Kosmos (, , meaning ) is a designation given to many

satellite A satellite or an artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body. They have a variety of uses, including communication relay, weather forecasting, navigation ( GPS), broadcasting, scient ...

s operated by the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia.

Kosmos 1 Kosmos 1 ( meaning ''Cosmos 1''), also known as DS-2 No.1 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 11 was a technology demonstration and ionosphere, ionospheric research satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1962. It was the first satellite ...

, the first spacecraft to be given a Kosmos designation, was launched on 16 March 1962.

History

The first Soviet satellites orbiting Earth were named

Sputnik Sputnik 1 (, , ''Satellite 1''), sometimes referred to as simply Sputnik, was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space progra ...

, Polyot (starting in 1963), Elektron (in 1964),

Proton A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol , Hydron (chemistry), H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 ''e'' (elementary charge). Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately times the mass of an e ...

(in 1965), and Molniya (in 1965), but most have been called Kosmos since

on 16 March 1962. The program has included uncrewed tests of crewed spacecraft and satellites for scientific research and military purposes. , 2548 Kosmos satellites have been launched. The spacecraft do not form a single programme, but instead consist of almost all Soviet and Russian military satellites, as well as a number of scientific satellites, and spacecraft which failed during or immediately after launch, but still reached orbit. Most Soviet and subsequently Russian military satellites were given Kosmos designations. Spacecraft include optical reconnaissance satellites,

communications satellite A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a Transponder (satellite communications), transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a Rad ...

s, early warning missile defence spacecraft,

nuclear-powered Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced b ...

radar reconnaissance satellites,

anti-satellite weapon Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are space weapons designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for Military strategy, strategic or Military tactics, tactical purposes. Although no ASAT system has been utilized in warfare, a few countries (China, ...

s and their targets,

navigation satellites A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geopositioning. A satellite navigation system with global coverage is termed global navigation satellite system (GNSS). , four global systems are ope ...

and technology demonstrators. Some scientific spacecraft such as

Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik (; ), also known as DS, was a series of satellites launched by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1982. DS satellites were used for a number of missions, including technological and scientific research, and radar tracking t ...

, Bion and

Meteor A meteor, known colloquially as a shooting star, is a glowing streak of a small body (usually meteoroid) going through Earth's atmosphere, after being heated to incandescence by collisions with air molecules in the upper atmosphere, creating a ...

satellites were also given Kosmos designations. The designation is given only to satellites which are in Earth orbit. Typically, Soviet Lunar and planetary missions were initially put into a low Earth parking orbit along with an

upper stage A multistage rocket or step rocket is a launch vehicle that uses two or more rocket ''stages'', each of which contains its own Rocket engine, engines and Rocket propellant, propellant. A ''tandem'' or ''serial'' stage is mounted on top of anoth ...

, which would later burn for around four minutes to place the spacecraft into a cislunar or a

heliocentric orbit A heliocentric orbit (also called circumsolar orbit) is an orbit around the barycenter of the Solar System, which is usually located within or very near the surface of the Sun. All planets, comets, and asteroids in the Solar System, and the Sun ...

. If the engine misfired or the burn was not completed, the probes which would be left in Earth orbit would be given a Kosmos designation. Control systems for 152 spacecraft which were later assigned Kosmos designations were developed and manufactured by NPO Electropribor (

Kharkiv Kharkiv, also known as Kharkov, is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city in Ukraine.

Early Kosmos satellites

Kosmos 1

Kosmos 1, also known as Sputnik 11, was launched on 16 March 1962 at 12:00:00 GMT. Orbital mass 285 kg. It was the first satellite of the Soviet Earth Satellite series.The Sputnik program
Professor Chris Mihos, Case Western Reserve University Employed radio instruments in order to study the structure of the

ionosphere The ionosphere () is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about to above sea level, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays ...

Kosmos 2

Kosmos 2, also known as Sputnik 12, was launched on 6 April 1962 at 17:16:00 GMT. Orbital mass 285 kg. It was the second satellite of the Soviet Earth Satellite series. Employed radio instruments in order to study the structure of the ionosphere.

Kosmos 3

Kosmos 3, also known as Sputnik 13, was launched on 24 April 1962 at 04:04:00 GMT. Orbital mass 330 kg. It belongs to the Soviet Earth Satellite series. It was used to study the upper layers of the atmosphere,

Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to Planetary habitability, harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all ...

and the outer space. Data was relayed to Earth by a multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space-borne memory units.

Kosmos 4

Kosmos 4, also known as Sputnik 14, was launched on 26 April 1962 at 10:04:00 GMT. Orbital mass 4610 kg. It was used to study the upper layers of the atmosphere, Earth and the outer space. It was developed to measure radiation before and after nuclear tests conducted during the U.S. project Starfish. Data was relayed to Earth by a multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space-borne memory units.

Kosmos 5

Kosmos 5, also known as Sputnik 15, was launched on 28 May 1962 at 03:07:00 GMT. Orbital mass 280 kg. It was used to study the upper layers of the atmosphere, Earth and the outer space. Data was relayed to Earth by a multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space-borne memory units.

Kosmos 6

Kosmos 6, also known as Sputnik 16, was launched on 30 June 1962 at 16:04:00 GMT from

Kapustin Yar Kapustin Yar () is a Russian military training area and a rocket launch complex in Astrakhan Oblast, about 100 km east of Volgograd. It was established by the Soviet Union on 13 May 1946. In the beginning, Kapustin Yar used technology, material ...

. Orbital mass 355 kg. It was a Soviet DS (

) type military satellite built in

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

for launch by Kosmos launch vehicles. It was used for military and scientific research and component proving tests.

Kosmos 7

Kosmos 7, also known as Sputnik 17, was launched on 28 July 1962 at 09:21:00 GMT. Orbital mass 4610 kg. It was used to study the upper layers of the atmosphere, Earth and the outer space. Data was relayed to Earth by a multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space-borne memory units. It was used to measure radiation in the space environment in order to guarantee safety during the flight of the

Vostok 3 Vostok 3 () and Vostok 4 (, 'Orient 4' or 'East 4') were Soviet space program flights in August 1962, intended to determine the ability of the human body to function in conditions of weightlessness, test the ground control capability to launch ...

and

Vostok 4 Vostok 3 () and Vostok 4 (, 'Orient 4' or 'East 4') were Soviet space program flights in August 1962, intended to determine the Effect of spaceflight on the human body, ability of the human body to function in conditions of weightlessness, test ...

spacecraft.

Kosmos 8

Kosmos 8, also known as Sputnik 18, was launched on 18 August 1962 at 05:02:00 GMT from

. Orbital mass 337 kg. It was a Soviet DS (Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik) type military satellite built in

for launch by Kosmos launch vehicles. It was used for military and scientific research and component proving tests.

Other Kosmos satellites

Kosmos 21 Kosmos 21 ( meaning ''Cosmos 21'') was a Soviet spacecraft. This mission has been tentatively identified by NASA as a technology test of the Venera series space probes. It may have been an attempted Venus impact, presumably similar to the later ...

- failed Venus (Venera) probe mission * Kosmos 24 - failed Venus probe mission *

Kosmos 47 Kosmos 47 ( meaning ''Cosmos 47'') is the designation of an uncrewed test flight of a prototype Soviet Voskhod spacecraft, the first multiple-occupant spacecraft. Launched on 6 October 1964, the successful flight paved the way for the first crew ...

- first uncrewed test flight of Voskhod crewed spacecraft *

Kosmos 57 Kosmos 57 ( meaning ''Cosmos 57'') was an uncrewed Soviet spacecraft launched on 22 February 1965. The craft was essentially an uncrewed version of Voskhod 2. Its primary mission was to test the Volga airlock. The test was successful, but the ...

- second uncrewed test flight of Voskhod crewed spacecraft * Kosmos 60 - failed Moon (Luna) landing probe mission *

Kosmos 96 Kosmos 96 ( meaning ''Cosmos 96''), or 3MV-4 No.6, was a Soviet spacecraft intended to explore Venus. A 3MV-4 spacecraft launched as part of the Venera programme, Kosmos 96 was to have made a flyby of Venus. However, due to a launch failure, it ...

- failed Venus landing probe mission *

Kosmos 110 Kosmos 110 ( meaning Kosmos 110) was a Soviet spacecraft launched on 22 February 1966 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard a Voskhod rocket. It carried two dogs, Veterok ("Breeze") and Ugolyok ("Little piece of coal"). It was one of the more ey ...

- first Soviet biosatellite (contained biological experiments) * Kosmos 111 - failed first Moon orbiting mission * Kosmos 122 - first Soviet

meteorological satellite A weather satellite or meteorological satellite is a type of Earth observation satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites are mainly of two types: polar orbiting (covering the entire Earth asyn ...

Kosmos 133 Kosmos 133 (, meaning "Kosmos 133"), Soyuz 7K-OK No.2, was the first uncrewed test flight of the Soyuz spacecraft, and first mission of the Soyuz programme, as part of the Soviet space programme. Launch Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome ...

- first uncrewed test flight of

Soyuz Soyuz is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text Союз (Russian language, Russian and Ukrainian language, Ukrainian, 'Union'). It can refer to any union, such as a trade union (''profsoyuz'') or the Soviet Union, Union of Soviet Socialist Republi ...

crewed spacecraft *

Kosmos 140 Kosmos 140 ( meaning ''Cosmos 140''), Soyuz 7K-OK No.3, was an uncrewed flight of the Soyuz spacecraft. It was the third attempted test flight of the Soyuz 7K-OK model, after orbital ( Kosmos 133) and launch ( Soyuz 11A511) failures of the fi ...

- second uncrewed test flight of Soyuz crewed spacecraft * Kosmos 144 - a soviet meteorology satellite that predated the

program *

Kosmos 146 Kosmos 146 (), also known as Soyuz 7K-L1 No. 2P, was a Soviet test spacecraft precursor to the Zond series, launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard the inaugural flight of the Proton-K rocket, an improved version of the Proton, which had ...

- first uncrewed flight of planned crewed L1 Moon-flyby spacecraft *

Kosmos 154 Kosmos 154 ( meaning ''Cosmos 154''), also known as Zond No.3P, was a Soviet test spacecraft launched from the Baikonur aboard a Proton-K rocket. It was a prototype Soyuz 7K-L1 launched by Proton. It was an uncrewed precursor to the Zond series ...

- second uncrewed flight of planned crewed L1 Moon-flyby spacecraft *

Kosmos 156 Kosmos 156 (Russian: Космос 156) was a Soviet weather satellite launched on 27 April 1967, one of eleven weather satellites launched by the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1969. It formed part of the experimental "Meteor" weather satellite s ...

- a soviet satellite that predated the Meteor program * Kosmos 159 - failed probe satellite to test gravitational anomalies caused by the Moon * Kosmos 167 - failed Venus landing probe mission *

Kosmos 186 Kosmos 186 ( meaning ''Cosmos 186'') and Kosmos 188 ( meaning ''Cosmos 188'') were two uncrewed Soviet Union spacecraft that incorporated a Soyuz programme descent module for landing scientific instruments and test objects. Mission Because ...

and

188 Year 188 (CLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in the Roman Empire as the Year of the Consulship of Fuscianus and Silanus (or, less frequently, year 941 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomi ...

- uncrewed test flights of Soyuz crewed spacecraft, the first ever automatic docking of satellites *

Kosmos 212 Kosmos 212 ( meaning ''Cosmos 212'') was one of a series of Soviet Soyuz programme test spacecraft whose purpose was to further test and develop the passenger version. Scientific data and measurements were relayed to earth by multichannel telemet ...

and

Kosmos 213 Kosmos 213 ( meaning ''Cosmos 213'') was one of a series of Soviet Soyuz programme test spacecraft whose purpose was to further test and develop the passenger version. Scientific data and measurements were relayed to earth by multichannel telem ...

- uncrewed test flights of Soyuz crewed spacecraft with second automatic docking * Kosmos 238 - final test series of Soyuz programme spacecraft * Kosmos 300 - failed Moon sample return mission * Kosmos 305 - failed Moon sample return mission * Kosmos 359 - failed Venus landing probe mission * Kosmos 367 - one of the first launched satellite with an onboard nuclear reactor

US-A Upravlyaemy Sputnik Aktivnyy ( for Controlled Active Satellite), or US-A, also known in the Western world as Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite or RORSAT ( GRAU index 17F16K), was a series of 33 Soviet reconnaissance satellites. Launched betwe ...

* Kosmos 382 - first uncrewed flight of prototype of planned LOK Moon-orbital spacecraft of L3 crewed Moon landing program * Kosmos 419 - failed

Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. It is also known as the "Red Planet", because of its orange-red appearance. Mars is a desert-like rocky planet with a tenuous carbon dioxide () atmosphere. At the average surface level the atmosph ...

orbiting probe mission *

Kosmos 482 Kosmos 482 ( meaning ''Cosmos 482'') was an attempted Soviet Venus probe. Launched 31 March 1972, at 04:02:33 UTC, it failed to escape low Earth orbit. Because of this, its name was retrospectively changed to " Kosmos" which was used for Ear ...

- failed Venus landing probe mission, parts crashed in south New Zealand. *

Kosmos 557 Kosmos 557 ( meaning ''Cosmos 557''), originally designated DOS-3, was the third space station in the Salyut program. It was originally intended to be launched as Salyut-3, but due to its failure to achieve orbit on May 11, 1973, three days befo ...

- failed third DOS type

space station A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft which remains orbital spaceflight, in orbit and human spaceflight, hosts humans for extended periods of time. It therefore is an artificial satellite featuring space habitat (facility), habitat ...

in the

Salyut program The ''Salyut'' programme (, , meaning "salute" or "fireworks") was the first space station programme, undertaken by the Soviet Union. It involved a series of four crewed scientific research space stations and two crewed military reconnaissa ...

* Kosmos 605 - first of the Bion series, containing biological organisms *

Kosmos 638 Kosmos 638 () was an uncrewed test of the 1975 Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Soyuz. It carried an APAS-75 androgynous docking system. This was followed by another uncrewed test of this spacecraft type, Kosmos 672. It was a Soyuz 7K-TM spacecra ...

- first uncrewed test flight of Soyuz/7K-TM crewed spacecraft for

Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Apollo–Soyuz was the first crewed international space mission, carried out jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as an American Apollo spacecraft docked wit ...

(ASTP) *

Kosmos 670 Kosmos 670 ( meaning ''Cosmos 670'') was an unmanned space mission, unmanned Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-S, 7K-S test. It used a new and unique inclination of 50.6 degree. The experience from these flights were used in the de ...

- first uncrewed test flight of Soyuz-VI/7K-S military crewed spacecraft *

- second uncrewed test flight of Soyuz/7K-TM crewed spacecraft for ASTP *

Kosmos 772 Kosmos 772 ( meaning ''Cosmos 772'') was an uncrewed military Soyuz 7K-S test. It was an unsuccessful mission as only one transmitter worked. Only the 166 MHz frequency transmitter operated, all of the other normal Soyuz wavelengths transmitters f ...

- second uncrewed test flight of Soyuz-VI/7K-S military crewed spacecraft * Kosmos 782 - first mission in which the U.S. participated in the Soviet Kosmos program *

Kosmos 869 Kosmos 869 ( meaning ''Cosmos 869'') was an uncrewed spacecraft, uncrewed military Soyuz spacecraft, Soyuz 7K-S test. It was a somewhat successful mission. This was the third and final test flight of a new Soyuz spacecraft type 7K-S. It was design ...

- third uncrewed test flight of Soyuz-VI/7K-S military crewed spacecraft * Kosmos 929 - first uncrewed flight of planned crewed

TKS The TK (TK-3) and TKS were Poland, Polish tankettes developed during the 1930s and used in the Second World War. Design and development The TK (also known as the TK-3) tankette was a Polish design produced from 1931 based on the chassis of the ...

spacecraft *

Kosmos 954 Kosmos 954 () was a reconnaissance satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1977. A malfunction prevented safe separation of its onboard Nuclear reactor technology, nuclear reactor; when the satellite Atmospheric reentry, reentered the Earth's ...

- launched with an onboard nuclear US-A reactor; failed (reasons uncertain) and re-entered atmosphere on 24 January 1978, strewing radioactive debris across northern Canada * Kosmos 1001 - first uncrewed test flight of

Soyuz-T The Soyuz-T (, ''Union-T'') spacecraft was the third generation Soyuz spacecraft, in service for seven years from 1979 to 1986. The ''T'' stood for transport (, ). The revised spacecraft incorporated lessons learned from the Apollo Soyuz Test ...

crewed spacecraft * Kosmos 1074 - second uncrewed test flight of Soyuz-T crewed spacecraft * Kosmos 1267 - second flight of TKS spacecraft * Kosmos 1275 - believed to be the first spacecraft destroyed by

space debris Space debris (also known as space junk, space pollution, space waste, space trash, space garbage, or cosmic debris) are defunct human-made objects in spaceprincipally in Earth orbitwhich no longer serve a useful function. These include dere ...

, but this is unconfirmed and there are other theories to explain its break up. * Kosmos 1374 - first flight of BOR-4 prototype of

Spiral In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving further away as it revolves around the point. It is a subtype of whorled patterns, a broad group that also includes concentric objects. Two-dimensional A two-dimension ...

military shuttle system *

Kosmos 1375 Kosmos 1375 ( meaning ''Cosmos 1375'') was a target satellite which was used by the Soviet Union in the 1980s for tests of anti-satellite weapons as part of the "anti-satellite weapon" Istrebitel Sputnikov program. It was a product of the Dneprope ...

- target satellite launched in Jun 1982 and intercepted and destroyed by

Kosmos 1379 Kosmos 1379 ( meaning ''Cosmos 1379'') was a low orbit 'combat' satellite which was used by the Soviet Union on 18 June 1982 as an antisatellite demonstration; an exercise that the United States called a 'seven hour nuclear war'. Kosmos 1379 inter ...

a few weeks later. * Kosmos 1378 -

ELINT Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the act and field of intelligence-gathering by interception of ''signals'', whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly u ...

satellite *

Kosmos 1402 Kosmos 1402 () was a Soviet spy satellite that malfunctioned, resulting in the uncontrolled re-entry of its nuclear reactor and its radioactive uranium fuel. Kosmos 1402 was launched on August 30, 1982, and re-entered the atmosphere on 23 January ...

- failed * Kosmos 1408 - destroyed in an

test *

Kosmos 1443 The TKS spacecraft (, , ''Transport Supply Spacecraft'', GRAU index 11F72) was a Soviet spacecraft conceived in the late 1960s for resupply flights to the military Almaz space station. The spacecraft was designed for both crewed and autonomous ...

- third flight of TKS spacecraft * Kosmos 1445 - second flight of BOR-4 prototype of Spiral military shuttle system * Kosmos 1517 - third flight of BOR-4 prototype of Spiral military shuttle system * Kosmos 1614 - fourth flight of BOR-4 prototype of Spiral military shuttle system * Kosmos 1669 - control-restored flight of

Progress Progress is movement towards a perceived refined, improved, or otherwise desired state. It is central to the philosophy of progressivism, which interprets progress as the set of advancements in technology, science, and social organization effic ...

cargo spacecraft * Kosmos 1686 - fourth flight of TKS spacecraft *

Kosmos 1818 Kosmos 1818 was a nuclear powered Soviet surveillance satellite in the RORSAT program, which monitored NATO vessels using radar. Kosmos 1818 was the first satellite to use the TOPAZ-1 fission reactor. In July 2008, the satellite was damaged, and ...

- first

RORSAT Upravlyaemy Sputnik Aktivnyy ( for Controlled Active Satellite), or US-A, also known in the Western world as Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite or RORSAT (GRAU index 17F16K), was a series of 33 Soviet reconnaissance satellites. Launched between ...

with Topaz-1 nuclear reactor *

Kosmos 1867 Kosmos 1867 () was a nuclear powered radar ocean reconnaissance satellite (RORSAT) that was launched by the Soviet Union on July 10, 1987. It was put into an orbit of about . Its mission was to monitor the oceans for naval and merchant vessels, a ...

- second RORSAT with Topaz-1 nuclear reactor *

Kosmos 1870 Cosmos generally refers to an orderly or harmonious system. Cosmos or Kosmos may also refer to: Space * ''Cosmos 1'', a privately funded solar sail spacecraft project * Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS), a Hubble Space Telescope Treasury Project ...

- uncrewed flight of

Almaz The Almaz () program was a highly secret Soviet Union, Soviet military space station program, begun in the early 1960s. Three crewed military reconnaissance stations were launched between 1973 and 1976: Salyut 2, Salyut 3 and Salyut 5. To co ...

military station *

Kosmos 2251 Kosmos-2251 ( meaning ''Cosmos 2251'') was a Russian Strela-2M military communications satellite. It was launched into Low Earth orbit from Site 132/1 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome at 04:17 UTC on 16 June 1993, by a Kosmos-3M carrier rocket. The ...

- collided with an

Iridium Iridium is a chemical element; it has the symbol Ir and atomic number 77. This very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, is considered the second-densest naturally occurring metal (after osmium) with a density ...

satellite * Kosmos 2441 - first in a new series of spy satellites (

Persona A persona (plural personae or personas) is a strategic mask of identity in public, the public image of one's personality, the social role that one adopts, or simply a fictional Character (arts), character. It is also considered "an intermediary ...

), features updated imaging technology and an extended lifetime of up to seven years, failed *

Kosmos 2479 Kosmos 2479 ( meaning ''Cosmos 2479'') is a Russian US-KMO missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2012 as part of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces' Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using in ...

- last

Oko OKO (, obsolete Russian word for eye, also an abbreviation for Ob'yedinonnyye Kristallom Osnovaniya (, literal meaning Foundations Bound by a Crystal)) is a complex of two skyscrapers located on plot 16 in the Moscow International Business Cen ...

US-KMO US-KMO (), an abbreviation for Upravlyaemy Sputnik - Kontinenty Morya Okeany () meaning ''Controllable Satellite - Continents, Oceans, Seas'' is a series of Russian, previously Soviet, satellites which are used to identify ballistic missile launch ...

early warning satellite An early warning satellite is an artificial satellite that detects ballistic missile launches in order to provide rapid early warning of a potential missile attack. Modern examples are often multi-purpose vehicles also supporting other wide-area ...

, launched on last

Proton-K The Proton-K, also designated Proton 8K82K after its GRAU index or SL-12 after its model number, was a Russian, previously Soviet, carrier rocket derived from the earlier Proton. It was built by Khrunichev, and launched from sites 81/23, 8 ...

launch vehicle A launch vehicle is typically a rocket-powered vehicle designed to carry a payload (a crewed spacecraft or satellites) from Earth's surface or lower atmosphere to outer space. The most common form is the ballistic missile-shaped multistage ...

. * Kosmos 2480 - Kobalt-M spy satellite, launched aboard the last

Soyuz-U Soyuz-U ( GRAU index: 11A511U) was a Soviet and later Russian expendable medium-lift launch vehicle designed by the TsSKB design bureau and constructed at the Progress factory in Samara, Russia. The ''U'' designation stands for ''unified' ...

launch vehicle from

Plesetsk Cosmodrome Plesetsk Cosmodrome () is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, near the town of Plesetsk, from which it takes its name. Until 2025 and the commissioning of the Andøya Space, Andøya base in Norway, it was the only operati ...

References

External links

Cosmos unmasked: studying Soviet and Russian space history in the 21st century
by Dwayne A. Day
Recoverable Satellites under the Cosmos Programme
{{authority control + Satellites of the Soviet Union Satellites of Russia