LAZ-695
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The LAZ-695 is a
Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
/ Ukrainian 2 axle urban/suburban bus, which was produced in the Western Ukrainian city
Lviv Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...
from 1965 to 2002. After the production stopped at the main factory in Lviv, the documentation was handed over to the DAZ automotive facility in the Ukrainian city
Kamianske Kamianske (, ; ), previously known as Dniprodzerzhynsk from 1936 to 2016, is an industrial city in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine, and a port on the Dnieper, Dnieper River. It serves as the administrative center of Kamianske Raion and Kamianske ...
, where the production continued up to 2010. In over 50 years of manufacturing there were over 250,000 units of various modifications built. This made the model one of the most widely used buses in the Soviet Union and the LAZ factory the biggest bus manufacturer in Europe in the 1980s. The bus belongs to the model series 69x, which includes also the
LAZ-697 The LAZ-697 “Tourist” was a Soviet Union, Soviet two-axle, middle-class Coach (bus), coach, which was produced in the Western Ukraine, Western Ukrainian city Lviv from 1959 to 1985. It was derived from the LAZ-695 during that model's deve ...
"Tourist" and the LAZ-699.


History

Considerations to build a new factory, specialized on production of spare parts for heavy duty trucks in the Ukrainian city Lviv, were made by the
Soviet government The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was the executive and administrative organ of the highest body of state authority, the All-Union Supreme Soviet. It was formed on 30 December 1922 and abolished on 26 December 199 ...
after the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
The construction was finalized in 1949. In addition to truck cranes, like AK-32, LAZ-690 (both mounted on
ZIS-150 The ZIS-150 is a Soviet truck. In 1947 it replaced the ZIS-5 truck on the assembly line. Together with the GAZ-51, it was the main Soviet truck during the 1950s, judging by their quantity. A tractor-trailer version of the ZIS-150, the ''ZIS-120N' ...
), the factory dealt also with the production of car spare parts and truck trailers, like LAZ-712 for the truck PAZ-657 and LAZ-729 for the truck ZIS-150. At the beginning of the 1950s, the Soviet Union planned to create a new bus series that includes a lower class model, based on
GAZ Gaz may refer to: Geography *Gaz, Kyrgyzstan Iran * Gaz, Darmian, village in South Khorasan province * Gaz, Golestan, a village in Bandar-e Gaz County * Gaz, Hormozgan, a village in Minab County * Gaz, Kerman, a village * Gaz, North Khorasan, a ...
truck components, a middle-class model, based on
ZIS Zis (Messapic: 𐌆𐌉𐌔) is a sky and lightning god in Messapian religion, occupying the most prominent role. The theonym is the equivalent and cognate of Albanian '' Zojz'' and Greek ''Zeus'', all from Proto-Indo-European '' *Di̯ḗu̯s'' ...
trucks and an upper-class model, based on MAZ trucks. Thus, on March 17, 1955, the Ministry of Automotive, Tractor, and Agricultural Engineering of the USSR granted the task to develop several city bus prototypes with
rear-engine design In automobile design, a rear-engine design layout places the engine at the rear of the vehicle. The center of gravity of the engine itself is behind the rear axle. This is not to be confused with the center of gravity of the whole vehicle, as an im ...
and space for 50 persons, of which 30 should be seat places. The intention was to replace the obsolete and virtually the only existing city bus model in the Soviet Union, ZIS-155. At that time the LAZ engineering team had sufficient construction experience from developing crane and trailer models in the previous years. The team also consisted of young and ambitious professionals focused on the idea of creating a completely new and progressive bus model. For that goal, the Soviet Union ordered cutting edge bus models from
West German West Germany was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until its reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. It is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic after its capital c ...
manufacturers, among which are the Mercedes-Benz O 321 and
Magirus-Deutz Magirus GmbH is a truck manufacturer based in Ulm, Germany, founded by Conrad Dietrich Magirus (1824–1895). It was formerly known as Klöckner Humboldt Deutz AG, maker of the Deutz engines, so the brand commonly used was Magirus Deutz, and ...
O3500H/O6500.


Modifications


LAZ-695 (1956-1958)

Before the serial production began, seven prototypes were built. Some of them were profoundly different from the previous prototypes, with the others including only some minor changes and modifications.


First prototype

The first
prototype A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process. It is a term used in a variety of contexts, including semantics, design, electronics, and Software prototyping, software programming. A prototype ...
was produced just in time for the
20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union () was held during the period 14–25 February 1956. It is known especially for First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev's " Secret Speech", which denounced the personality cult and dictator ...
, on 12 February 1956, and got the name LAZ-695 "Lviv". For the first time in the Soviet Union, the bus received a rear-longitudinal-engine with rear-wheel-drive layout (Predecessors from ZIS had a front-engine-layout). For this purpose, a 6-cylinder engine
ZIL OJSC AMO ZiL, known fully as the Public Joint-Stock Company – Likhachov Plant () and more commonly called ZiL (, was a major Russian automobile, truck, military vehicle, and heavy equipment manufacturer that was based in Moscow. The last ZiL ...
-158L was installed, which was afterwards also used in the city bus ZIL-158. Atypical for the Soviet bus industry, the new body features a self-supporting integral body design. An integral design consists of extruded profiles that are collected into a grid frame along with other supporting components, such as engine and axles. Another cutting edge feature was the
leaf spring A leaf spring is a simple form of spring (device), spring commonly used for suspension (vehicle), suspension in wheeled vehicles. Originally called a ''laminated'' or ''carriage spring'', and sometimes referred to as a semi-elliptical spring, e ...
suspension system. It had a stabilized stiffness and was independently from the load case. In front of every window leaf were installed little transparent
plexiglass Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a synthetic polymer derived from methyl methacrylate. It is a transparent thermoplastic, used as an engineering plastic. PMMA is also known as acrylic, acrylic glass, as well as by the trade names and bran ...
air reflectors. It was a specific feature of all prototypes, but was removed from the serial models due to bigger window leafs. The main windows used a highly durable type of glass called stalinite, which was invented in
Donbas The Donbas (, ; ) or Donbass ( ) is a historical, cultural, and economic region in eastern Ukraine. The majority of the Donbas is occupied by Russia as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian War. The word ''Donbas'' is a portmanteau formed fr ...
glass factories in 1934. The rear entrance door consisted of 4 foldable segments and opened pneumatically inwards and the front two-segment door opened manually outwards. The wheel rims have chrome-plated hubcaps. This feature was retained in all prototypes and serial models and have become a distinctive attribute of the 695/697 and 699 series, respectively. The first prototype was still very rudimentary after it rolled out of the factory. As such, it was greatly modified during the subsequent experiments. One of the main weaknesses was the inner space design, which is too narrow for a vehicle advertised as a bus for urban use. Likewise, the doors were too small and offered not enough place for increased passenger flow. Another major problem was the
engine cooling system Internal combustion engine cooling uses either air or liquid to remove the waste heat from an internal combustion engine. For small or special purpose engines, cooling using air from the atmosphere makes for a lightweight and relatively simple syst ...
. Due to the rear-engine layout, the radiator takes insufficient cooling air volume. The lateral air intakes did not help solve the problem.


Second prototype

The second prototype was built in June 1956, in
Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...
. The passenger's comfort was increased and paired soft seats, based on spongy rubber and sheathed with semi-synthetic textile, were installed. The rear door was removed completely and the front one was replaced by a one-segment door, which had to be opened manually. These constructive solutions led to even bigger inner space problems, but now, the bus was no longer advertised as a city bus. Instead, it was classified as a suburban bus. Such a bus type operated between cities and nearby suburban and rural areas and had rarely to stop during the trip. On the plate, the nickname “Lviv” was now written in the
Ukrainian language Ukrainian (, ) is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Ukraine. It is the first language, first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians. Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet, a variant of t ...
. The front and rear wheel arches had a different design and the lateral moldings were moved slightly lower. The indicator form at the front were moved under the main lights. Although the number of air intakes were increased and the engine hood now have air slots, the problem with engine cooling persisted.


Third prototype

The third prototype from October 1956 was based on the first one and was once again classified as an urban bus. There were only a few minor design changes. The bus was tested on the 55th bus route in Moscow. The fifth prototype of the LAZ-695 was created in January 1957 based on the insights made during the test drives.


Fourth prototype

In the meantime, a further modification of the second, suburban prototype was created. It only differed externally though, technically, it remained the same. The number of seats were decreased from 34 to 32. As in the first suburban prototype, the front door consisted of one part. When the door opened, a step extended, to make it easier for passengers to get in and out. The back door was completely removed. The glazed area of the roof was increased. The front region consisted of three panes of tinted glass. This led to improved brightness within the bus but was a functional disadvantage. The middle pane took the attachment point of the indicator board. The overheating engine remained the biggest problem. In an attempt to address the issue, the middle pane of the rear window was removed. Instead, there was an air intake that led the air from the roof to the engine.


Fifth prototype

The fifth prototype is considered to be the direct precursor of the first serial LAZ-695. The only detail that reveals the bus as a prototype is the absence of the tinting of the roof panes. In summer 1957 a little serial production began when about 100 buses were ordered for a festival of the youth and students in Moscow. The bus' nickname “Festival” was derived from this event. The main part was produced in the second half of the year 1957. For the whole year, 303 units were produced. The serial production continued until May 1958 and according to some data, about 1000 buses were built. After this, the bus front design was changed and many functionless and decorative details were removed, including the "Lviv" lettering and the false radiator grille. One example of the LAZ-695 “Festival” remained until today and was restored in the Moscow city transport museum.


Sixth prototype

Parallel to the serial production of the LAZ-695 “Festival”, in summer 1957, the engineers from LAZ also created another prototype with suburban modifications. The sixth prototype had a different front roof window with two panes instead of three and a single panorama window (the older prototypes had a double front window). In the inner space, mesh shelves over the seats were installed, so the passengers had an option to store their luggage. Curtains on the windows helped to keep the heat influx low. On the front, a big “L” letter appeared instead of the lettering “Lviv”. The letter “L” on the front became an important and distinctive symbol of all subsequent LAZ bus models.


Seventh prototype

The last prototype, a further development of the sixth one, was created in December 1957. It was more of a tourist bus than a suburban version, offering a high level of comfort. After 1957 the suburban and tourist versions were separated from the 695 line and received an independent model designation 697.


LAZ-695B (1958-1964)

LAZ-695B is the second serial modification and was produced from May 1958 until 1964. There were a lot of interesting special sub modifications. Stamps of Ukraine, 2015-47.jpg, LAZ-695B on a Ukrainian stamp from 2015 A Voroncov-kastély kertje. Fortepan 60856 (cropped).jpg, LAZ-695B on the Crimea in the 60th


LAZ-695B prototype

Due to haste in the development of the first version and ill-considered borrowing of ideas from western counterparts, the LAZ-695 had a lot of flaws. In 1958 a consumer conference take place. The participants were a citizen (typical passengers) and operators of the LAZ-695. The main critical point was the weak construction of the body. The engineers are alread aware of it, but had to find the golden mean between elegance and stability. The glazed roof disappeared entirely at the development stage of the LAZ-695M modification. The second critical point was the impractical inner space. The width of entry and exit doors was too narrow and in the vicinity of the door a passenger accumulation platform was missing. As such, it was difficult to characterize the vehicle as a city bus. Moreover, there appeared new competitors from
ZiL OJSC AMO ZiL, known fully as the Public Joint-Stock Company – Likhachov Plant () and more commonly called ZiL (, was a major Russian automobile, truck, military vehicle, and heavy equipment manufacturer that was based in Moscow. The last ZiL ...
and PAZ, which offered better bus models for urban purposes. Also, for suburban areas, a more suitable competitor existed, the ZiS-127. These led to the creation of the LAZ-695B prototype with entirely different roof construction. The panes were removed. The front of the bus got a bigger window, an indicator board was installed, and the doors got wider. Also, an experimental pneumatic suspension on all wheels was installed. Although a huge work has been done and the tests gave good results, the LAZ-695B prototype was built only in one exemplar.


Serial LAZ-695B

Instead of putting the LAZ-695B prototype into production, a new modification for serial purposes was created in 1958, which included elements of the first LAZ-695 models as well as of the improved LAZ-695B prototype. The transparent
plexiglass Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a synthetic polymer derived from methyl methacrylate. It is a transparent thermoplastic, used as an engineering plastic. PMMA is also known as acrylic, acrylic glass, as well as by the trade names and bran ...
air reflectors on the window leafs disappeared because they broke quickly. The model featured the modernized ZIS-120 engine, 120-hp ZIL-120FB.


LAZ-695B weight-optimized version

In 1959 a weight-optimized version of the serial LAZ-695B model was produced. In the course of the modernization, many interior parts including the seats, exterior sheathing parts, and engine components, were replaced by analogues made of
fiberglass Fiberglass (American English) or fibreglass (English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English) is a common type of fibre-reinforced plastic, fiber-reinforced plastic using glass fiber. The fibers may be randomly arranged, flattened i ...
or
nylon Nylon is a family of synthetic polymers characterised by amide linkages, typically connecting aliphatic or Polyamide#Classification, semi-aromatic groups. Nylons are generally brownish in color and can possess a soft texture, with some varieti ...
. As a result, the weight of the bus was reduced by 400 kg. Compared to the total weight of a serial LAZ-695B (6330 kg), 400 kg is, from the Soviet view, insignificant. Furthermore, the lighter parts led to a weaker construction. LAZ-695B ambulance After the invasion by Nazi Germany during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
saw a high demand in
ambulance An ambulance is a medically-equipped vehicle used to transport patients to treatment facilities, such as hospitals. Typically, out-of-hospital medical care is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to ...
vehicles and retrofitted their buses for these purposes. After the war, the problem changed and the country lacks in a vehicle for transporting people. Military ambulance vehicles were converted back into buses. This recognition led to the post-war intention to create vehicles, especially trucks and buses that, in case of war, could be quickly and simply converted into military vehicles. In 1959, the leadership of the LAZ factory decided to develop an ambulance modification of the LAZ-695, which would meet the previously mentioned requirements. The retrofitting process was passed to the ZiL factory in Moscow. Due to the rear-engine body layout, there were many restrictions. The stretcher with injured soldiers could not be loaded over the flap in the back of the bus. Instead, a small lid at the left side of the bus was built in. From then on, every LAZ-695, especially of the first series, feature this flap. As such, in case of war, every civil model could be quickly converted into a provisional ambulance car. In the military version of the LAZ-695B, the wounded on stretchers could be positioned in three or two rows on floor stands as well as on suspension mounts, in two or three tiers. For the medical personnel, there were two side banks and three comfortable, soft seats at the back. Initially, the plan was to create different versions of the ambulance bus, such as a surgery bus. Depending on the version, it was possible to transport from 10 to 18 wounded on stretchers or 7 to 23 sitting persons, respectively. The bus was rigorously tested by the military but was never produced serially. Instead, special books were written describing how to do a fast conversion of Soviet civilian buses, including LAZ-695, into ambulances for military purposes.


LAZ-695B for astronauts

In the 60th, the
Baikonur Cosmodrome The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian Human spaceflight, crewed spaceflights are l ...
need a special vehicle for the transportation of the astronauts, with their heavy equipment and suits, to the cosmodromes. Normative restrictions and requirements did not exist, only wishes and recommendations. As the base, a serial LAZ-695B was chosen and every component was checked several times. Furthermore, the bus got an anti-corrosive coating. In the inner space, a table, normal seats for personal and big seats were installed, so the astronauts could fit in with their suits. Also, there were installed means of communication, fans, phones and equipment for filming the astronauts. The bus was hermetically sealed. This was important to protect the astronautic equipment from dust. After finishing the construction, the bus was inspected by a special state commission. They were very satisfied with the quality of the bus. On 12 April 1961, the bus was used to bring the first astronaut in Outer space,
Yuri Gagarin Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin; Gagarin's first name is sometimes transliterated as ''Yuriy'', ''Youri'', or ''Yury''. (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut who, aboard the first successful Human spaceflight, crewed sp ...
, to the
Vostok spacecraft Vostok (, translated as "East") was a class of single-pilot crewed spacecraft built by the Soviet Union. The first human spaceflight was accomplished with Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. The Vostok programme ma ...
. In 1967 the bus was replaced by a special version of the successor modification LAZ-695E. In 1984 it was brought to the LAZ factory, where it was fully restored. It is not known where the unique modification is today.


LAZ-695Zh (1963-1965)

In the 60th, soviet cities begun to growth quickly. The municipal fleets needed modern vehicles with reliable parts. The buses of that time did not match these requirements, especially because they were equipped with manual and weak
gearboxes A transmission (also called a gearbox) is a mechanical device invented by Louis Renault (who founded Renault) which uses a gear set—two or more gears working together—to change the speed, direction of rotation, or torque multiplication/r ...
. An automatic transmission would be a better and more reliable solution on high frequent urban routes. Accordingly, already at the end of the 50th, the LAZ factory, together with NAMI, begun to develop a modern, fully automated hydrodynamic transmission, especially for urban buses. The development was finalized in 1963 and firstly installed on the serial LAZ-695B. Due to its importance, the modification got its own index Zh, although, except of the transmission, it was identical to the LAZ-695B. Only the engine was slightly modified for the purposes of the new automatic transmission, too. The LAZ-695Zh was produced only 2 years, until 1965 and there were built only 40 units. Afterwards, the new transmission was installed in the modern LiAZ-677 that was better suitable for urban purposes. The success of the new transmission was outstanding. There were produced about 200,000 units of the LiAZ-677 with that transmission, partially developed at the LAZ factory.


LAZ-695T (1962-1965)

Firstly a
trolleybus A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tramin the 1910s and 1920sJoyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). ''British Trolleybus Systems'', pp. 9, 12. London: Ian Allan Publishing. .or troll ...
, based on a LAZ-695B, was created in
Baku Baku (, ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Azerbaijan, largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and in the Caucasus region. Baku is below sea level, which makes it the List of capital ci ...
and got the name BTL-62. The first serial trolleybus on the base of a LAZ-695B, at the LAZ factory, was created in summer 1963. Only 10 units were produced, all of which were used in the city of Lviv. The production was relocated to the factory of electrical transport KZET in Kyiv, where the vehicle got the nomination Kyiv-5LA. The LAZ factory delivered the raw bus bodies to the manufacturer in Kyiv. Here only the electrical components were installed. From 1963 to 1964 there were produced 75 trolleybuses of the model Kyiv-5LA. But the production capacity of the KZET facility was insufficient and already in the same year, 1963, the car assembly manufacturer in
Odesa Odesa, also spelled Odessa, is the third most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern ...
, OdAZ, begun to produce the OdAZ-695T trolleybus on the base of the LAZ-695B. From 1963 to 1965, 476 units were built for nearby cities. The LAZ trolleybuses were lighter, more economical and manoeuvrable, compared to other typical soviet trolleybuses of that time. The trolleybus could reach a maximum speed of 50 Kilometers per hour, thanks to a 78 kW electrical motor. The electrical components of the propulsion system were placed in the inner space that already was narrow. Other disadvantages were the small doors, which were borrowed from the base model LAZ-695B and E, respectively, and the short lifespan of only 7–8 years. Notwithstanding, that modification helped to minimize the deficit in trolleybuses on soviet streets.


LAZ-695E (1964-1969)

left, LAZ-695E (Leningrád) Ermitázs The LAZ-695E was equipped with a new V8-engine ZiL-130L, with a power of 150 kW. The model got a new, more effective transmission and clutch from the truck ZiL-130. The first prototype was finalized in 1961 and was integrated in serial production only in 1963. In the first year were produced 394 units. There were only few visual differences between the predecessor and LAZ-695E, like ventilation hatches. Only in 1964 the outer appearance changed greatly. The form of the wheel arches became rounder. Moreover, the front and rear axles got a
Wheel hub assembly A wheel hub assembly (WHA), also referred to as hub assembly, wheel hub unit, wheel hub bearing, is an automotive part used in most cars, passenger vehicles, and light and heavy trucks. Operation The hub assembly is located between the brake ...
as well as rims from ZiL-158. From 1964 to 1969 there were produced about 38000 units, of which 1350 were exported in different countries. On the last units there was installed an electropneumatic door control drive system.


LAZ-695M (1969-1976)

LAZ-695M (1974) LAZ-695 was a profound modification of the LAZ-695E. From 1969 to 1976 there were produced 52000 units, 164 of them for the export. The side windows increased by 150 mm and the windows frames became slimmer. Roof windows disappeared completely, and the roof became more flat. The central air intake on the back roof area was replaced by lateral air intakes, beneath the rear windows, on the humpback. The rear axles, with a planetary transmission in the wheel hubs, were delivered from the Hungarian automaker Raba. Also a separate brake drive was introduced into the new construction.


LAZ-695N (1976-2002)

The first LAZ-695N prototypes were built in summer 1969. Compared to the LAZ-695M, the new buses got a new, flatter front, with bigger windows. The door dimensions were the same at the front and the rear. Initially the doors consisted of two parts but then were changed to four-segment doors. Those doors were used on most soviet buses, trolleybuses and trams. The rear part of the bus remained identical to the predecessor LAZ-695M modification. Only on the prototype from 1974, the rear part was profoundly changed, too. The air intakes, which in earlier models were positioned beneath the rear window, were relocated behind the rearmost lateral one. The serial production began in 1976. The first vehicles had rectangular driving lights from
East Germany East Germany, officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR), was a country in Central Europe from Foundation of East Germany, its formation on 7 October 1949 until German reunification, its reunification with West Germany (FRG) on ...
, which were also used on the
Moskvitch 412 The Moskvitch 412 (Moskvich 412, Москвич-412, M-412) is a small family car produced by Soviet Union, Soviet/Russian manufacturer MZMA/AZLK in Moscow from 1967 to 1975, and by IZh in Izhevsk from 1967 to 1982 (also known as IZh-412). It was ...
passenger car. Since the mid-80s the bus was equipped with the typical for soviet trucks, cheaper and more accessible round lights. Until 1991, the bus had to be equipped with a flap under the windshield. As already described in the part “LAZ-695B ambulance”, it was intended to use the bus as an ambulance in the case of war. The front door would serve as a loading flap for a stretcher. In the 90s the bus remains unchanged. From 1976 to 2002, 160,000 units were produced, which made the bus the most built model at the LAZ plant. LAZ-695N in Chkalovsk.jpg , LAZ-695N from back Лаз-695н.JPG , An early version of the 695N modification with a flap on the left side LAZ, cabin of driver.JPG , The driver place of a LAZ-695N


LAZ-695NE/LAZ-695NT

The LAZ-695NE was a special export version for countries with
temperate climate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ra ...
and the LAZ-695NT for countries with
humid Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. Humidity depe ...
and
arid climate The desert climate or arid climate (in the Köppen climate classification ''BWh'' and ''BWk'') is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert ...
.


LAZ-695R (1979-1985)

For the
1980 Summer Olympics The 1980 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad () and officially branded as Moscow 1980 (), were an international multi-sport event held from 19 July to 3 August 1980 in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russ ...
a special modification of the bus was created, which later was also exported to other countries. The bus had two-section doors, instead of four, with a modern drive system. The bus had different and more comfortable seats and a number of other improvements. From 1979 to 1985 there were produced 3448 units.


LAZ-692 (1986)

The
Chernobyl disaster On 26 April 1986, the no. 4 reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, located near Pripyat, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine), exploded. With dozens of direct casualties, it is one of only ...
in 1986 required a huge number of vehicles to fight the consequences. Buses like the LAZ-695 were used in huge numbers to evacuate residents of the nearby city
Pripyat Pripyat, also known as Prypiat, is an abandoned industrial city in Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine, located near the border with Belarus. Named after the nearby river, Pripyat (river), Pripyat, it was founded on 4 February 1970 as the ninth ''atomgrad'' ...
. But for the liquidators and people who worked in the immediate vicinity of the reactor, a normal vehicle did not provide sufficient protection. For that purpose, special vehicle modifications were created. Beneath them the LAZ-692, which offer protection from
radioactive dust Nuclear fallout is residual radioactive material that is created by the reactions producing a nuclear explosion. It is initially present in the radioactive cloud created by the explosion, and "falls out" of the cloud as it is moved by the a ...
and
Gamma rays A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from high energy interactions like the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei or astronomical events like solar flares. It consists o ...
. As the base was used the LAZ-695N. The buses were equipped with lead sheets, which covered the biggest part of all windows, except the driver window. The hatches were removed from the roof, replaced by an inner space air filtration system. After the liquidation process, they were all destroyed and buried on “graveyards of technic” in the
Chernobyl Exclusion Zone The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Zone of Alienation, also called the 30-Kilometre Zone or simply The Zone, was established shortly after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. Initially, Soviet authorities declar ...
.


LAZ-695NG (1985-2002)

The main problem of soviet buses was their high fuel consumption, mainly because they had gasoline engines. The first attempts to power them by
natural gas Natural gas (also fossil gas, methane gas, and gas) is a naturally occurring compound of gaseous hydrocarbons, primarily methane (95%), small amounts of higher alkanes, and traces of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and helium ...
, which was abundant in the Soviet Union, were made in the 80s. As an experimental vehicle was used the LAZ-695N modification. As a result, the NG-modification with 8 gas cylinders on the roof, appeared. The serial production began only in 1985. The NG model had less power, but it was sufficient for urban and suburban routes. The natural gas-powered engines were more ecological and polluted less. Also, the fuel consumption was lower. There was also a LAZ-695P modification, powered by
propane Propane () is a three-carbon chain alkane with the molecular formula . It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, but becomes liquid when compressed for transportation and storage. A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum ref ...
gas. About 8000 units were produced until 2002. After the
dissolution of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration No. 142-N of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Declaration No. 142-Н of ...
and the dramatic increase of fuel prices, a lot of gasoline-powered LAZ-695N buses were also converted into gas powered models by special authorized organizations. LAZ-695N in Lviv on Line154.jpg , LAZ-695NG with the gas cylinders on the roof, front view Автобус ЛАЗ-695 в Білій Церкві.jpg , LAZ-695NG with the gas cylinders on the roof, view from the rear


LAZ-695D (1995-2002)

The idea to create a diesel-powered bus at the LAZ factory was not new. But the plans were every time postponed into the far future, particularly because there was no need for such a type of engine in the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
, due to the abundance in
Gasoline Gasoline ( North American English) or petrol ( Commonwealth English) is a petrochemical product characterized as a transparent, yellowish, and flammable liquid normally used as a fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines. When for ...
. Only after the
Dissolution of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration No. 142-N of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Declaration No. 142-Н of ...
and the rise of fuel prices, a gasoline-powered engine on a bus became fully obsolete. After a successful introduction of a gas-powered modification already in the 80th, in 1993 a diesel-powered prototype, with the nickname “Dana”, was created on the base of the LAZ-695N. Because lacking experience, the constructors could not decide which engine would be the best. So in following years different diesel engines, from soviet manufacturers, were installed experimentally on serial bus models. Favourites were the D6112 engine from the T-150 tractor, which were produced at the HZTD, a tractor engine production facility in
Kharkiv Kharkiv, also known as Kharkov, is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city in Ukraine.
, and the 494L engine from military vehicles. Also LAZ subsidiaries and other transportation organizations dealt with the search for the right diesel engine. A LAZ service center from
Dnipro Dnipro is Ukraine's fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants. It is located in the eastern part of Ukraine, southeast of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv on the Dnieper River, Dnipro River, from which it takes its name. Dnipro is t ...
installed the SMD-2307 engine, which was also used on ZIL-4331, the successor of the
ZIL-130 The ZIL-130 is a Automotive industry in the Soviet Union, Soviet/Automotive industry in Russia, Russian truck produced by ZiL, ZIL in Moscow, Russia. The first prototype was built in 1956. Production began in 1962, while mass productio ...
. The diesel had a power of 170 kW and a torque of 668 Nm at 2400 rpm. Meanwhile, the interstate automotive trade association propose to install the
inline-four A straight-four engine (also referred to as an inline-four engine) is a four-cylinder piston engine where cylinders are arranged in a line along a common crankshaft. The majority of automotive four-cylinder engines use a straight-four layout ( ...
D245.9 diesel, from the
Belarus Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an a ...
ian
Minsk Minsk (, ; , ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach (Berezina), Svislach and the now subterranean Nyamiha, Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administra ...
Motor plant. The engine had a power of 100 kW This choice turned out to be successful and from 1995 a serial production of the LAZ-695D begun. After only one year, the diesel powered model was profoundly modified and got the name LAZ-695D11 “Tanya”. The bus got front and rear swing doors and comfortable soft seats. These features remembered on the former intercity bus model
LAZ-697 The LAZ-697 “Tourist” was a Soviet Union, Soviet two-axle, middle-class Coach (bus), coach, which was produced in the Western Ukraine, Western Ukrainian city Lviv from 1959 to 1985. It was derived from the LAZ-695 during that model's deve ...
, which was no longer manufactured at that time. So the new modification should occupy the intercity niche. The buses were produced serial but in small quantities, with the engine YAMZ-236A.


DAZ-695 (2004-2010)

After the DAZ bus manufacturer became a subsidiary of the LAZ organization in 2002, the production of the N, D and NG modifications were relocated there and continued until 2011. In the last year of production, the factory built the buses from leftover spare parts. Although made with obsolete technology, the buses were in great demand due to their low prices and proven construction. The few differences were the missing driver door on the left, the missing lateral mouldings, yellow handrails, and different brake components.


The end of production

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the LAZ factory loses its leading role as a bus manufacturer. In the 90th the production decreased. There were many new bus series to be used as the successor to the 695 model, like the LAZ-4202, but none could achieve its success, due to poor technical quality. The buses of the last production years are still in use in some
Post-Soviet states The post-Soviet states, also referred to as the former Soviet Union or the former Soviet republics, are the independent sovereign states that emerged/re-emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Prior to their independence, they ...
. Belarus-Minsk-Bus Station Kulman.jpg, Six LAZ-695N at the bus station in
Minsk Minsk (, ; , ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach (Berezina), Svislach and the now subterranean Nyamiha, Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administra ...
, 2002. In
Belarus Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an a ...
, the last LAZ-695 was decommissioned in 2007 Списанные автобусы бывшего ГАТП.jpg, Decommissioned LAZ-695N at a state truck company in
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...


Engine data

There were used a lot of engine models in different modifications. Due to lack of sources with data, the table beneath includes only the most widely used models, with significant sources.


Comparison to similar soviet city buses

The main counterpart of the LAZ-695 in the Soviet Union was the LiAZ-677. The differences are a manual gearbox in the LAZ, whereas the LiAZ was equipped with a modern hydromechanical, automatically shifting gearbox, which was more practical to use in the city range and was also partially created at the LAZ plant. Furthermore, the LiAZ had a more comfortable pneumatic suspension. Hence, with the time the LAZ-695 was replaced by the LiAZ on urban bus routes of the bigger soviet cities. Nevertheless, the LAZ-695 had also some advantages. It had a bigger clearance and a robust leaf spring suspension. Also, the greater part of the load was taken up by the rear axle of the LAZ. So it was more suitable for rural areas. Another counterpart was developed and produced by the same manufacturer. The LAZ-4202 was still created in the 70s, in the Soviet Union and was intended as a possible successor of the technical obsolete 695 series. The bus got a diesel engine, made the model the first diesel-powered serial bus in the Soviet Union, after ZiL-127. Moreover, 4202 was the first serial model from the LAZ factory, with an automatically shifting gearbox and power steering. Compare to 695, the inner space was more lightly and had more free room for the passenger. However, in practice, the 695 survive the 4202 series by 15 years. The reasons were the poor quality of the construction and frequent defects of the technical aggregates. Further similar city and suburban buses *
Ikarus 280 Ikarus 280 was an articulated bus produced by Hungarian bus manufacturer Ikarus from 1973 to 2002. It was succeeded by the Ikarus 435 in 1985. Construction features The Ikarus 280 is a model of the Ikarus 200 series. It is made of two rigid ...
*
Ikarus 260 The Ikarus 260 is a high-floor, three-door bus for city and suburban transportation purposes. It was made from 1971 to 2002 by the Hungarian bus manufacturer Ikarus (Hungarian company), Ikarus, making it the longest manufactured, largest quantity ...
*ZiS-155 * ZiL-158


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:LAZ-695 Vehicles introduced in 1956 Buses of the Soviet Union Buses of Ukraine Buses Rear-engined vehicles