Kulturkampf
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In the history of Germany, the ''Kulturkampf'' (Cultural Struggle) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany led by
Pope Pius IX Pope Pius IX (; born Giovanni Maria Battista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro Mastai-Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878. His reign of nearly 32 years is the longest verified of any pope in hist ...
and the
Kingdom of Prussia The Kingdom of Prussia (, ) was a German state that existed from 1701 to 1918.Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946. It played a signif ...
led by chancellor
Otto von Bismarck Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (; born ''Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck''; 1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898) was a German statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany and served as ...
. The Prussian church-and-state political conflict was about the church's direct control over both education and
ecclesiastical {{Short pages monitor * Trzeciakowski, Lech. ''The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland'' (East European Monographs, 1990) 223 pp * Weir, Todd. ''Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The Rise of the Fourth Confession'', Cambridge University Press, 2014, , 9781139867900 * Zeender, John. "Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891" ''History'' (1992) 77#250 pp 237–54, the leader of the Catholic Center Party


Historiography

* Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Confessions of a Fellow Traveler," ''Catholic Historical Review'' (2013) 99#4 pp 623–648. * Heilbronner, Oded. "From Ghetto to Ghetto: The Place of German Catholic Society in Recent Historiography" ''Journal of Modern History'' (2000) 72#2 pp. 453–495
in JSTOR


External links

* , detailed article by Martin Spahn, written in 1910. *

long description
Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League (1887); Statistics on Membership (1887–1913) (English translation)
a German anti-Catholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf

Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin
Kulturkampf Now and Then
13-paged essay in
pdf Portable document format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe Inc., Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, computer hardware, ...
by a Professor of the
United States Air Force Academy The United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) is a United States service academies, United States service academy in Air Force Academy, Colorado, Air Force Academy Colorado, immediately north of Colorado Springs, Colorado, Colorado Springs. I ...

Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament (1873)
speech of Ludwig Windthorst following its analysis
Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf
Speech in the Prussian House of Lords, 10 March 1873
Kulturkampf: Bibliography by
LitDok East-Central Europe Herder-Institut (Marburg) {{Authority control 19th-century Catholicism Jesuit history in Europe History of Catholicism in Germany History of Catholicism in Italy Anti-Catholicism in Germany Politics of the German Empire Religion and politics 1870s in Germany Otto von Bismarck 1870s in Christianity 1870s in Prussia
Sonderbundskrieg The Sonderbund War (, , ) of November 1847 was a civil war in Switzerland, then still a relatively loose confederacy of cantons. It ensued after seven Catholic cantons formed the ("separate alliance") in 1845 to protect their interests against ...
19th century in Switzerland Anti-Polish sentiment in Europe