Legio IV Scythica

Legio IV Scythica ("Scythian Fourth Legion"), also written as Legio IIII ''Scythica'', was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in by the Roman general Mark Antony, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence its other ''cognomen'', ''Parthica''. The legion was still active in the Roman province of Syria in the early 5th century.

Origins and service during the Roman Republic

The Legio IV ''Scythica'' was founded by the Roman general Mark Antony after 42 BC. It is unknown where the legion was first stationed, although Syria is a possibility. If that is the case, the legion most likely took part in Mark Antony's campaign against the Parthians. The name ''Scythica'' implies that it fought the Scythians. The Scythians were a group of nomadic tribes located near a Roman city named Olbia. The Scythians also occasionally tried to cross the Danube. This makes it very likely the Legion defeated one of the Scythian tribes in a battle.

Service under the Roman Empire

After the Battle of Actium (31 BC) and Mark Antony's suicide, Octavian transferred the Legio IV ''Scythica'' to the Roman province of Moesia, in the Danube area. The legion is reported to have taken part in civilian tasks, such as the building and keeping of roads. In his youth, future Roman Emperor Vespasian served in this legion. The legion's base was probably at Viminacium.

Tiberius's war against Illyria

Between 6 and 9 AD, the IV ''Scythica'' took part in Tiberius' wars against the Illyrians and Pannonians. The legion also constructed roads and other works of engineering in the Danube area.

Roman–Parthian War of 58–63

King Vologases I of Parthia invaded Armenia, a client kingdom of Rome, in 58 AD, beginning the war against the Parthians (58–63 AD). Nero ordered Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, the new legate of Cappadocia, to manage the matter. Corbulo brought the Legio IIII ''Scythica'' from Moesia, and with the legions III ''Gallica'' and VI ''Ferrata'' they defeated the Parthians, restoring Tigranes VI to the Armenian throne. In 62 AD, IIII ''Scythica'' and XII ''Fulminata'', commanded by the new legate of Cappadocia, Lucius Caesennius Paetus, were defeated by the Parthians at the Battle of Rhandeia and forced to surrender. The legions were covered with shame and withdrawn from the war theatre to Zeugma. This city would be the base camp of IIII ''Scythica'' for the next century.

Year of the Four Emperors

In the Year of the Four Emperors, in 69 AD, the IV ''Scythica'', alongside the rest of the Eastern legions, sided with Vespasian immediately. Despite the demonstrated loyalty, IV ''Scythica'' was not involved in actual fighting because it was not considered a high-quality legion. This was a consequence of an earlier defeat in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD). In 70 AD, the legion was used to stop a pogrom against the Jewish population of Antioch. The legion would also build a canal in Seleucia Pieria.

Roman–Parthian Wars and Roman–Sassanid Wars

The IV ''Scythica'' took part in the Parthian campaign of Trajan, As well as the war against the Parthians (161–166 AD). Between 181 and 183 AD, Septimius Severus acted as the commander of the Eastern legions, and he later relied on the power of said legions to become the next Roman Emperor. The legion's former commander, now Emperor, Semptimus Severus would lead another campaign against the Parthians. This campaign also used the IV ''Scythica''. The legion was most likely involved in the eastern campaign of Caracalla in 219 AD.

Revolt and disappearance

The legion disappeared from Roman historiographical sources after 219 AD, when their commander, Gellius Maximus, rebelled against Emperor Elagabalus and proclaimed himself Emperor, but was defeated. However, according to '' Notitia Dignitatum'' (XXXIII), in the early 3rd century, the IV ''Scythica'' was still active in Roman Syria, camped in Orese. It is possible this legion participated in the campaigns of Severus Alexander and Odaenathus against the Sassanids.

Attested members

Epigraphic testimonies

*
* .

Unit symbol

The legion's symbol was a capricorn.''Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971–2000'', L. J. F. Keppie, page 128.

In popular culture

The legion appeared in Harry Sidebottom's series of historical novels ''Warrior of Rome''.

See also

* List of Roman legions
* Siege of Dura-Europos (256)

References

External links

livius.org account of Legio IV ''Scythica''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Legio Iv Scythica
1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic
210s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
219 disestablishments
40s BC establishments
First Jewish–Roman War
Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC
Moesia
04 Scythica
Roman–Parthian Wars
Roman–Sasanian Wars
Roman Syria
Year of the Four Emperors