Li Sijian () (died 908), probably né Tuoba Sijian (), was an ethnically-

Dangxiang The Tangut people (Tangut language, Tangut: , ''mjɨ nja̱'' or , ''mji dzjwo''; ; ; ) were a Sino-Tibetan languages, Sino-Tibetan people who founded and inhabited the Western Xia, Western Xia dynasty. The group initially lived under Tuyuhun aut ...

warlord in the latter years of the Chinese

Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, c=唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an Wu Zhou, interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed ...

and Tang's successor state Later Liang of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, who controlled Dingnan Circuit (定難, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) as its military governor ('' Jiedushi'') in ''de facto'' independence.

During Tang dynasty

It is not known when Li Sijian—likely known as Tuoba Sijian at his birth—was born. His family was of

stock, of the Pingxia () branch. His older brother Tuoba Sigong became a warlord during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang and, for his role in aiding the

imperial government against the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao's state of Qi, was given the title of military governor of Dingnan Circuit, and was also given the imperial clan surname of Li. Li Sijian would have taken the surname of Li at the same time as well.'' New Book of Tang'', vol. 221, part 1. Li Sigong died around 886 (as he died before he could launch an army against the pretender Li Yun in support of Emperor Xizong—and Li Yun's regime was defeated in 886). Li Sijian succeeded him as military governor of Dingnan, while another brother, Li Sixiao (), was given Baoda Circuit (保大, headquartered in modern Yan'an,

Shaanxi Shaanxi is a Provinces of China, province in north Northwestern China. It borders the province-level divisions of Inner Mongolia to the north; Shanxi and Henan to the east; Hubei, Chongqing, and Sichuan to the south; and Gansu and Ningxia to t ...

). (A different and inconsistent account, contained in the '' New History of the Five Dynasties'', indicated that Li Sijian did not become military governor of Dingnan until 895, but that account appeared to confuse Li Sigong with another brother of theirs, Li Sijing ()'' New History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 40. In 895, when Emperor Xizong's brother and successor Emperor Zhaozong fled the capital Chang'an into the Qinling Mountains to the south of Chang'an in fear of the warlords Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji,

) and Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang,

), the major warlord Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern

Taiyuan Taiyuan; Mandarin pronunciation: (Jin Chinese, Taiyuan Jin: /tʰai˦˥ ye˩˩/) is the capital of Shanxi, China. Taiyuan is the political, economic, cultural and international exchange center of Shanxi Province. It is an industrial base foc ...

Shanxi Shanxi; Chinese postal romanization, formerly romanised as Shansi is a Provinces of China, province in North China. Its capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-level cities are Changzhi a ...

) arrived in the region to aid the emperor. In response, Emperor Zhaozong commissioned him to command the operations against Wang (whom Emperor Zhaozong deemed to be more of a threat than Li Maozhen or another ally of theirs, Han Jian the military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern Weinan,

)), and also commissioned Li Sijian and Li Sixiao, as well as Zhang Fan (), to aid Li Keyong in the operations. (Li Keyong subsequently defeated Wang, and Wang was killed by his own subordinates.)''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 260. In 896, with Li Maozhen again threatening Chang'an, Emperor Zhaozong fled Chang'an again, to Han's Kuangguo Circuit. While there, Emperor Zhaozong commissioned the chancellor as the overall commander of the campaign against Li Maozhen, and commissioned Li Sijian as the deputy commander, as well as the military governor of Jingnan. However, the campaign was not actually launched, as Li Maozhen claimed that he was apologizing, and Han, who was a long-term ally of Li Maozhen, also dissuaded the actual launching of the campaign. When the campaign was formally cancelled in 897, Li Sijian was made the military governor of Ningsai Circuit (寧塞, i.e., Baoda). (However, there was no real indication in historical records that Li Sijian actually reported to Ningsai.)''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 261.

During Later Liang

In 907, the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) had Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang. He bestowed on Li Sijian the honorary titles of acting ''Taiwei'' () and ''Shizhong'' ().'' Old History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 132. In 908, Li Sijian died, and his son (or grandson, or grandnephew) Li Yichang declared himself acting military governor of Dingnan.''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 267.'' History of Song'', vol. 485. The Later Liang emperor later formally granted full military governor title to Li Yichang.

Notes and references

* '' New Book of Tang'', vol. 221, part 1. * '' Old History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 132. * '' New History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 40. * '' Zizhi Tongjian'', vols. 260, 261, 267. {{DEFAULTSORT:Li, Sijian 9th-century births 908 deaths Year of birth unknown People from Northwest China 10th-century Tangut people Dingnan jiedushi Later Liang (Five Dynasties) jiedushi Tang dynasty jiedushi of Baoda Circuit Tang dynasty jiedushi of Binning Circuit Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xiasui Circuit 9th-century Tangut people