaspar Schottus''; 5 February 1608 – 22 May 1666) was a Germans, German Jesuit and scientist, specializing in the fields of physics, mathematics and natura ...

, ''Magia Universalis Natura Artis'' 4 vols.Würtzburg 1657 *

John Speed John Speed (1551 or 1552 – 28 July 1629) was an English cartographer, chronologer and historian of Cheshire origins.; superseding . The son of a citizen and Merchant Taylor in London,"Life of John Speed", ''The Hibernian Magazine, Or, Compe ...

, History of Great Britain, 2nd ed. 1627 * Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, ''Euclide rassettato & alla Integrità ridotto'' 1543 * Godefroy Wendelin ''Of the cause of purple rain in Brussels'', Brussels 1647

Philosophy

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I. Bacon argued for the importance of nat ...

, ''Advancement of Learning'', 1628 ** ''Natural History'', 1628 ** ''Opuscula Philosophica'', 1658 * Bellarmine, ''Apologia pro Jure Princip.'', 1611 * Charles de Bovelles,'' Liber de intellectu. Liber de sensibus. Liber de generatione. Libellus de nihilo. Ars oppositorum. Liber de sapiente. Liber de duodecim numeris. Philosophicae epistulae. Liber de perfectis numeris. Libellus de mathematicis rosis. Liber de mathematicis corporibus. Libellus de mathematicis supplementis'' Paris 1510 *

René Descartes René Descartes ( , ; ; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and Modern science, science. Mathematics was paramou ...

, ''

Discourse on Method ''Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences'' () is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by René Descartes in 1637. It is best known as the source of the famous quotation ...

'', 1637, 1st edition ** ''Méditations'', 1644 ** ''Meditationes de prima Philosophia'', Amsterdam 1644 ** ''Principia Philosophia'', Amsterdam 1656 ** ''Lettres'', Paris 1657 ** ''de la Lumière &c.'', Paris 1664 ** ''les Passions de l'âme'', Amsterdam 1650 ** ''Compendium of Musick'', London 1653 ** ''Of a Method for the well-guiding of Reason'', London 1649 *

Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( ; 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher, best known for his 1651 book ''Leviathan (Hobbes book), Leviathan'', in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory. He is considered t ...

, ''Elementorum Philosophiae Sectio Secunda de Homine'', 1658 ** ''Elementa Philosophica de Cive'' 2nd edit., Amsterdam 1647 *

Justus Lipsius Justus Lipsius (Joest Lips or Joost Lips; October 18, 1547 – March 23, 1606) was a Flemish Catholic philologist, philosopher, and humanist. Lipsius wrote a series of works designed to revive ancient Stoicism in a form that would be compatibl ...

, ''Opera'', 4 Tomi in 3 vol., Antwerp 1637 *

Jan Gruter Jan Gruter or Gruytère, Latinized as Janus Gruterus (3 December 1560 – 20 September 1627), was a Flemish-born philologist, scholar, and librarian. Life Jan Gruter was born in Antwerp. His father was Wouter Gruter, who was a merchant a ...

, ''Inscriptiones antiquae totius orbis Romani'', 2 vols. Heidelberg 1603 * Machiavelli, ''History of Florence'', Strasbourg 1610 *

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal (19June 162319August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic Church, Catholic writer. Pascal was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. His earliest ...

, '' Pensées'' 1670 ** ''Discours sur les mêmes Pensées'', 1672 * Francis Osborne, ''Collected Works'' 1675

Theology

Augustine of Hippo Augustine of Hippo ( , ; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings deeply influenced the development of Western philosop ...

, '' City of God'', 1620 *

Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas ( ; ; – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican Order, Dominican friar and Catholic priest, priest, the foremost Scholasticism, Scholastic thinker, as well as one of the most influential philosophers and theologians in the W ...

, '' Summa Theologiae'', Paris 1638 *

Richard Baxter Richard Baxter (12 November 1615 – 8 December 1691) was an English Nonconformist (Protestantism), Nonconformist church leader and theologian from Rowton, Shropshire, who has been described as "the chief of English Protestant Schoolmen". He ma ...

, ''Reasons of the Christian Religion'' 1667 * Samuel Bochart, ''Geographica sacra seu Phaleg et Canaan, cum. Tabul Geograph.'' Caen 1642 *

Jean Bodin Jean Bodin (; ; – 1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. Bodin lived during the aftermath of the Protestant Reformation and wrote against the background of reli ...

, ''Demonomania'', Basle 1581 *

Johannes Buxtorf Johannes Buxtorf () (December 25, 1564September 13, 1629) was a celebrated Hebraist, member of a family of Orientalists; professor of Hebrew for thirty-nine years at Basel and was known by the title, "Master of the Rabbis". His massive tome, '' ...

, ''Lexicon Chaldaic.Talmudic & Rabbinic'' Basle 1639 ** ''Epitome Grammaticae, Hebraea'' London 1653 ** ''Lexicon Hebraic.& Chaldaic'' London 1646 ** ''Epitome Grammaticae Hebraea'' Basle 1629 *

Clement of Alexandria Titus Flavius Clemens, also known as Clement of Alexandria (; – ), was a Christian theology, Christian theologian and philosopher who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria. Among his pupils were Origen and Alexander of Jerusalem. A ...

, ''Opera'', Paris 1629 *

Ralph Cudworth Ralph Cudworth (; 1617 – 26 June 1688) was an English Anglican clergyman, Christian Hebraist, classicist, theologian and philosopher, and a leading figure among the Cambridge Platonists who became 11th Regius Professor of Hebrew (Cambr ...

, ''On the true Notion of the Lord's Supper'', London 1642 *

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (or Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite) was a Greek author, Christian theologian and Neoplatonic philosopher of the late 5th to early 6th century, who wrote a set of works known as the ''Corpus Areopagiticum'' ...

, ''Opera'', Basle 1571 *

Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus ( ; ; 28 October c. 1466 – 12 July 1536), commonly known in English as Erasmus of Rotterdam or simply Erasmus, was a Dutch Christian humanist, Catholic priest and Catholic theology, theologian, educationalist ...

, ''Preparations for death'', Basle 1532 * Joseph Hall, ''Works'', vol. 1st and 3rd London 1647,1662 *

Justin Martyr Justin, known posthumously as Justin Martyr (; ), also known as Justin the Philosopher, was an early Christian apologist and Philosophy, philosopher. Most of his works are lost, but two apologies and a dialogue did survive. The ''First Apolog ...

, ''Opera'' Paris 1636 *

Jerome Jerome (; ; ; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian presbyter, priest, Confessor of the Faith, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome. He is best known ...

, ''Opera 9 Tomi, in 4 vol'' Paris 1643 *

Martin Luther Martin Luther ( ; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, Theology, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and former Order of Saint Augustine, Augustinian friar. Luther was the seminal figure of the Reformation, Pr ...

, ''Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians'', 2nd edit. 1577 *

Marin Mersenne Marin Mersenne, OM (also known as Marinus Mersennus or ''le Père'' Mersenne; ; 8 September 1588 – 1 September 1648) was a French polymath whose works touched a wide variety of fields. He is perhaps best known today among mathematicians for ...

, ''Questions in Genesis'', Paris 1623 * Benito Arias Montano, New Testament, Greek & Latin Geneva 1619 * Sebastian Münster, ''Opus Grammat.'' (Hebrew), Basle 1542 * ''Grammatica Chaldaica'', Basle 1527 * ''Rabbi Abrahami Sphaera Mundi'' (Hebrew), Latinized 1546 * Alexander Nowell, ''

Catechism A catechism (; from , "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of Catholic theology, doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult co ...

'' 1575 *

Origen Origen of Alexandria (), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an Early Christianity, early Christian scholar, Asceticism#Christianity, ascetic, and Christian theology, theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Early cent ...

, ''Opera'', Basle 1571 * James Usher, , London 1652 * George Wither, ''Discourse of the Nature of Man, and his State after Death'' 1650

Medical

Avicenna Ibn Sina ( – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as Avicenna ( ), was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian peoples, Iranian ...

, ''Opera'', 2 vols. 1608 Venice *

Thomas Bartholin Thomas may refer to: People * List of people with given name Thomas * Thomas (name) * Thomas (surname) * Saint Thomas (disambiguation) * Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church * Thomas the A ...

, ''Anatomia Reformata'', Leyden 1651 **''de Medicina Danorun Domestica'', Hannover 1666 ** ''de Luce Animalium'', Leyden 1647 ** ''Historiar. Anatomic. rarior. Cent. VI'', 3 vol. Hannover 1654 ** ''de Pulmonum Substantia et Motu'', Hannover 1663 ** ''de Lacteis Thoracicis'', London 1652 ** ''de Ovariis Mulierum & Generat. Historia'', 1678 *

Gerolamo Cardano Gerolamo Cardano (; also Girolamo or Geronimo; ; ; 24 September 1501– 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, as ...

''Opera'', 10 vol. Leyden 1663 *

Aulus Cornelius Celsus Aulus Cornelius Celsus ( 25 BC 50 AD) was a Roman encyclopedist, known for his extant medical work, '' De Medicina'', which is believed to be the only surviving section of a much larger encyclopedia. The ''De Medicina'' is a primary source on ...

'' De Medicina'' 8 Libri Basle 1592 *

Realdo Colombo Matteo Realdo Colombo (c. 1515 – 1559) was an Italian professor of anatomy and a surgeon at the University of Padua between 1544 and 1559. Early life and education Matteo Realdo Colombo or Realdus Columbus, was born in Cremona, Lombardy, the ...

'' De Re Anatomica'' Libri XV Venice 1559 *

Pedanius Dioscorides Pedanius Dioscorides (, ; 40–90 AD), "the father of pharmacognosy", was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of (in the original , , both meaning "On Medical Material") , a 5-volume Greek encyclopedic pharmacopeia on he ...

''Opera'', 1598 ** ''Parabilia'', 1598 * Charles Estienne, ''De dissectione Corporis humani'', 1545 * Hieronymus Fabricius ''Opera Anatomica'', Paris 1625 ** ''De Visione, Voce & Auditu'', Venice 1600 ** ''Ab Aquapendente Opera Chirurgica'', Venice 1619 * Fallopius, ''Opera'', Frankfurt 1600 * Jean Fernel, ''Cosmotheoria'', 1528 *

Leonhart Fuchs Leonhart Fuchs (; 17 January 1501 – 10 May 1566), sometimes spelled Leonhard Fuchs and cited in Latin as ''Leonhartus Fuchsius'', was a German physician and botanist. His chief notability is as the author of a large book about plants and thei ...

, ''de humani Corporis fabrica'' Leiden 1551 ** ''Paradoxor. Medicinae Libri 3'' Venice 1547 *

Galen Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (; September 129 – AD), often Anglicization, anglicized as Galen () or Galen of Pergamon, was a Ancient Rome, Roman and Greeks, Greek physician, surgeon, and Philosophy, philosopher. Considered to be one o ...

, ''Opera'', 5 books in 3 vols. Basle 1538 *

, ''Vita Epicuri'', Leiden 1647 ** ''de apparente magnitudine solis humilis et sublimis'', Paris 1642 ** ''Instit. Astronomia item Galileo et Kepler'', 1683 ** ''Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus'', 1648 *

Francis Glisson Francis Glisson (1597 – 14 October 1677) was a British physician, anatomist, and writer on medical subjects. He did important work on the anatomy of the liver, and he wrote an early pediatric text on rickets. An experiment he performed he ...

, ''De ventriculo & Intestinis'', London 1677 ** '' de Rachitide'', London 1650 * Jonathan Goddard, ''Unhappy condition of Practice of Physick in London'', 1670 * Johannes Goropius Becanus, ''Origines Antwerpianae'' 1569 *

William Harvey William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who made influential contributions to anatomy and physiology. He was the first known physician to describe completely, and in detail, pulmonary and systemic circulation ...

, '' De Generatione'', London 1651 **'' Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus'' * Nathaniel Highmore ''Corporis humani disquisitio anatomica'' 1651 *

Hippocrates Hippocrates of Kos (; ; ), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician and philosopher of the Classical Greece, classical period who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is traditionally referr ...

, ''Opera'' 1624 **''Aphorismi & Prognost'' in Greek and Latin, ed. Jo. Butino 1625 **''Coacae Praenotiones'', notes by John Johnson, Amsterdam 1660 **''de Morbis Mulierum'', Paris 1585 **''Praenotiones'', Paris 1585 *

Marcello Malpighi Marcello Malpighi (10 March 1628 – 30 November 1694) was an Italians, Italian biologist and physician, who is referred to as the "founder of microscopical anatomy, histology and father of physiology and embryology". Malpighi's name is borne by ...

, ''De viscerum structura'', London 1669 **''de formatione Pulli in Ovo'', London 1673 **''de Viscerum Structura'', London 1669 * Adrian von Mynsicht ''Thesaurus et Armamentarium Medico-Chymicum'' 1631 *

Jan Swammerdam Jan or Johannes Swammerdam (February 12, 1637 – February 17, 1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. His work on insects demonstrated that the various phases during the life of an insect—Egg (biology), egg, larva, pupa, and adult� ...

, ''Uteri Muliebris Fabrica'', London 1680 ** ''of Respiration'', Leiden 1667 *

Thomas Sydenham Thomas Sydenham (; 10 September 1624 – 29 December 1689) was an England, English physician. He was the author of ''Observationes Medicae'' (1676) which became a standard textbook of medicine for two centuries so that he became known as 'The ...

, ''Observationes Medical.'', London 1676 ** ''de Podagra & Hydrope'', London 1683 ** ''Schedula Monitoria de nova Febris Ingressu'', London 1686 ** ''Epist. duae de Morbis Epidem. & de Lue Venera'', London 1680 * ''Dissertatio Epistolaris'', London 1682 * Walter Charleton, Enquiries into Human Nature, 1680 ** Darkness of Atheism dispelled by Nature's Light, 1652 * George Ent, ''Apolog. pro Circulatione Sanguinis adv. et Parisanum'', London 1641 * Franz de la Boe a.k.a. Franciscus Sylvius *

Thomas Willis Thomas Willis Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS (27 January 1621 – 11 November 1675) was an English physician who played an important part in the history of anatomy, neurology, and psychiatry, and was a founding member of the Royal Society. L ...

, ''Opera varia'', 5 vols. London 1664 ** ''Cerebri Anatome cum fig.'', London 1664 * Richard Lower, ''De Corde: item de motu & colore sanguinis'', London 1670 * Julius Caesar Scaliger, On Insomnia, Geneva 1610 *

Vesalius Andries van Wezel (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564), Latinization of names, latinized as Andreas Vesalius (), was an anatomist and physician who wrote ''De humani corporis fabrica, De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem'' (''On the fabric ...

, ''

De humani corporis fabrica ''De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem'' (Latin, "On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books") is a set of books on human anatomy written by Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) and published in 1543. It was a major advance in the history of a ...

'' 8 Books 1555 *

Jacques Dubois Jacques Dubois ( Latinised as Jacobus Sylvius; 1478 – 14 January 1555) was a French anatomist. Dubois was the first to describe venous valves, although their function was later discovered by William Harvey. He was the brother of Franciscus Sy ...

aka Jacobus Sylvius, Paris 1630

Esoteric

* Elias Ashmole ed., '' Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum'', 1652

* J.J. Becher ''Physica subterranea'' Frankfurt 1669 *

Guido Bonatti Guido Bonatti (died between 1296 and 1300) was an Italian mathematician A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with n ...

''de Astronomica Tract'' Basel 1550 *

Tommaso Campanella Tommaso Campanella (; 5 September 1568 – 21 May 1639), baptized Giovanni Domenico Campanella, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, theologian, astrologer, and poet. Campanella was prosecuted by the Roman Inquisition for he ...

, ''7 Astrological books'', Frankfurt 1630 * Jerome Cardan ''Opera omnia'' 10 vols. Leiden 1663 *

Arthur Dee Arthur Dee (13 July 1579 – September or October 1651) was a physician and alchemist. He became a physician successively to Tsar Michael I of Russia and to King Charles I of England. Youth Dee was the eldest son of John Dee by his third wife ...

, ''

Fasciculus Chemicus ''Fasciculus Chemicus'' or ''Chymical Collections. Expressing the Ingress, Progress, and Egress, of the Secret Hermetick Science out of the choicest and most famous authors'' is an anthology of alchemical writings compiled by Arthur Dee (1579� ...

'' *

Marsilio Ficino Marsilio Ficino (; Latin name: ; 19 October 1433 – 1 October 1499) was an Italian scholar and Catholic priest who was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance. He was an astrologer, a reviver of Neo ...

, ''Theologia Platonica de Immortalitate Animorum'', Paris 1559 * Jacques Gaffarel, ''Unheard-of Curiosities'', Paris 1650 * Francesco Giorgi, '' De harmonia mundi'', Venice 1525 * Johann Glauber, ''de natura Salium'', Amsterdam 1658 * Lucas Gauricus, ''super Dieb. Decretoriis sive Criticis Axiomata'' Rome 1546 * Helvetius, ''Miraculo transmutandi Metallica'', Antwerp 1667 *

Athanasius Kircher Athanasius Kircher (2 May 1602 – 27 November 1680) was a German Society of Jesus, Jesuit scholar and polymath who published around 40 major works of comparative religion, geology, and medicine. Kircher has been compared to fellow Jes ...

, '' Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae'', Rome 1646 ** '' Obeliscus Pamphilius'', Rome 1650 ** '' Oedipus Aegyptiacus'', Rome 1652 ** '' Magnes sive de Arte Magnetica'', Rome 1654 ** '' Mundus Subterraneus'', 2 Vols. Amsterdam 1665 *'' Iter Exstaticum'' Rome 1660 * Heinrich Khunrath ''Medulla Distillatoria & Medica''. Hamburg 1638 *

Raymund Lull Ramon Llull (; ; – 1316), sometimes anglicized as ''Raymond Lully'', was a philosopher, theologian, poet, missionary, Christian apologist and former knight from the Kingdom of Majorca. He invented a philosophical system known as the ''Art'' ...

, ''Vademecum, quo sontes Alchemica Art'', 1572 Theatrum Chemicum Vol I page 1

* Pierio Valeriano Bolzani ''Hieroglyphica sive de sacris Aegyptiorum litteris'' 1631 * Pico della Mirandola ''Cabalistarum Selectiora Obscurioraque Dogmata'', Venice 1569 * Jean-Baptiste Morin ''Astrologica Gallica'' 1661 *

Paracelsus Paracelsus (; ; 1493 – 24 September 1541), born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), was a Swiss physician, alchemist, lay theologian, and philosopher of the German Renaissance. H ...

, ''Opera Medico-Chimica'', Frankfurt 1603 * Petrae, ''Nosologia Harmonica Dogmatica et Hermetica'', 1615 * Giambattista della Porta,

Natural Magic ' (in English, ''Natural Magic'') is a work of popular science by Giambattista della Porta first published in Naples in 1558. Its popularity ensured it was republished in five Latin editions within ten years, with translations into Italian (156 ...

, 1644 ** ''Villa'', 12 Books Frankfurt 1592 **''Phytognomica'', Naples 1588 **''Coelestis Physiogranonia'', Naples 1603 **''de Miracoli & Maravigliosi Effetti dalla Natura prodotti'', Venice 1665 * William Ramsay, Judicial Astrology vindicated 1651 * Henry Ranzovus, ''Astrologia Scientiae Certitudo'', 1585 * Martin Ruland, Dictionary of alchemy, 1612 *

Sendivogius Michael Sendivogius (; ; 2 February 1566 – 1636) was a Polish Alchemy, alchemist, philosopher, and physician. A pioneer of chemistry, he developed ways of purifying and creating various acids, metals, and other chemicals. He discovered that a ...

, The true secret Philosophy, Castile 1651 * Oswald Schreckenfuchs ''Commentaries on George Peurbach'' Basle 1569 * Theatrum Chemicum, 5 vols inc. vol. 1 Gerhard Dorn Strasbourg 1613 *

Johannes Trithemius Johannes Trithemius (; 1 February 1462 – 13 December 1516), born Johann Heidenberg, was a German Benedictine abbot and a polymath who was active in the German Renaissance as a Lexicography, lexicographer, chronicler, Cryptography, cryptograph ...

, ''Polygraphiae'' Libri 6., Cologne 1571 * Basil Valentine, ''Currus Triumphalis'', with fig., Amsterdam 1671 * Thomas Vaughan, ''A Hermeticall Banquet drest by a Spagyrical Cook'', 1652 * Blaise de Vigenère, ''Tract du Feu & du Sel'', Rouen 1642 * Vossius, De Idolatria (1642) * Johann Weyer, ''Opera'', Amsterdam 1660

Natural history

* Georg Agricola, ''de Re Metallica'', Basle 1621 ** ''de Ortu & Causis Subterraneor'', Basle 1558 *

Ulisse Aldrovandi Ulisse Aldrovandi (11 September 1522 – 4 May 1605) was an Italian naturalist, the moving force behind Bologna's botanical garden, one of the first in Europe. Carl Linnaeus and the comte de Buffon reckoned him the father of natural history stud ...

, ''Museum Metallicum cum fig.'', Bologna 1648 **'' Serpentium and Draconum historia cum fig.'', Bologna 1640 **'' Ornithtologia sive de Avibus Historia, cum fig.'', Frankfurt 1610 AldrovandiOrnithology

**''Quadrupedum Bisulcorum Historia, cum fig.'', Bologna 1642 **''de Quadrupedib. Digitatis Viviparis & Oviparis'', 1637 **''de Quadupedib. Animalibus & Piscibus'', Frankfurt 1610 ** ''Monstror. Historia, cum fig.'', Bologna 1642 *

Prospero Alpini Prospero Alpini (also known as Prosper Alpinus, Prospero Alpinio and Latinized as Prosperus Alpinus) (23 November 15536 February 1617) was a Venetian physician and botanist. He travelled around Egypt and served as the fourth prefect in charge of ...

, ''de Medicina Medicae'', Patav. 1611 ** ''de Plantis Egypti'', Patav. 1640 ** ''de Medicina Egypti'', 1646 ** ''de praesagienda Vita & Morte Aegrotantium'', Venice 1601 * J. Bauhin, ''Historica Plant.'', 3 Vols. 1650 **''Hist. Fontis & Balnei Bollenis'', Montpellier 1598 * C. Bauhin, ''Prodomus Theatri Botanici'', Frankfurt 1620 ** ''Pinax Theatri Botanici'', Basle 1623 ** ''de Hermaphroditor. Natura'', 1614 * J.J. Becher, ''Physica Subterranea'', Frankfurt 1669 * Pierre Belon, ''Histoire de la Nature des Oiseaux avec leurs Descriptions & naises traits retirez du Naturel'', Paris 1555 * Carolus Clusius Exoticorum libri decem Leiden 1605 Carolus Clusius02

** Leiden 1611 *

Conrad Gessner Conrad Gessner (; ; 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) was a Swiss physician, naturalist, bibliographer, and philologist. Born into a poor family in Zürich, Switzerland, his father and teachers quickly realised his talents and supported him t ...

, ''Opera'', 4 vols. Zurich 1551 **'' de Avibus'', cum fig. illuminatus ** ''Epistolae Medicinales'' Zurich 1577 * Thomas Muffet, ''De Insect cum fig'', London 1634 * ''Nosomantica Hippocratea'', Frankfurt 1588 *

John Ray John Ray Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS (November 29, 1627 – January 17, 1705) was a Christian England, English Natural history, naturalist widely regarded as one of the earliest of the English parson-naturalists. Until 1670, he wrote his ...

, ''Catalogus Plantar. Angliae'', London 1670 ** ''Historia Plantarum'', London 1670 * Guillaume Rondelet ''De Piscibus Marinis'' 1554 *

Nicolas Steno Niels Steensen (; Latinized to Nicolas Steno or Nicolaus Stenonius; 1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686 ) was a Danish scientist, a pioneer in both anatomy and geology who became a Catholic bishop in his later years. He has been beatified ...

, Concerning Solids naturally contained within solids, 1671 ** ''Elementor Myologiae Specimen, cum fig.'', Amsterdam 1669 ** ''Observationes Anatomicae cum fig.'', Leiden 1662 ** ''de Cerebri Anatome'', Leiden 1671 * Francis Willughby, ''Ornithologia, cum fig.'' London 1676 * Olaus Wormius, ''Museum Wormianum'', Leyden 1655

Literature

Dante Dante Alighieri (; most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri; – September 14, 1321), widely known mononymously as Dante, was an Italian Italian poetry, poet, writer, and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', originally called ...

, ''La Terza Rima'' The Faerie Queene frontispiece

George Herbert George Herbert (3 April 1593 – 1 March 1633) was an English poet, orator, and priest of the Church of England. His poetry is associated with the writings of the metaphysical poets, and he is recognised as "one of the foremost British devotio ...

, ''The Temple'', sacred poems, Cambridge 1641 * Milton,

Paradise Lost ''Paradise Lost'' is an Epic poetry, epic poem in blank verse by the English poet John Milton (1608–1674). The poem concerns the Bible, biblical story of the fall of man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their ex ...

, 1674 ** Paradise Regained, with Samson Agonistes, 1671 *

Abraham Cowley Abraham Cowley (; 161828 July 1667) was an English poet and essayist born in the City of London late in 1618. He was one of the leading English poets of the 17th century, with 14 printings of his ''Works'' published between 1668 and 1721. Early ...

, Poems, with his Davideis 1656 *

Edmund Spenser Edmund Spenser (; – 13 January 1599 Old Style and New Style dates, O.S.) was an English poet best known for ''The Faerie Queene'', an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the House of Tudor, Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is re ...

, Works, 1679 **

The Faerie Queene ''The Faerie Queene'' is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. Books IIII were first published in 1590, then republished in 1596 together with books IVVI. ''The Faerie Queene'' is notable for its form: at over 36,000 lines and over 4,000 sta ...

in 12 books, 1609 *

Ben Jonson Benjamin Jonson ( 11 June 1572 – ) was an English playwright, poet and actor. Jonson's artistry exerted a lasting influence on English poetry and stage comedy. He popularised the comedy of humours; he is best known for the satire, satirical ...

, Works, 2 Vols. 1616/1640 * Edmund Gayton's Pleasant notes upon

Don Quixote , the full title being ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'', is a Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts in 1605 and 1615, the novel is considered a founding work of Western literature and is of ...

1654

Geography and history

* Thomas Fuller, A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine with maps, 1650 * John Greaves, A description of the Grand Signiors Seraglio 1650 ** Pyramidographia, or a Description of the Pyramids in Egypt 1646 *

Saxo Grammaticus Saxo Grammaticus (), also known as Saxo cognomine Longus, was a Danish historian, theologian and author. He is thought to have been a clerk or secretary to Absalon, Archbishop of Lund, the main advisor to Valdemar I of Denmark. He is the author ...

, ''

Gesta Danorum ("Deeds of the Danes") is a patriotic work of Danish history, by the 12th-century author Saxo Grammaticus ("Saxo the Literate", literally "the Grammarian"). It is the most ambitious literary undertaking of medieval Denmark and is an essentia ...

''Paris, 1514 *

James Howell James Howell ( – ) was a Welsh writer and historian. The son of a Welsh clergyman, he was for much of his life in the shadow of his elder brother Thomas Howell (bishop), Thomas Howell, who became Lord Bishop of Bristol. Education In 1613 he ...

, Of the Precedency of Kings, 1664 *

, '' China Illustrata'', Amsterdam 1667 *

Gerardus Mercator Gerardus Mercator (; 5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a Flemish people, Flemish geographer, cosmographer and Cartography, cartographer. He is most renowned for creating the Mercator 1569 world map, 1569 world map based on a new Mercator pr ...

, ''Atlas sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Amsterdam 1613 * Claude Mydorge, ''Examen du Livre des recreations Mathematiques'', Paris 1639 *

Abraham Ortelius Abraham Ortelius (; also Ortels, Orthellius, Wortels; 4 or 14 April 152728 June 1598) was a cartographer, geographer, and cosmographer from Antwerp in the Spanish Netherlands. He is recognized as the creator of the list of atlases, first modern ...

, ''

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (, "Theatre of the Lands of the World") is considered to be the first true modern atlas. Written by Abraham Ortelius, strongly encouraged by Gillis Hooftman and originally printed on 20 May 1570 in Antwerp, it consisted of a collection of un ...

'' Antwerp 1574 ** ''Thesaurus Geographic. recognit. & auctus'' 1611 ** ''Itinerar. per Galliae Belgicae partes'' Plant. 1584 *

Strabo Strabo''Strabo'' (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. The father of Pompey was called "Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, Pompeius Strabo". A native of Sicily so clear-si ...

, ''Geographia'' 17 Books Commentary

Paris 1620 ** Of the Kingdom of Naples, 1654 ** Of the Signorie of Venice, 1651 ** Of Hungary and Transylvania, 1664 ** Instructions for Foreign Travels, 1642

Miscellaneous

Sebastián de Covarrubias Sebastian (; ) was an early Christian saint and martyr. According to traditional belief, he was killed during the Diocletianic Persecution of Christians. He was initially tied to a post or tree and shot with arrows, though this did not kill h ...

, ''Emblems Morales'' Madrid 1610 *

Thomas Morley Thomas Morley (1557 – early October 1602) was an English composer, music theory, theorist, singer and organist of late Renaissance music. He was one of the foremost members of the English Madrigal School. Referring to the strong Italian inf ...

, ''A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke'' London 1597 * Valentin Schindler, ''Lexicon Pentaglotton'' Hebraic., Chaldic., Syrian., Arabic., 1612 * ''Artificia Hominum, Miranda Naturae, in Sina & Europa'', 1655 * Ethiopian Dictionary 1674

References

Sources

* ''A Facsimile of the 1711 Sales Auction Catalogue of Sir Thomas Browne and his son Edward's Libraries. Introduction, notes and index by J.S. Finch'' (E.J. Brill: Leiden, 1986)

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