length(string)
function. This function returns the length of a string literal.
:e.g. length("hello world")
would return 11.
Other languages may have string functions with similar or exactly the same syntax or parameters or outcomes. For example, in many languages the length function is usually represented as ''len(string)''. The below list of common functions aims to help limit this confusion.
Common string functions (multi language reference)
String functions common to many languages are listed below, including the different names used. The below list of common functions aims to help programmers find the equivalent function in a language. Note, stringCharAt
# Example in ALGOL 68 # "Hello, World" // 'e'
Compare (integer result)
Compare (relational operator-based, Boolean result)
Concatenation
Contains
¢ Example inEquality
Tests if two strings are equal. See also #Compare and #Compare. Note that doing equality checks via a generic Compare with integer result is not only confusing for the programmer but is often a significantly more expensive operation; this is especially true when using " C-strings".Find
Find character
Format
/* example in PL/I */ put string(some_string) edit('My ', 'pen', ' costs', 19.99)(a,a,a,p'$$$V.99') /* returns "My pen costs $19.99" */
Inequality
Tests if two strings are not equal. See also #Equality.index
''see'' #Findindexof
''see'' #Findinstr
''see'' #Findinstrrev
''see'' #rfindjoin
{, class="wikitable sortable" , - style="text-align:left;" ! Format !! Languages , - ,std.string.join(''array_of_strings'', ''separator'')
, D
, -
, string:join(''list_of_strings'', ''separator'')
, Erlang
, -
, join(''separator'', ''list_of_strings'')
, implode(''separator'', ''array_of_strings'')
, ''separator''.join(''sequence_of_strings'')
, Python, Swift 1.x
, -
, ''array_of_strings''.join(''separator'')
, (string-join ''array_of_strings'' ''separator'')
, Scheme (SRFI 13)
, -
, (format
Format may refer to:
Printing and visual media
* Text formatting, the typesetting of text elements
* Paper formats, or paper size standards
* Newspaper format, the size of the paper page
Computing
* File format, particular way that informati ...
nil "~{~a~^''separator''~}" ''array_of_strings'')
, (clojure.string/join ''separator'' ''list_of_strings'')
(apply str (interpose ''separator'' ''list_of_strings''))
, Clojure
, -
, strings.Join(''array_of_strings'', ''separator'')
, Go
, -
, join(''array_of_strings'', ''separator'')
, Seed7
, -
, String.concat ''separator'' ''list_of_strings''
, String.concatWith ''separator'' ''list_of_strings''
, Standard ML
, -
, Data.List.intercalate ''separator'' ''list_of_strings''
, Haskell (GHC 6.8+)
, -
, Join(''array_of_strings'', ''separator'')
, VB
, -
, String.Join(''separator'', ''array_of_strings'')
, VB .NET, C#, F#
, -
, String.join(''separator'', ''array_of_strings'')
, &{$OFS=''$separator''; "''$array_of_strings''"}, or
''array_of_strings'' -join ''separator''
, 'array_of_strings'' componentsJoinedByString:''separator''/code>
, Objective-C
Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its N ...
(NSString *
only)
, -
, table.concat(''table_of_strings'', ''separator'')
, Lua
Lua or LUA may refer to:
Science and technology
* Lua (programming language)
* Latvia University of Agriculture
* Last universal ancestor, in evolution
Ethnicity and language
* Lua people, of Laos
* Lawa people, of Thailand sometimes referred t ...
, -
, {, String streamContents: ''collectionOfAnything'' asStringOn: stream delimiter: ''separator'' /nowiki>
''collectionOfAnything'' joinUsing: ''separator''
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
( Squeak, Pharo)
, -
, ''array_of_strings''.join(''separator''«, ''final_separator''»)
, Cobra
, -
, ''sequence_of_strings''.joinWithSeparator(''separator'')
, Swift 2.x
, -
, 1↓∊''separator'',¨''list_of_strings''
, APL
// Example in C#
String.Join("-", {"a", "b", "c"}) // "a-b-c"
" Example in Smalltalk "
#('a' 'b' 'c') joinUsing: '-' " 'a-b-c' "
# Example in Perl 5
join( '-', ('a', 'b', 'c')); # 'a-b-c'
# Example in Raku
.join('-'); # 'a-b-c'
# Example in Python
"-".join( a", "b", "c" # 'a-b-c'
# Example in Ruby
a", "b", "c"join("-") # 'a-b-c'
; Example in Scheme
(use-modules (srfi srfi-13))
(string-join '("a" "b" "c") "-") ; "a-b-c"
lastindexof
''see'' #rfind
left
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, left(''string'',''n'')
returns string
, -
! Description
, Returns the left ''n'' part of a string. If ''n'' is greater than the length of the string then most implementations return the whole string (exceptions exist – see code examples). Note that for variable-length encodings such as UTF-8
UTF-8 is a variable-length character encoding used for electronic communication. Defined by the Unicode Standard, the name is derived from ''Unicode'' (or ''Universal Coded Character Set'') ''Transformation Format 8-bit''.
UTF-8 is capable of ...
, UTF-16
UTF-16 (16-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points of Unicode (in fact this number of code points is dictated by the design of UTF-16). The encoding is variable-length, as cod ...
or Shift-JIS
Shift JIS (Shift Japanese Industrial Standards, also SJIS, MIME name Shift_JIS, known as PCK in Solaris contexts) is a character encoding for the Japanese language, originally developed by a Japanese company called ASCII Corporation in conjunct ...
, it can be necessary to remove string positions at the end, in order to avoid invalid strings.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages
, -
, string (string'First .. string'First + ''n'' - 1)
, Ada
, -
, substr(''string'', 0, ''n'')
, AWK (changes string), Perl
Perl is a family of two High-level programming language, high-level, General-purpose programming language, general-purpose, Interpreter (computing), interpreted, dynamic programming languages. "Perl" refers to Perl 5, but from 2000 to 2019 it ...
, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, Raku
, -
, LEFT$(''string'',''n'')
, BASIC
BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages designed for ease of use. The original version was created by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth College ...
, VB
, -
, left(''string'',''n'')
, , VB, FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC is a free and open source multiplatform compiler and programming language based on BASIC licensed under the GNU GPL for Microsoft Windows, protected-mode MS-DOS ( DOS extender), Linux, FreeBSD and Xbox. The Xbox version is no lon ...
, Ingres, Pick Basic
, -
, strncpy(''string2'', ''string'', ''n'')
, C standard library
, -
, ''string''.substr(0,''n'')
, C++ (STL), Raku
, -
, 'string'' substringToIndex:''n''/code>
, Objective-C
Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its N ...
(NSString *
only)
, -
, (apply str (take ''n'' ''string''))
, Clojure
, -
, ''string'' .. ''n''/code>
, D
, -
, string:substr(''string'', ''start'', ''length'')
, Erlang
, -
, (subseq ''string'' 0 ''n'')
, Common Lisp
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ''ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)'' (formerly ''X3.226-1994 (R1999)''). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived fr ...
, -
, ''string'' ''n''/code>
, Cobra, Go, Python
, -
, left(''string'',''n'' «,''padchar''»)
, Rexx, Erlang
, -
, ''string'', ''n''
The comma is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark () in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline ...
''string'' ..''n'' - 1/code>
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
, -
, ''string'', ''n''
The comma is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark () in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline ...
/code>
, Pick Basic
, -
, ''string'' .. ''n''/code>
, Seed7
, -
, ''string''.Substring(0,''n'')
, VB .NET, C#, Windows PowerShell
PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management program from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and the associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made open-s ...
, F#
, -
, leftstr(''string'', ''n'')
, Pascal, Object Pascal (Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracl ...
)
, -
, ''copy'' (''string'',1,''n'')
, Turbo Pascal
Turbo Pascal is a software development system that includes a compiler and an integrated development environment (IDE) for the Pascal programming language running on CP/M, CP/M-86, and DOS. It was originally developed by Anders Hejlsberg at ...
, -
, ''string''.substring(0,''n'')
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, -
, (string-take ''string'' ''n'')
, Scheme (SRFI 13)
, -
, take ''n'' ''string''
, Haskell
, -
, String.extract (''string'', ''n'', NONE)
, Standard ML
, -
, String.sub ''string'' 0 ''n''
, OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, D ...
if n is larger than length of string, raises Invalid_argument
, -
, ''string''. .''n''/code>
, F#
, -
, string.sub(''string'', 1, ''n'')
(''string''):sub(1, ''n'')
, Lua
Lua or LUA may refer to:
Science and technology
* Lua (programming language)
* Latvia University of Agriculture
* Last universal ancestor, in evolution
Ethnicity and language
* Lua people, of Laos
* Lawa people, of Thailand sometimes referred t ...
, -
, ''string'' first: ''n''
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
( Squeak, Pharo)
, -
, ''string''(:''n'')
, Fortran
, -
, StringTake 'string'', ''n''/code>
, Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allow machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimi ...
if n is larger than length of string, throw the message "StringTake::take:"
, -
, ''string'' («FUNCTION» LENGTH(''string'') - ''n'':''n'')
, COBOL
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily ...
, -
, ''string''.substring(0, ''n'')
, Cobra
, -
, ''n''↑''string''.
, APL
, -
, ''string'' ..n/code>
''string'' .n/code>
''string''.get(0..n)
''string''.get(..n)
, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
In Rust, strings are indexed in terms of byte offsets and there is a runtime panic if the index is out of bounds or if it would result in invalid UTF-8
UTF-8 is a variable-length character encoding used for electronic communication. Defined by the Unicode Standard, the name is derived from ''Unicode'' (or ''Universal Coded Character Set'') ''Transformation Format 8-bit''.
UTF-8 is capable of ...
. A &str
(string reference) can b
indexed
by various types of ranges, includin
(0..n
)
(n..
), an
(..n
) because they all implement th
trait with str
being the type being indexed.
Th
method is the non-panicking way to index. It returns None
in the cases in which indexing would panic.
# Example in Raku
"Hello, there!".substr(0, 6); # returns "Hello,"
/* Examples in Rexx */
left("abcde", 3) /* returns "abc" */
left("abcde", 8) /* returns "abcde " */
left("abcde", 8, "*") /* returns "abcde***" */
; Examples in Scheme
(use-modules (srfi srfi-13))
(string-take "abcde", 3) ; returns "abc"
(string-take "abcde", 8) ; error
' Examples in Visual Basic
Left("sandroguidi", 3) ' returns "san"
Left("sandroguidi", 100) ' returns "sandroguidi"
len
''see'' #length
length
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, length(''string'')
returns an integer number
, -
! Description
, Returns the length of a string (not counting the null terminator or any other of the string's internal structural information). An empty string returns a length of 0.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Returns !! Languages
, -
, string'Length
,
, Ada
, -
, UPB string
,
, ALGOL 68
ALGOL 68 (short for ''Algorithmic Language 1968'') is an imperative programming language that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously ...
, -
, length(''string'')
,
, Ingres, Perl 5, Pascal, Object Pascal (Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracl ...
), Rexx, Seed7, SQL, PL/I
PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced and sometimes written PL/1) is a procedural, imperative computer programming language developed and published by IBM. It is designed for scientific, engineering, business and system programming. It ...
, -
, len(''string'')
,
, BASIC
BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages designed for ease of use. The original version was created by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth College ...
, FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC is a free and open source multiplatform compiler and programming language based on BASIC licensed under the GNU GPL for Microsoft Windows, protected-mode MS-DOS ( DOS extender), Linux, FreeBSD and Xbox. The Xbox version is no lon ...
, Python, Go, Pick Basic
, -
, length(''string''), string:len(''string'')
,
, Erlang
, -
, Len(''string'')
,
, VB, Pick Basic
, -
, ''string''.Length
, Number of UTF-16
UTF-16 (16-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points of Unicode (in fact this number of code points is dictated by the design of UTF-16). The encoding is variable-length, as cod ...
code units
, VB .NET, C#, Windows PowerShell
PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management program from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and the associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made open-s ...
, F#
, -
, chars(''string'')
''string''.chars
, Number of graphemes (NFG)
, Raku
, -
, codes(''string'')
''string''.codes
, Number of Unicode code points
, Raku
, -
, ''string''.size OR ''string''.length
, Number of bytes
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
, -
, strlen(''string'')
, Number of bytes
, C, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, -
, ''string''.length()
,
, C++ (STL)
, -
, ''string''.length
,
, Cobra, D, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, -
, ''string''.length()
, Number of UTF-16
UTF-16 (16-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points of Unicode (in fact this number of code points is dictated by the design of UTF-16). The encoding is variable-length, as cod ...
code units
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, -
, (string-length ''string'')
,
, Scheme
, -
, (length ''string'')
,
, Common Lisp
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ''ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)'' (formerly ''X3.226-1994 (R1999)''). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived fr ...
, ISLISP
, -
, (count ''string'')
,
, Clojure
, -
, String.length ''string''
,
, OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, D ...
, -
, size ''string''
,
, Standard ML
, -
, length ''string''
, Number of Unicode code points
, Haskell
, -
, ''string''.length
, Number of UTF-16
UTF-16 (16-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points of Unicode (in fact this number of code points is dictated by the design of UTF-16). The encoding is variable-length, as cod ...
code units
, Objective-C
Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its N ...
(NSString *
only)
, -
, ''string''.characters.count
, Number of characters
, Swift (2.x)
, -
, count(''string'')
, Number of characters
, Swift (1.2)
, -
, countElements(''string'')
, Number of characters
, Swift (1.0–1.1)
, -
, string.len(''string'')
(''string''):len()
#''string''
,
, Lua
Lua or LUA may refer to:
Science and technology
* Lua (programming language)
* Latvia University of Agriculture
* Last universal ancestor, in evolution
Ethnicity and language
* Lua people, of Laos
* Lawa people, of Thailand sometimes referred t ...
, -
, ''string'' size
,
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
, -
, LEN(''string''), or LEN_TRIM(''string'')
,
, Fortran
, -
, StringLength 'string''/code>
,
, Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allow machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimi ...
, -
, «FUNCTION» LENGTH(''string'')
or
«FUNCTION» BYTE-LENGTH(''string'')
, number of characters and number of bytes, respectively
, COBOL
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily ...
, -
, string length ''string''
, a decimal string giving the number of characters
, Tcl
, -
, ≢ ''string''
,
, APL
, -
, ''string''.len()
, Number of bytes
, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
, -
, ''string''.chars().count()
, Number of Unicode code points
, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
// Examples in C#
"hello".Length; // returns 5
"".Length; // returns 0
# Examples in Erlang
string:len("hello"). % returns 5
string:len(""). % returns 0
# Examples in Perl 5
length("hello"); # returns 5
length(""); # returns 0
# Examples in Raku
"🏳️🌈".chars; chars "🏳️🌈"; # both return 1
"🏳️🌈".codes; codes "🏳️🌈"; # both return 4
"".chars; chars ""; # both return 0
"".codes; codes ""; # both return 0
' Examples in Visual Basic
Len("hello") ' returns 5
Len("") ' returns 0
//Examples in Objective-C
"hello" Length //returns 5
"" Length //returns 0
-- Examples in Lua
("hello"):len() -- returns 5
#"" -- returns 0
locate
''see'' #Find
Lowercase
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, lowercase(''string'')
returns string
, -
! Description
, Returns the string in lower case.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages
, -
, LCase(''string'')
, VB
, -
, lcase(''string'')
, FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC is a free and open source multiplatform compiler and programming language based on BASIC licensed under the GNU GPL for Microsoft Windows, protected-mode MS-DOS ( DOS extender), Linux, FreeBSD and Xbox. The Xbox version is no lon ...
, -
, lc(''string'')
, Perl
Perl is a family of two High-level programming language, high-level, General-purpose programming language, general-purpose, Interpreter (computing), interpreted, dynamic programming languages. "Perl" refers to Perl 5, but from 2000 to 2019 it ...
, Raku
, -
, ''string''.lc
, Raku
, -
, tolower(''char'')
, C
, -
, std.string.toLower(''string'')
, D
, -
, transform(''string''.begin(), ''string''.end(), ''result''.begin(), ::tolower)
The transform
function exists in the std::
namespace. You must include the
header file to use it. The tolower
and toupper
functions are in the global namespace, obtained by the
header file. The std::tolower
and std::toupper
names are overloaded and cannot be passed to std::transform
without a cast to resolve a function overloading ambiguity, e.g. std::transform(''string''.begin(), ''string''.end(), ''result''.begin(), (int (*)(int))std::tolower);
, C++
, -
, lowercase(''string'')
, Object Pascal (Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracl ...
)
, -
, strtolower(''string'')
, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, -
, lower(''string'')
, Seed7
, -
, ${''string_param'',,}
, Bash
, -
, echo "string" , tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'
, Unix
Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, a ...
, -
, ''string''.lower()
, Python
, -
, downcase(''string'')
, Pick Basic
, -
, ''string''.downcase
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
only ASCII characters as Ruby lacks Unicode support
, -
, strings.ToLower(''string'')
, Go
, -
, (string-downcase ''string'')
, Scheme (R6RS), Common Lisp
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ''ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)'' (formerly ''X3.226-1994 (R1999)''). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived fr ...
, -
, (lower-case ''string'')
, Clojure
, -
, String.lowercase ''string''
, OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, D ...
, -
, String.map Char.toLower ''string''
, Standard ML
, -
, map Char.toLower ''string''
, Haskell
, -
, ''string''.toLowerCase()
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, -
, to_lower(''string'')
, Erlang
, -
, ''string''.ToLower()
, VB .NET, C#, Windows PowerShell
PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management program from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and the associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made open-s ...
, F#
, -
, ''string''.lowercaseString
, Objective-C
Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its N ...
(NSString *
only), Swift (Foundation)
, -
, string.lower(''string'')
(''string''):lower()
, Lua
Lua or LUA may refer to:
Science and technology
* Lua (programming language)
* Latvia University of Agriculture
* Last universal ancestor, in evolution
Ethnicity and language
* Lua people, of Laos
* Lawa people, of Thailand sometimes referred t ...
, -
, ''string'' asLowercase
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
, -
, LOWER(''string'')
, SQL
, -
, lowercase(''string'')
, PL/I
PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced and sometimes written PL/1) is a procedural, imperative computer programming language developed and published by IBM. It is designed for scientific, engineering, business and system programming. It ...
, -
, ToLowerCase 'string''/code>
, Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allow machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimi ...
, -
, «FUNCTION» LOWER-CASE(''string'')
, COBOL
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily ...
, -
, ''string''.toLower
, Cobra
, -
, string tolower ''string''
, Tcl
, -
, ''string''.to_lowercase()
, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
// Example in C#
"Wiki means fast?".ToLower(); // "wiki means fast?"
; Example in Scheme
(use-modules (srfi srfi-13))
(string-downcase "Wiki means fast?") ; "wiki means fast?"
/* Example in C */
#include
#include
int main(void) {
char string[] = "Wiki means fast?";
int i;
for (i = 0; i < sizeof(string) - 1; ++i) {
/* transform characters in place, one by one */
string = tolower(string ;
}
puts(string); /* "wiki means fast?" */
return 0;
}
# Example in Raku
"Wiki means fast?".lc; # "wiki means fast?"
mid
''see'' #substring
partition
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, .partition(''separator'') returns the sub-string before the separator; the separator; then the sub-string after the separator.
, -
! Description
, Splits the given string by the separator and returns the three substrings that together make the original.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages !! Comments
, -
, ''string''.partition(''separator'')
, Python, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
(1.9+)
,
, -
, lists:partition(''pred'', ''string'')
, Erlang
,
, -
, split /(''separator'')/, ''string'', 2
, Perl 5
,
, -
, split ''separator'', ''string'', 2
''string''.split( ''separator'', 2 )
, Raku
, Separator does not have to be a regular expression
# Examples in Python
"Spam eggs spam spam and ham".partition('spam') # ('Spam eggs ', 'spam', ' spam and ham')
"Spam eggs spam spam and ham".partition('X') # ('Spam eggs spam spam and ham', "", "")
# Examples in Perl 5 / Raku
split /(spam)/, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham' ,2; # ('Spam eggs ', 'spam', ' spam and ham');
split /(X)/, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham' ,2; # ('Spam eggs spam spam and ham');
replace
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, replace(''string'', ''find'', ''replace'')
returns string
, -
! Description
, Returns a string with ''find'' occurrences changed to ''replace''.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages
, -
, changestr(''find'', ''string'', ''replace'')
, Rexx
, -
, std.string.replace(''string'', ''find'', ''replace'')
, D
, -
, Replace(''string'', ''find'', ''replace'')
, VB
, -
, replace(''string'', ''find'', ''replace'')
, Seed7
, -
, change(''string'', ''find'', ''replace'')
, Pick Basic
, -
, ''string''.Replace(''find'', ''replace'')
, C#, F#, VB .NET
, -
, str_replace(''find'', ''replace'', ''string'')
, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, -
, re:replace(''string'', ''find'', ''replace'', «{return, list}»)
, Erlang
, -
, ''string''.replace(''find'', ''replace'')
, Cobra, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
(1.5+), Python, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
, -
, ''string''.replaceAll(''find_regex'', ''replace'')
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, -
, ''string''.gsub(''find'', ''replace'')
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
, -
, ''string'' =~ s/''find_regex''/''replace''/gThe "find" string in this construct is interpreted as a regular expression
A regular expression (shortened as regex or regexp; sometimes referred to as rational expression) is a sequence of characters that specifies a search pattern in text. Usually such patterns are used by string-searching algorithms for "find" ...
. Certain characters have special meaning in regular expressions. If you want to find a string literally, you need to quote the special characters.
, Perl 5
, -
, ''string''.subst(''find'', ''replace'', :g)
, Raku
, -
, ''string''.replace(''find'', ''replace'', "g") or
''string''.replace(/''find_regex''/g, ''replace'')
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, -
, echo "''string''" , sed 's/''find_regex''/''replace''/g'
, Unix
Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, a ...
, -
, ${''string_param''//''find_pattern''/''replace''}
, Bash
, -
, ''string''.replace(''find'', ''replace''), or
''string'' -replace ''find_regex'', ''replace''
, Windows PowerShell
PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management program from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and the associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made open-s ...
, -
, Str.global_replace (Str.regexp_string ''find'') ''replace'' ''string''
, OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, D ...
, -
, 'string'' stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:''find'' withString:''replace''/code>
, Objective-C
Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its N ...
(NSString *
only)
, -
, ''string''.stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString(''find'', withString:''replace'')
, Swift (Foundation)
, -
, string.gsub(''string'', ''find'', ''replace'')
(''string''):gsub(''find'', ''replace'')
, Lua
Lua or LUA may refer to:
Science and technology
* Lua (programming language)
* Latvia University of Agriculture
* Last universal ancestor, in evolution
Ethnicity and language
* Lua people, of Laos
* Lawa people, of Thailand sometimes referred t ...
, -
, ''string'' copyReplaceAll: ''find'' with: ''replace''
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
( Squeak, Pharo)
, -
, string map {''find'' ''replace''} ''string''
, Tcl
, -
, StringReplace ''replace''">'string'', ''find'' -> ''replace''/code>
, Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allow machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimi ...
, -
, strings.Replace(''string'', ''find'', ''replace'', -1)
, Go
, -
, INSPECT ''string'' REPLACING ALL/LEADING/FIRST ''find'' BY ''replace''
, COBOL
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily ...
, -
, ''find_regex'' ⎕R ''replace_regex'' ⊢ ''string''
, APL
// Examples in C#
"effffff".Replace("f", "jump"); // returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump"
"blah".Replace("z", "y"); // returns "blah"
// Examples in Java
"effffff".replace("f", "jump"); // returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump"
"effffff".replaceAll("f*", "jump"); // returns "ejump"
// Examples in Raku
"effffff".subst("f", "jump", :g); # returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump"
"blah".subst("z", "y", :g); # returns "blah"
' Examples in Visual Basic
Replace("effffff", "f", "jump") ' returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump"
Replace("blah", "z", "y") ' returns "blah"
# Examples in Windows PowerShell
"effffff" -replace "f", "jump" # returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump"
"effffff" -replace "f*", "jump" # returns "ejump"
reverse
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, reverse(''string'')
, -
! Description
, Reverses the order of the characters in the string.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages
, -
, reverse ''string''
, Perl 5, Haskell
, -
, flip ''string''
''string''.flip
, Raku
, -
, lists:reverse(''string'')
, Erlang
, -
, strrev(''string'')
, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, -
, ''string'' :-1/code>
, Python
, -
, (string-reverse ''string'')
, Scheme (SRFI 13)
, -
, (reverse ''string'')
, Common Lisp
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ''ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)'' (formerly ''X3.226-1994 (R1999)''). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived fr ...
, -
, ''string''.reverse
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
, D (modifies string)
, -
, new StringBuilder(''string'').reverse().toString()
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, -
, std::reverse(''string''.begin(), ''string''.end());
, C++ ( std::string
only, modifies string)
, -
, StrReverse(''string'')
, VB
, -
, ''string''.Reverse()
, VB .NET, C#
, -
, implode (rev (explode ''string''))
, Standard ML
, -
, ''string''.split("").reverse().join("")
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, -
, string.reverse(''string'')
(''string''):reverse()
, Lua
Lua or LUA may refer to:
Science and technology
* Lua (programming language)
* Latvia University of Agriculture
* Last universal ancestor, in evolution
Ethnicity and language
* Lua people, of Laos
* Lawa people, of Thailand sometimes referred t ...
, -
, ''string'' reverse
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
, -
, StringReverse 'string''/code>
, Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allow machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimi ...
, -
, reverse(''string'')
, PL/I
PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced and sometimes written PL/1) is a procedural, imperative computer programming language developed and published by IBM. It is designed for scientific, engineering, business and system programming. It ...
, -
, «FUNCTION» REVERSE(''string'')
, COBOL
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily ...
, -
, ''string''.toCharArray.toList.reversed.join()
, Cobra
, -
, String(''string''.characters.reverse())
, Swift (2.x)
, -
, String(reverse(''string''))
, Swift (1.2)
, -
, string reverse ''string''
, Tcl
, -
, ⌽''string''
, APL
, -
, ''string''.chars().rev().collect::()
, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
, -
, echo ''string'' , rev
, Unix
Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, a ...
" Example in Smalltalk "
'hello' reversed " returns 'olleh' "
# Example in Perl 5
reverse "hello" # returns "olleh"
# Example in Raku
"hello".flip # returns "olleh"
# Example in Python
"hello" :-1 # returns "olleh"
; Example in Scheme
(use-modules (srfi srfi-13))
(string-reverse "hello") ; returns "olleh"
rfind
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, rfind(''string'',''substring'')
returns integer
, -
! Description
, Returns the position of the start of the last occurrence of ''substring'' in ''string''. If the ''substring'' is not found most of these routines return an invalid index value – -1 where indexes are 0-based, 0 where they are 1-based – or some value to be interpreted as Boolean FALSE.
, -
, Related
, instr
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages !! If not found
, -
, InStrRev(«''startpos'',» ''string'',''substring'')
, VB
, returns 0
, -
, instrrev(«''startpos'',» ''string'',''substring'')
, FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC is a free and open source multiplatform compiler and programming language based on BASIC licensed under the GNU GPL for Microsoft Windows, protected-mode MS-DOS ( DOS extender), Linux, FreeBSD and Xbox. The Xbox version is no lon ...
, returns 0
, -
, rindex(''string'',''substring''«,''startpos''»)
, Perl 5
, returns −1
, -
, rindex(''string'',''substring''«,''startpos''»)
''string''.rindex(''substring''«,''startpos''»)
, Raku
, returns Nil
, -
, strrpos(''string'',''substring''«,''startpos''»)
, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, returns FALSE
, -
, ''string''.rfind(''substring''«,''startpos''»)
, C++ (STL)
, returns std::string::npos
, -
, std.string.rfind(''string'', ''substring'')
, D
, returns −1
, -
, ''string''.rfind(''substring''«,''startpos''«, ''endpos''»»)
, rowspan=2, Python
, returns −1
, -
, ''string''.rindex(''substring''«,''startpos''«, ''endpos''»»)
, raises ValueError
, -
, rpos(''string'', ''substring''«,''startpos''»)
, Seed7
, returns 0
, -
, ''string''.rindex(''substring''«,''startpos''»)
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
, returns nil
, -
, strings.LastIndex(''string'', ''substring'')
, Go
, returns −1
, -
, ''string''.lastIndexOf(''substring''«,''startpos''»)
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, returns −1
, -
, ''string''.LastIndexOf(''substring''«,''startpos''«, ''charcount''»»)
, VB .NET, C#, Windows PowerShell
PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management program from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and the associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made open-s ...
, F#
, returns −1
, -
, (search ''substring'' ''string'' :from-end t)
, Common Lisp
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ''ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)'' (formerly ''X3.226-1994 (R1999)''). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived fr ...
, returns NIL
, -
, 'string'' rangeOfString:''substring'' options:NSBackwardsSearchlocation
, Objective-C
Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its N ...
(NSString *
only)
, returns NSNotFound
, -
, Str.search_backward (Str.regexp_string ''substring'') ''string'' (Str.length ''string'' - 1)
, OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, D ...
, raises Not_found
, -
, string.match(''string'', '.*()'..''substring'')
''string'':match('.*()'..''substring'')
, Lua
Lua or LUA may refer to:
Science and technology
* Lua (programming language)
* Latvia University of Agriculture
* Last universal ancestor, in evolution
Ethnicity and language
* Lua people, of Laos
* Lawa people, of Thailand sometimes referred t ...
, returns nil
, -
, Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Index(Source => ''string'', Pattern => ''substring'',
Going => Ada.Strings.Backward)
, Ada
, returns 0
, -
, ''string''.lastIndexOf(''substring''«,''startpos''«, ''charcount''»»)
, Cobra
, returns −1
, -
, ''string'' lastIndexOfString:''substring''
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
, returns 0
, -
, string last ''substring string startpos''
, Tcl
, returns −1
, -
, (⌽<\⌽''substring''⍷'string')⍳1
, APL
, returns −1
, -
, ''string''.rfind(''substring'')
, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
, returns None
; Examples in Common Lisp
(search "e" "Hello mate" :from-end t) ; returns 9
(search "z" "word" :from-end t) ; returns NIL
// Examples in C#
"Hello mate".LastIndexOf("e"); // returns 9
"Hello mate".LastIndexOf("e", 4); // returns 1
"word".LastIndexOf("z"); // returns -1
# Examples in Perl 5
rindex("Hello mate", "e"); # returns 9
rindex("Hello mate", "e", 4); # returns 1
rindex("word", "z"); # returns -1
# Examples in Raku
"Hello mate".rindex("e"); # returns 9
"Hello mate".rindex("e", 4); # returns 1
"word".rindex('z'); # returns Nil
' Examples in Visual Basic
InStrRev("Hello mate", "e") ' returns 10
InStrRev(5, "Hello mate", "e") ' returns 2
InStrRev("word", "z") ' returns 0
right
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, right(''string'',''n'')
returns string
, -
! Description
, Returns the right ''n'' part of a string. If ''n'' is greater than the length of the string then most implementations return the whole string (exceptions exist – see code examples).
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages
, -
, string (string'Last - ''n'' + 1 .. string'Last)
, Ada
, -
, Right(''string'',''n'')
, VB
, -
, RIGHT$(''string'',''n'')
, BASIC
BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages designed for ease of use. The original version was created by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth College ...
, -
, right(''string'',''n'')
, FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC is a free and open source multiplatform compiler and programming language based on BASIC licensed under the GNU GPL for Microsoft Windows, protected-mode MS-DOS ( DOS extender), Linux, FreeBSD and Xbox. The Xbox version is no lon ...
, Ingres, Pick Basic
, -
, strcpy(''string2'', ''string''+''n'')
(n must not be greater than the length of ''string'')
, C
, -
, ''string''.Substring(''string''.Length()-''n'')
, C#
, -
, ''string'' en(''string'')-''n'':/code>
, Go
, -
, ''string''.substring(''string''.length()-''n'')
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, -
, ''string''.slice(-''n'')
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, -
, right(''string'',''n'' «,''padchar''»)
, Rexx, Erlang
, -
, substr(''string'',-''n'')
, Perl 5, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, -
, substr(''string'',*-''n'')
''string''.substr(*-''n'')
, Raku
, -
, ''string'' ''n'':/code>
, Cobra, Python
, -
, ${''string_param'': -''n''}
(note the space after the colon)
, Bash
, -
, ''string'' 'n''/code>
, Pick Basic
, -
, (string-take-right ''string'' ''n'')
, Scheme (SRFI 13)
, -
, ''string'' ''n''..-1/code>
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
, -
, ''string'' -''n'' .. $/code>
, D
, -
, String.sub ''string'' (String.length ''string'' - ''n'') ''n''
, OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, D ...
, -
, string.sub(''string'', -''n'')
(''string''):sub(-''n'')
, Lua
Lua or LUA may refer to:
Science and technology
* Lua (programming language)
* Latvia University of Agriculture
* Last universal ancestor, in evolution
Ethnicity and language
* Lua people, of Laos
* Lawa people, of Thailand sometimes referred t ...
, -
, ''string'' last: ''n''
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
( Squeak, Pharo)
, -
, StringTake 'string'', -''n''/code>
, Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allow machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimi ...
, -
, ''string'' (1:''n'')
, COBOL
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily ...
, -
, ''¯n''↑''string''.
, APL
, -
, ''string'' ../code>
''string''.get(n..)
, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
// Examples in Java; extract rightmost 4 characters
String str = "CarDoor";
str.substring(str.length()-4); // returns 'Door'
# Examples in Raku
"abcde".substr(*-3); # returns "cde"
"abcde".substr(*-8); # 'out of range' error
/* Examples in Rexx */
right("abcde", 3) /* returns "cde" */
right("abcde", 8) /* returns " abcde" */
right("abcde", 8, "*") /* returns "***abcde" */
; Examples in Scheme
(use-modules (srfi srfi-13))
(string-take-right "abcde", 3) ; returns "cde"
(string-take-right "abcde", 8) ; error
' Examples in Visual Basic
Right("sandroguidi", 3) ' returns "idi"
Right("sandroguidi", 100) ' returns "sandroguidi"
rpartition
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, .rpartition(''separator'') Searches for the separator from right-to-left within the string then returns the sub-string before the separator; the separator; then the sub-string after the separator.
, -
! Description
, Splits the given string by the right-most separator and returns the three substrings that together make the original.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages
, -
, ''string''.rpartition(''separator'')
, Python, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
# Examples in Python
"Spam eggs spam spam and ham".rpartition('spam') ### ('Spam eggs spam ', 'spam', ' and ham')
"Spam eggs spam spam and ham".rpartition('X') ### ("", "", 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham')
slice
''see'' #substring
split
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, .split(''separator'' ''limit'' splits a string on separator, optionally only up to a limited number of substrings
, -
! Description
, Splits the given string by occurrences of the separator (itself a string) and returns a list (or array) of the substrings. If ''limit'' is given, after ''limit'' – 1 separators have been read, the rest of the string is made into the last substring, regardless of whether it has any separators in it. The Scheme and Erlang implementations are similar but differ in several ways. JavaScript differs also in that it cuts, it does not put the rest of the string into the last element
See the example here
The Cobra implementation will default to whitespace. Opposite of ''join''.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages
, -
, split(/''separator''/, ''string''«, ''limit''»)
, Perl 5
, -
, split(''separator'', ''string''«, ''limit''»)
''string''.split(''separator'', «''limit''»)
, Raku
, -
, explode(''separator'', ''string''«, ''limit''»)
, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, -
, ''string''.split(''separator''«, ''limit''-1»)
, Python
, -
, ''string''.split(''separator''«, ''limit''»)
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
, -
, string:tokens(''string'', ''sepchars'')
, Erlang
, -
, strings.Split(''string'', ''separator'')
strings.SplitN(''string'', ''separator'', ''limit'')
, Go
, -
, (string-tokenize ''string''« ''charset''« ''start''« ''end''»»»)
, Scheme (SRFI 13)
, -
, Split(''string'', ''sepchars''«, ''limit''»)
, VB
, -
, ''string''.Split(''sepchars''«, ''limit''«, ''options''»»)
, VB .NET, C#, F#
, -
, ''string'' -split ''separator''«, ''limit''«, ''options''»»
, Windows PowerShell
PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management program from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and the associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made open-s ...
, -
, Str.split (Str.regexp_string ''separator'') ''string''
, OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, D ...
, -
, std.string.split(''string'', ''separator'')
, D
, -
, 'string'' componentsSeparatedByString:''separator''/code>
, Objective-C
Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its N ...
(NSString *
only)
, -
, ''string''.componentsSeparatedByString(''separator'')
, Swift (Foundation)
, -
, TStringList.Delimiter, TStringList.DelimitedText
, Object Pascal
, -
, StringSplit 'string'', ''separator''«, ''limit''»/code>
, Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allow machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimi ...
, -
, ''string''.split«(''sepchars''«, ''limit''«, ''options''»»)»
, Cobra
, -
, split ''string separator''
, Tcl
, -
, (''separator''≠''string'')⊂''string''
or ''separator''(≠⊆⊢)''string''
in APL2 and Dyalog APL 16.0 respectively
, APL
, -
, ''string''.split(''separator'')
''string''.split(''limit'', ''separator'')
, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
// Example in C#
"abc,defgh,ijk".Split(','); // {"abc", "defgh", "ijk"}
"abc,defgh;ijk".Split(',', ';'); // {"abc", "defgh", "ijk"}
% Example in Erlang
string:tokens("abc;defgh;ijk", ";"). % abc", "defgh", "ijk"
// Examples in Java
"abc,defgh,ijk".split(","); // {"abc", "defgh", "ijk"}
"abc,defgh;ijk".split(",, ;"); // {"abc", "defgh", "ijk"}
{ Example in Pascal }
var
lStrings: TStringList;
lStr: string;
begin
lStrings := TStringList.Create;
lStrings.Delimiter := ',';
lStrings.DelimitedText := 'abc,defgh,ijk';
lStr := lStrings.Strings // 'abc'
lStr := lStrings.Strings // 'defgh'
lStr := lStrings.Strings // 'ijk'
end;
# Examples in Perl 5
split(/spam/, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham'); # ('Spam eggs ', ' ', ' and ham')
split(/X/, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham'); # ('Spam eggs spam spam and ham')
# Examples in Raku
'Spam eggs spam spam and ham'.split(/spam/); # (Spam eggs and ham)
split(/X/, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham'); # (Spam eggs spam spam and ham)
sprintf
''see'' #Format
strip
''see'' #trim
strcmp
''see'' #Compare (integer result)
substring
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, substring(''string'', ''startpos'', ''endpos'')
returns string
substr(''string'', ''startpos'', ''numChars'')
returns string
, -
! Description
, Returns a substring of ''string'' between starting at ''startpos'' and ''endpos'', or starting at ''startpos'' of length ''numChars''. The resulting string is truncated if there are fewer than ''numChars'' characters beyond the starting point. ''endpos'' represents the index after the last character in the substring. Note that for variable-length encodings such as UTF-8
UTF-8 is a variable-length character encoding used for electronic communication. Defined by the Unicode Standard, the name is derived from ''Unicode'' (or ''Universal Coded Character Set'') ''Transformation Format 8-bit''.
UTF-8 is capable of ...
, UTF-16
UTF-16 (16-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points of Unicode (in fact this number of code points is dictated by the design of UTF-16). The encoding is variable-length, as cod ...
or Shift-JIS
Shift JIS (Shift Japanese Industrial Standards, also SJIS, MIME name Shift_JIS, known as PCK in Solaris contexts) is a character encoding for the Japanese language, originally developed by a Japanese company called ASCII Corporation in conjunct ...
, it can be necessary to remove string positions at the end, in order to avoid invalid strings.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages
, -
, string 'startpos'':''endpos''/code>
, ALGOL 68
ALGOL 68 (short for ''Algorithmic Language 1968'') is an imperative programming language that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously ...
(changes base index)
, -
, string (''startpos'' .. ''endpos'')
, Ada (changes base index)
, -
, Mid(''string'', ''startpos'', ''numChars'')
, VB
, -
, mid(''string'', ''startpos'', ''numChars'')
, FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC is a free and open source multiplatform compiler and programming language based on BASIC licensed under the GNU GPL for Microsoft Windows, protected-mode MS-DOS ( DOS extender), Linux, FreeBSD and Xbox. The Xbox version is no lon ...
, -
, ''string'' 'startpos''+(⍳''numChars'')-~⎕IO/code>
, APL
, -
, MID$(''string'', ''startpos'', ''numChars'')
, BASIC
BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages designed for ease of use. The original version was created by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth College ...
, -
, substr(''string'', ''startpos'', ''numChars'')
, AWK (changes string), Perl 5, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, -
, substr(''string'', ''startpos'', ''numChars'')
''string''.substr(''startpos'', ''numChars'')
, Raku
, -
, substr(''string'', ''startpos'' «,''numChars'', ''padChar''»)
, Rexx
, -
, ''string'' 'startpos'':''endpos''/code>
, Cobra, Python, Go
, -
, ''string'' 'startpos'', ''numChars''/code>
, Pick Basic
, -
, ''string'' 'startpos'', ''numChars''
''string'' 'startpos'' .. ''endpos''-1
''string'' 'startpos'' ... ''endpos''/code>
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
, -
, ''string'' 'startpos'' .. ''endpos''
''string'' 'startpos'' len ''numChars''/code>
, Seed7
, -
, ''string''.slice(''startpos''«, ''endpos''»)
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, -
, ''string''.substr(''startpos''«, ''numChars''»)
, C++ (STL), JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, -
, ''string''.Substring(''startpos'', ''numChars'')
, VB .NET, C#, Windows PowerShell
PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management program from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and the associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made open-s ...
, F#
, -
, ''string''.substring(''startpos''«, ''endpos''»)
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, -
, copy(''string'', ''startpos'', ''numChars'')
, Object Pascal (Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracl ...
)
, -
, (substring ''string'' ''startpos'' ''endpos'')
, Scheme
, -
, (subseq ''string'' ''startpos'' ''endpos'')
, Common Lisp
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ''ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)'' (formerly ''X3.226-1994 (R1999)''). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived fr ...
, -
, (subseq ''string'' ''startpos'' ''endpos'')
, ISLISP
, -
, String.sub ''string'' ''startpos'' ''numChars''
, OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, D ...
, -
, substring (''string'', ''startpos'', ''numChars'')
, Standard ML
, -
, string:sub_string(''string'', ''startpos'', ''endpos'')
string:substr(''string'', ''startpos'', ''numChars'')
, Erlang
, -
, strncpy(''result'', ''string'' + ''startpos'', ''numChars'');
, C
, -
, ''string'' 'startpos'' .. ''endpos''+1/code>
, D
, -
, take ''numChars'' $ drop ''startpos'' ''string''
, Haskell
, -
, 'string'' substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(''startpos'', ''numChars'')/code>
, Objective-C
Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its N ...
(NSString *
only)
, -
, ''string''. 'startpos''..''endpos''/code>
, F#
, -
, string.sub(''string'', ''startpos'', ''endpos'')
(''string''):sub(''startpos'', ''endpos'')
, Lua
Lua or LUA may refer to:
Science and technology
* Lua (programming language)
* Latvia University of Agriculture
* Last universal ancestor, in evolution
Ethnicity and language
* Lua people, of Laos
* Lawa people, of Thailand sometimes referred t ...
, -
, ''string'' copyFrom: ''startpos'' to: ''endpos''
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
, -
, ''string''(''startpos'':''endpos'')
, Fortran
, -
, SUBSTRING(''string'' FROM ''startpos'' «FOR ''numChars''»)
, SQL
, -
, StringTake 'string'', {''startpos'', ''endpos''}/code>
, Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allow machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimi ...
, -
, ''string'' (''startpos'':''numChars'')
, COBOL
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily ...
, -
, ${''string_param'':''startpos'':''numChars''}
, Bash
, -
, string range ''string startpos endpos''
, Tcl
, -
, ''string'' 'startpos''..''endpos''/code>
''string''.get(''startpos''..''endpos'')
, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
// Examples in C#
"abc".Substring(1, 1): // returns "b"
"abc".Substring(1, 2); // returns "bc"
"abc".Substring(1, 6); // error
;; Examples in Common Lisp
(subseq "abc" 1 2) ; returns "b"
(subseq "abc" 2) ; returns "c"
% Examples in Erlang
string:substr("abc", 2, 1). % returns "b"
string:substr("abc", 2). % returns "bc"
# Examples in Perl 5
substr("abc", 1, 1); # returns "b"
substr("abc", 1); # returns "bc"
# Examples in Raku
"abc".substr(1, 1); # returns "b"
"abc".substr(1); # returns "bc"
# Examples in Python
"abc" :2 # returns "b"
"abc" :3 # returns "bc"
/* Examples in Rexx */
substr("abc", 2, 1) /* returns "b" */
substr("abc", 2) /* returns "bc" */
substr("abc", 2, 6) /* returns "bc " */
substr("abc", 2, 6, "*") /* returns "bc****" */
Uppercase
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="background:#fffeed;"
! Definition
, uppercase(''string'')
returns string
, -
! Description
, Returns the string in upper case.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Format !! Languages
, -
, UCase(''string'')
, VB
, -
, ucase(''string'')
, FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC is a free and open source multiplatform compiler and programming language based on BASIC licensed under the GNU GPL for Microsoft Windows, protected-mode MS-DOS ( DOS extender), Linux, FreeBSD and Xbox. The Xbox version is no lon ...
, -
, toupper(''string'')
, AWK (changes string)
, -
, uc(''string'')
, Perl
Perl is a family of two High-level programming language, high-level, General-purpose programming language, general-purpose, Interpreter (computing), interpreted, dynamic programming languages. "Perl" refers to Perl 5, but from 2000 to 2019 it ...
, Raku
, -
, ''string''.uc
, Raku
, -
, toupper(''char'')
, C (operates on one character)
, -
, for(size_t i = 0, len = strlen(''string''); i< len; i++) ''string'' = toupper(''string'' ;
for (char *c = ''string''; *c != '\0'; c++) *c = toupper(*c);
, C (string / char array)
, -
, std.string.toUpper(''string'')
, D
, -
, transform(''string''.begin(), ''string''.end(), ''result''.begin(), toupper)
, C++
, -
, uppercase(''string'')
, Object Pascal (Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracl ...
)
, -
, upcase(''char'')
, Object Pascal (Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracl ...
) (operates on one character)
, -
, strtoupper(''string'')
, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, -
, upper(''string'')
, Seed7
, -
, ${''string_param''^^}
(mnemonic: ^ is pointing up)
, Bash
, -
, echo "string" , tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
, Unix
Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, a ...
, -
, translate(''string'')
, or
UPPER variables
, or
PARSE UPPER VAR SrcVar DstVar
, Rexx
, -
, ''string''.upper()
, Python
, -
, upcase(''string'')
, Pick Basic
, -
, ''string''.upcase
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
, -
, strings.ToUpper(''string'')
, Go
, -
, (string-upcase ''string'')
, Scheme, Common Lisp
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ''ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)'' (formerly ''X3.226-1994 (R1999)''). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived fr ...
, -
, String.uppercase ''string''
, OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, D ...
, -
, String.map Char.toUpper ''string''
, Standard ML
, -
, map Char.toUpper ''string''
, Haskell
, -
, ''string''.toUpperCase()
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
, -
, to_upper(''string'')
, Erlang
, -
, ''string''.ToUpper()
, VB .NET, C#, Windows PowerShell
PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management program from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and the associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made open-s ...
, F#
, -
, ''string''.uppercaseString
, Objective-C
Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its N ...
(NSString *
only), Swift (Foundation)
, -
, string.upper(''string'')
(''string''):upper()
, Lua
Lua or LUA may refer to:
Science and technology
* Lua (programming language)
* Latvia University of Agriculture
* Last universal ancestor, in evolution
Ethnicity and language
* Lua people, of Laos
* Lawa people, of Thailand sometimes referred t ...
, -
, ''string'' asUppercase
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
, -
, UPPER(''string'')
, SQL
, -
, ToUpperCase 'string''/code>
, Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allow machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimi ...
, -
, «FUNCTION» UPPER-CASE(''string'')
, COBOL
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily ...
, -
, ''string''.toUpper
, Cobra
, -
, string toupper ''string''
, Tcl
, -
, ''string''.to_uppercase()
, Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
// Example in C#
"Wiki means fast?".ToUpper(); // "WIKI MEANS FAST?"
# Example in Perl 5
uc("Wiki means fast?"); # "WIKI MEANS FAST?"
# Example in Raku
uc("Wiki means fast?"); # "WIKI MEANS FAST?"
"Wiki means fast?".uc; # "WIKI MEANS FAST?"
/* Example in Rexx */
translate("Wiki means fast?") /* "WIKI MEANS FAST?" */
/* Example #2 */
A='This is an example.'
UPPER A /* "THIS IS AN EXAMPLE." */
/* Example #3 */
A='upper using Translate Function.'
Translate UPPER VAR A Z /* Z="UPPER USING TRANSLATE FUNCTION." */
; Example in Scheme
(use-modules (srfi srfi-13))
(string-upcase "Wiki means fast?") ; "WIKI MEANS FAST?"
' Example in Visual Basic
UCase("Wiki means fast?") ' "WIKI MEANS FAST?"
trim
trim
or strip
is used to remove whitespace from the beginning, end, or both beginning and end, of a string.
{, class="wikitable"
, - style="text-align:left;"
! Example usage !! Languages
, -
, ''String''.Trim( 'chars''
, C#, VB.NET, Windows PowerShell
PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management program from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and the associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made open-s ...
, -
, ''string''.strip();
, D
, -
, (.trim ''string'')
, Clojure
, -
, ''sequence'' predicate? trim
, Factor
Factor, a Latin word meaning "who/which acts", may refer to:
Commerce
* Factor (agent), a person who acts for, notably a mercantile and colonial agent
* Factor (Scotland), a person or firm managing a Scottish estate
* Factors of production, ...
, -
, (string-trim '(#\Space #\Tab #\Newline) ''string'')
, Common Lisp
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ''ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)'' (formerly ''X3.226-1994 (R1999)''). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived fr ...
, -
, (string-trim ''string'')
, Scheme
, -
, ''string''.trim()
, Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of Website, websites use JavaScript on the Client (computing), client side ...
(1.8.1+, Firefox 3.5+), Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
, -
, Trim(''String'')
, Pascal, QBasic, Visual Basic, Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracl ...
, -
, ''string''.strip()
, Python
, -
, strings.Trim(''string'', ''chars'')
, Go
, -
, LTRIM(RTRIM(''String''))
, Oracle
An oracle is a person or agency considered to provide wise and insightful counsel or prophetic predictions, most notably including precognition of the future, inspired by deities. As such, it is a form of divination.
Description
The wor ...
SQL, T-SQL
, -
, strip(''string'' ''option'', ''char''
, REXX
, -
, string:strip(''string'' ''option'', ''char''
, Erlang
, -
, ''string''.strip or ''string''.lstrip or ''string''.rstrip
, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapp ...
, -
, ''string''.trim
, Raku
, -
, trim(''string'')
, PHP
PHP is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementati ...
, Raku
, -
, 'string'' stringByTrimmingCharactersInSet:[NSCharacterSet whitespaceAndNewlineCharacterSet
, Objective-C
Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its N ...
using Cocoa (API), Cocoa
, -
, ''string'' withBlanksTrimmed
''string'' withoutSpaces
''string'' withoutSeparators
, Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
(Squeak, Pharo)
Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed reflective programming language. It was designed and created in part for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by ...
, -
, strip(string)
, SAS
SAS or Sas may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
* ''SAS'' (novel series), a French book series by Gérard de Villiers
* ''Shimmer and Shine'', an American animated children's television series
* Southern All Stars, a Japanese rock ba ...
, -
, string trim ''$string''
, Tcl
, -
, TRIM(''string'') or TRIM(ADJUSTL(''string''))
, Fortran
, -
, TRIM(''string'')
, SQL
, -
, TRIM(''string'') or LTrim(''string'') or RTrim(''String'')
, ColdFusion
, -
, String.trim ''string''
, OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, D ...
4+
Other languages
In languages without a built-in trim function, it is usually simple to create a custom function which accomplishes the same task.
APL
APL can use regular expressions directly:
Trim←'^ +, +$'⎕R''
Alternatively, a functional approach combining Boolean masks that filter away leading and trailing spaces:
Trim←{⍵/⍨(∨\∧∘⌽∨\∘⌽)' '≠⍵}
Or reverse and remove leading spaces, twice:
Trim←{(∨\' '≠⍵)/⍵}∘⌽⍣2
AWK
In AWK, one can use regular expressions to trim:
ltrim(v) = gsub(/^ \t/, "", v)
rtrim(v) = gsub(/ \t$/, "", v)
trim(v) = ltrim(v); rtrim(v)
or:
function ltrim(s) { sub(/^ \t/, "", s); return s }
function rtrim(s) { sub(/ \t$/, "", s); return s }
function trim(s) { return rtrim(ltrim(s)); }
C/C++
There is no standard trim function in C or C++. Most of the available string libraries for C contain code which implements trimming, or functions that significantly ease an efficient implementation. The function has also often been called EatWhitespace in some non-standard C libraries.
In C, programmers often combine a ltrim and rtrim to implement trim:
#include
#include
void rtrim(char *str)
{
char *s;
s = str + strlen(str);
while (--s >= str) {
if (!isspace(*s)) break;
*s = 0;
}
}
void ltrim(char *str)
{
size_t n;
n = 0;
while (str != '\0' && isspace((unsigned char) str ) {
n++;
}
memmove(str, str + n, strlen(str) - n + 1);
}
void trim(char *str)
{
rtrim(str);
ltrim(str);
}
The open source
Open source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open-source model is a decentralized sof ...
C++ library Boost
Boost, boosted or boosting may refer to:
Science, technology and mathematics
* Boost, positive manifold pressure in turbocharged engines
* Boost (C++ libraries), a set of free peer-reviewed portable C++ libraries
* Boost (material), a material b ...
has several trim variants, including a standard one:
#include
trimmed = boost::algorithm::trim_copy("string");
Note that with boost's function named simply trim
the input sequence is modified in-place, and does not return a result.
Another open source
Open source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open-source model is a decentralized sof ...
C++ library Qt has several trim variants, including a standard one:
#include
trimmed = s.trimmed();
The Linux kernel
The Linux kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, modular, multitasking, Unix-like operating system kernel. It was originally authored in 1991 by Linus Torvalds for his i386-based PC, and it was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU ...
also includes a strip function, strstrip()
, since 2.6.18-rc1, which trims the string "in place". Since 2.6.33-rc1, the kernel uses strim()
instead of strstrip()
to avoid false warnings.
Haskell
A trim algorithm in Haskell:
import Data.Char (isSpace)
trim :: String -> String
trim = f . f
where f = reverse . dropWhile isSpace
may be interpreted as follows: ''f'' drops the preceding whitespace, and reverses the string. ''f'' is then again applied to its own output. Note that the type signature (the second line) is optional.
J
The trim algorithm in J is a functional description:
trim =. #~ [: (+./\ *. +./\.) ' '&~:
That is: filter (#~
) for non-space characters (' '&~:
) between leading (+./\
) and (*.
) trailing (+./\.
) spaces.
JavaScript
There is a built-in trim function in JavaScript 1.8.1 (Firefox 3.5 and later), and the ECMAScript 5 standard. In earlier versions it can be added to the String object's prototype as follows:
String.prototype.trim = function() {
return this.replace(/^\s+/g, "").replace(/\s+$/g, "");
};
Perl
Perl 5 has no built-in trim function. However, the functionality is commonly achieved using regular expression
A regular expression (shortened as regex or regexp; sometimes referred to as rational expression) is a sequence of characters that specifies a search pattern in text. Usually such patterns are used by string-searching algorithms for "find" ...
s.
Example:
$string =~ s/^\s+//; # remove leading whitespace
$string =~ s/\s+$//; # remove trailing whitespace
or:
$string =~ s/^\s+, \s+$//g ; # remove both leading and trailing whitespace
These examples modify the value of the original variable $string
.
Also available for Perl is StripLTSpace in String::Strip
from CPAN.
There are, however, two functions that are commonly used to strip whitespace from the end of strings, chomp
and chop
:
* chop
/code> removes the last character from a string and returns it.
*
/code> removes the trailing newline character(s) from a string if present. (What constitutes a newline i
dependent).
In Raku, the upcoming sister language of Perl, strings have a trim
method.
Example:
$string = $string.trim; # remove leading and trailing whitespace
$string .= trim; # same thing
Tcl
The Tcl string
command has three relevant subcommands: trim
, trimright
and trimleft
. For each of those commands, an additional argument may be specified: a string that represents a set of characters to remove—the default is whitespace (space, tab, newline, carriage return).
Example of trimming vowels:
set string onomatopoeia
set trimmed tring trim $string aeiou ;# result is nomatop
set r_trimmed tring trimright $string aeiou
Tring is a market town and civil parish in the Borough of Dacorum, Hertfordshire, England. It is situated in a gap passing through the Chiltern Hills, classed as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, from Central London. Tring is linked ...
;# result is onomatop
set l_trimmed tring trimleft $string aeiou
Tring is a market town and civil parish in the Borough of Dacorum, Hertfordshire, England. It is situated in a gap passing through the Chiltern Hills, classed as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, from Central London. Tring is linke ...
;# result is nomatopoeia
XSLT
XSLT
XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a language originally designed for transforming XML documents into other XML documents, or other formats such as HTML for web pages, plain text or XSL Formatting Objects, which may subse ...
includes the function normalize-space(''string'')
which strips leading and trailing whitespace, in addition to replacing any whitespace sequence (including line breaks) with a single space.
Example:
XSLT 2.0 includes regular expressions, providing another mechanism to perform string trimming.
Another XSLT technique for trimming is to utilize the XPath 2.0 substring()
function.
References
{{Reflist, refs=
the index can be negative, which then indicates the number of places before the end of the string.
the index can not be negative, use *-N where N indicate the number of places before the end of the string.
''startpos
'' can be negative, which indicates to start that number of places before the end of the string.
''endpos
'' can be negative, which indicates to end that number of places before the end of the string.
''numChars
'' can be negative, which indicates to end that number of places before the end of the string.
''startpos
'' can not be negative, use ''* - startpos'' to indicate to start that number of places before the end of the string.
''numChars
'' can not be negative, use ''* - numChars'' to indicate to end that number of places before the end of the string.
*String functions
Programming language comparison
Articles with example Python (programming language) code