Lectionary 228, designated by

siglum Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (singular: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse. In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mecha ...

ℓ ''228'' (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has ...

of the

New Testament The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, as well as events relating to Christianity in the 1st century, first-century Christianit ...

, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 15th century.''Handschriftenliste''
at the ''INTF''

Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (29 September 181330 October 1891) was an English writer and scholar. Additionally, he was a New Testament textual critic and a member of the English New Testament Revision Committee which produced the Revised V ...

labelled it by 253^evl. Some leaves of the manuscript were lost.CSNTM description
/ref>

Description

The codex contains 15 lessons from the

Gospel Gospel originally meant the Christianity, Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the second century Anno domino, AD the term (, from which the English word originated as a calque) came to be used also for the books in which the message w ...

Acts of the Apostles The Acts of the Apostles (, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; ) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of The gospel, its message to the Roman Empire. Acts and the Gospel of Luke make u ...

, and Epistles, and three from the

Old Testament The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Isr ...

lectionary A lectionary () is a book or listing that contains a collection of scripture readings appointed for Christianity, Christian or Judaism, Jewish worship on a given day or occasion. There are sub-types such as a "gospel lectionary" or evangeliary, ...

(''Evangelistarium'', ''Apostolarium''), with some lacunae. The text is written in Greek

minuscule Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (more formally ''majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (more formally '' minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing system ...

letters, on 177 paper leaves – for the New Testament – (), in one column per page, 26 lines per page. The initial letters are rubricated. The whole codex has 228 leaves. Two leaves numbered 20, two leaves numbered 21, 29r not numbered, 35r not numbered, 64r has two numbers, 66r has two numbers. It was written by several various hands. The initial letters are beautifully decorated. Accents and breathings are inaccurate. Errors of itacisms are frequent, especially the interchange of ο and ω. Lessons from the Epistles and Gospels about in equal numbers. From the

Septuaginta The Septuagint ( ), sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (), and abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Biblical Hebrew. The full Greek ...

occur as lessons Isaiah 12:3-6; 35:1-10; 55:1-13; Ps 137:1-6.Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
''Adversaria Critica Sacra: With a Short Explanatory Introduction''
(Cambridge, 1893), pp. LXXII-LXXIII Some reading are remarkable. : Matthew 1:5 – εκ της ραχαβ and εκ της ρουθ : Matthew 1:16 – ματθαν δε εγεννησε των ιακωβ ιακωβ δε : Luke 2:3 – εκαστος : Luke 2:5 – εγκυω ] εγγυω

History

Scrivener dated the manuscript to the 13th century, Gregory dated it to the 15th century. It has been assigned by the

Institute for New Testament Textual Research The Institute for New Testament Textual Research ( — INTF) at the University of Münster, Westphalia, Germany, is to research the textual history of the New Testament and to reconstruct its Greek initial text on the basis of the entire manusc ...

(INTF) to the 15th century. Of the early history of the codex nothing is known until 1864, when it was in the possession of a dealer at

Janina Ioannina ( ' ), often called Yannena ( ' ) within Greece, is the capital and largest city of the Ioannina (regional unit), Ioannina regional unit and of Epirus (region), Epirus, an Modern regions of Greece, administrative region in northwester ...

in Epeiros. It was then purchased from him by a representative of Baroness Burdett-Coutts (1814–1906), a philanthropist, along with other Greek manuscripts (among them Lectionary 214-

227 Year 227 (Roman numerals, CCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Senecio and Fulvius (or, less frequently, year 980 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination ...

). They were transported to England in 1870-1871. The manuscript was presented by Burdett-Coutts to Sir Roger Cholmely's School, and was housed at the Highgate (Burdett-Coutts III. 53), in London. The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scrivener (number 253) and

Gregory Gregory may refer to: People and fictional characters * Gregory (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Gregory (surname), a surname *Gregory (The Walking Dead), fictional character from the walkin ...

(number 228). Gregory saw it in 1883. In 1922 it was acquired for the University of Michigan. The manuscript was described by K. W. Clark in 1937. The manuscript is not cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3).''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), pp. XXVIII, XXX. The codex is housed at the

University of Michigan The University of Michigan (U-M, U of M, or Michigan) is a public university, public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Mi ...

(Ms. 43) in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Gallery

File:Lectionary 228 GA 0025a.JPG, Folio 25 recto File:Lectionary 228 GA 0063a.JPG, Folio 63 recto; two initials File:Lectionary 228 GA 0190a.JPG, Folio 190 recto

Notes and references

Bibliography

* Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
''Adversaria Critica Sacra: With a Short Explanatory Introduction''
(Cambridge, 1893), pp. LXXII-LXXIII (as z) * Kenneth W. Clark, ''A Descriptive Catalogue of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in America'' (Chicago, 1937), pp. 316–317.

External links

Images of Lectionary 228
at the CSNTM {{DEFAULTSORT:Lectionary 0228 Greek New Testament lectionaries 15th-century biblical manuscripts Septuagint manuscripts