Lard

Lard is a semi-solid white fat product obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of a pig.Lard
entry in the online ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''. Accessed on 2020-07-05. It is distinguished from tallow, a similar product derived from fat of cattle or sheep.

Lard can be rendered by steaming, boiling, or dry heat. The culinary qualities of lard vary somewhat depending on the origin and processing method; if properly rendered, it may be nearly odorless and tasteless.E. S. Clifton, Joseph Kastelic, and Belle Lowe (1955): ''Relationships between Lard Production Methods, Volumes of Production, Costs and Characteristics of Lard Produced in Selected Packing Plants''. Research Bulletin 422, Iowa State College Experiment Station, US Department of Agriculture. It has a high saturated fatty acid content and no trans fat. At retail, refined lard is usually sold as paper-wrapped blocks.

Many cuisines use lard as a cooking fat or shortening, or as a spread in the same ways as butter. It is an ingredient in various savoury dishes such as sausages, pâtés, and fillings. As a replacement for butter, it provides flakiness to pastry. In western cuisine, it has ceded its popularity to vegetable oils, but many cooks and bakers still favor it over other fats for certain uses.

History

Lard has always been an important cooking and baking staple in cultures where pork is an important dietary item, with pig fat often being as valuable a product as pork.

During the 19th century, lard was used in a similar way to butter in North America and many European nations. Lard remained about as popular as butter in the early 20th century and was widely used as a substitute for butter during World War II. As a readily available by-product of modern pork production, lard had been cheaper than most vegetable oils, and it was common in many people's diet until the Industrial Revolution made vegetable oils more common and more affordable. Vegetable shortenings were developed in the early 1900s, which made it possible to use vegetable-based fats in baking and in other uses where solid fats were called for. Upton Sinclair's novel ''The Jungle'', though fictional, portrayed men falling into rendering vats and being sold as lard, which generated negative publicity.

By the late 20th century lard began to be considered less healthy than vegetable oils (such as olive and sunflower oil) because of its high content of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. However, despite its reputation, lard has less saturated fat, more unsaturated fat and less cholesterol than an equal amount of butter by weight. Un hydrogenated lard contains no transfats. It has also been regarded as a " poverty food".

In the 1990s and early 2000s, however, chefs and bakers rediscovered lard's unique culinary values, leading to a partial rehabilitation of this fat among " foodies". Negative publicity about the transfat content of the partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in vegetable shortening has partially driven this trend. Chef and food writer Rick Bayless is a prominent proponent of the virtues of lard for certain types of cooking."The Real Thing: nothing beats lard for old-fashioned flavor"
by Matthew Amster-Burton, ''The Seattle Times'', September 10, 2006."Don't let lard throw you into a tizzy"
by Jacqueline Higuera-McMahan, ''San Francisco Chronicle'', March 12, 2003."Light, Fluffy – Believe It, It's Not Butter"
by Matt Lee and Ted Lee, ''New York Times'', October 11, 2000."Heart-stopping moment for doctors as we're falling in love again with lard"
by Sally Williams, '' Western Mail'', January 5, 2006.

It is also again becoming popular in the United Kingdom among aficionados of traditional British cuisine. This led to a "lard crisis" in late 2004."Chefs prize it. The French love it. The Poles are hogging it. And now Britain's running out of it."
by Christopher Hirst, ''The Independent'', November 20, 2004.

Production

Lard is produced mainly in China, followed by Germany, Brazil, United States, and Russia.

Lard can be obtained from any part of the pig that has a high concentration of fatty tissue. The highest grade of lard, known as leaf lard, is obtained from the "flare" visceral fat deposit surrounding the kidneys and inside the loin. Leaf lard has little pork flavor, making it ideal for use in baked goods, where it is valued for its ability to produce flaky, moist pie crusts. The next-highest grade is obtained from fatback, the hard subcutaneous fat between the pig's back skin and muscle. The lowest grade (for purposes of rendering into lard) is obtained from the soft caul fat surrounding digestive organs, such as small intestines, though caul fat is often used directly as a wrapping for roasting lean meats or in the manufacture of pâtés.Davidson, Alan. (2002). ''The Penguin Companion to Food''. New York: Penguin Books. "Caul"; p 176–177. Davidson, Alan. (2002). ''The Penguin Companion to Food''. New York: Penguin Books. "Lard"; p 530–531. Ockerman, Herbert W. and Basu, Lopa. (2006). Edible rendering – rendered products for human use. In: Meeker DL (ed).
Essential Rendering: All About The Animal By-Products Industry
'. Arlington, VA: National Renderers Association. p 95–110. (Warning: large document).

Lard may be rendered by two processes: wet or dry. In wet rendering, pig fat is boiled in water or steamed at a high temperature and the lard, which is insoluble in water, is skimmed from the surface of the mixture or separated in an industrial centrifuge. In dry rendering, the fat is exposed to high heat in a pan or oven without water (a process similar to frying bacon). The two processes yield somewhat differing products. Wet-rendered lard has a more neutral flavor, a lighter color, and a high smoke point. Dry-rendered lard is somewhat browner and has a caramelized flavor and has a lower smoke point.Rombaur, Irma S, et al. (1997). '' Joy of Cooking'' (revised ed). New York: Scribner. "About lard and other animal fats"; p 1069.

Industrially-produced lard, including much of the lard sold in supermarkets, is rendered from a mixture of high and low quality fat from throughout the pig."Ask ''Cook's'': Is Lard an Acceptable Shortening?", ''Cook's Illustrated'', November 2004. Lard is often hydrogenated to improve its stability at room temperature. Hydrogenated lard sold to consumers typically contains fewer than 0.5 g of transfats per 13 g serving. Lard is also often treated with bleaching and deodorizing agents, emulsifiers, and antioxidants such as BHT. These treatments make it more consistent and prevent spoilage. (Untreated lard must be refrigerated or frozen to prevent rancidity.)"Make Your Own Lard: Believe it or not, it's good for you"
by Lynn Siprelle, ''The New Homemaker'', Winter 2006.

Consumers wanting a higher-quality source of lard typically seek out artisanal producers, or render it themselves from leaf lard or fatback.

A by-product of dry-rendering lard is deep-fried meat, skin and membrane tissue known as cracklings.

Composition

Lard consists mainly of fats, which in the context of chemistry are known as triglycerides. Triglycerides contain three fatty acids, varying from one triglyceride to another. In general lard is similar to tallow in its composition. About 20% of lard is the achiral triglyceride with palmitic acid on carbon 2 and oleic acid on carbons 1 and 3. Pigs that have been fed different diets will have lard with a significantly different fatty acid content and iodine value. Peanut-fed hogs or the acorn-fed pigs raised for Jamón ibérico therefore produce a somewhat different kind of lard compared to pigs raised in North American farms that are fed corn.Ockerman, Herbert W. (1991). Source book for food scientists (Second Edition). Westport, CN: AVI Publishing Company.

Culinary use

Lard is one of the few edible oils with a relatively high smoke point, attributable to its high saturated fatty acids content. Pure lard is especially useful for cooking since it produces little smoke when heated and has a distinct flavor when combined with other foods. Many chefs and bakers prize lard over other types of shortening because of its flavor and range of applications.Julie R. Thomson
"10 Reasons You Should Be Cooking With Lard,"
''HuffPost Taste,'' 28 April 2014 (Retrieved 5 October 2014).

Nutritional value

Compared to other fats

In baking

Because of the relatively large fat crystals in lard, it is extremely effective as a shortening in baking. Pie crusts made with lard tend to be flakier than those made with butter. Many cooks employ both types of fat in their pastries to combine the shortening properties of lard with the flavor of butter."Heaven in a Pie Pan – The Perfect Crust"
by Melissa Clark, ''New York Times'', November 15, 2006.King Arthur Flour. (2003). ''King Arthur Flour Baker's Companion: The All-Purpose Baking Cookbook.'' Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press. "Lard"; p. 550.

In cuisines

Lard was once widely used in the cuisines of Europe, China and the New World and still plays a significant role in British, Central European, Mexican and Chinese cuisines. In British cuisine, lard is a traditional ingredient in mince pies and Christmas puddings, lardy cake and for frying fish and chips as well as many other uses.

Lard is traditionally one of the main ingredients in the Scandinavian pâté leverpostej.

In Spain, one of the most popular versions of the Andalusian breakfast includes several kinds of ''mantecas'' differently seasoned, consumed spread over toasted bread. Among other variants, '' manteca colorá'' (lard with paprika) and ''zurrapa de lomo'' (lard with pork flakes) are the preferred ones. In Catalan cuisine lard is used to make the dough for the pastry known as coca. In the Balearics particularly, ensaïmada dough also contains lard.

Lard consumed as a spread on bread was once very common in Europe and North America, especially those areas where dairy fats and vegetable oils were rare.

As the demand for lard grows in the high-end restaurant industry, small farmers have begun to specialize in heritage hog breeds with higher body-fat contents than the leaner, modern hog. Breeds such as the Mangalitsa hog of Hungary or Large Black pig of Great Britain are experiencing an enormous resurgence, to the point that breeders are unable to keep up with demand.

When used without qualification the word 'lard' in English generally refers to wet-rendered lard, which has a very mild, neutral flavor as opposed to the more noticeably pork-flavored dry-rendered lard, or dripping. Dripping sandwiches are still popular in several European countries— Hungarian ''zsíroskenyér'' ("lardy bread") or ''zsírosdeszka'' ("lardy plank"), and German "Fettbemme", seasoned pork fat. Similar snacks are sometimes served with beer in Poland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia. They are generally topped with onions, served with salt and paprika, and eaten as a side-dish with beer. All of these are commonly translated on menus as "lard" sandwiches, perhaps due to the lack of familiarity of most contemporary English native speakers with dripping. Attempts to use Hungarian ''zsír'' or Polish ''smalec'' (both meaning "fat/lard") when British recipes calling for lard will reveal the difference between the wet-rendered lard and dripping. In Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, as well as in many parts of China, lard was often consumed mixed into cooked rice along with soy sauce to make "lard rice" (豬油拌飯 or 豬油撈飯). And in Japan, back loin (fatback) lard is frequently used for ramen, creating a thick, nutty, slightly sweet and very hearty dish.

Traditionally, along with peanut oil, lard is extensively used in Asian cooking as a general-purpose cooking oil, esp. in stir-fries and deep-frying.

In Germany lard is called ''Schweineschmalz'' (literally, " rendered fat from swine") and has been a longtime favorite as a spread. It can be served plain, or it can be mixed with seasonings: pork fat can be enhanced with small pieces of pork skin, called ''Grieben'' (cf. Yiddish gribenes) to create ''Griebenschmalz''. Other recipes call for small pieces of apple or onion. In English, however, ''schmaltz'' usually refers to kosher fat rendered from chicken, duck or goose.

Vegetarian ''Grieben'' from onions or apples, which began as a makeshift means of diluting ''Schmalz'' in time of need, became rather popular on their own account because they allow for a specific taste and a lower fat content. Completely vegetarian ''Schmalz''-like spreads based on vegetable fats use those ingredients as well. In Germany it is forbidden to use the term ''Schmalz'' for non-lard products.

In Poland, lard mixed with fruit, usually chopped apple, and spread on thick slices of bread, is often served as a starter.

Other uses

Rendered lard can be used to produce biofuel and soap. Lard is also useful as a cutting fluid in machining. Its use in machining has declined since the mid-20th century as other specially engineered cutting fluids became prominent. However, it is still a viable option. Lard and other animal fats were formerly used as an anti-foaming agent in industrial fermentation processes such as brewing; there, animal fats have been superseded by polyethers.Randal M. Hill, Steven P. Christiano, "Antifoaming agents", in Joseph C. Salamone, ed., ''Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia'', CRC Press, 1996, 1:294

See also

* Lardy cake, an English bread with heavy lard content
* Suet, like leaf lard
* Whale blubber

References

External links

"High on the Hog"
by Corby Kummer, ''The New York Times'', August 12, 2005.


by Derrick Schneider, ''An Obsession with Food'' (blog), January 12, 2006.


Food Resource, College of Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, February 20, 2007. – Bibliography of food science articles on lard.

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Animal fat products
Animal fats
Cooking fats
Spreads (food)