The Kordofanian languages are a geographic grouping of five language groups spoken in the Nuba Mountains of the

South Kordofan South Kordofan ( ') is one of the 18 States of Sudan, wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 158,355 km2 and an estimated population of approximately 2,107,623 people (2018 est). Kaduqli is the capital of the state. It is centered on t ...

region of

Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...

: Talodi–Heiban languages, Lafofa languages,

Rashad languages The Rashad languages form a small language family in the Nuba Hills of Sudan. They are named after Rashad District of South Kordofan. Classification Part of an erstwhile Kordofanian languages, Kordofanian proposal, they are of uncertain position ...

, Katla languages and

Kadu languages The Kadu languages, also known as Kadugli–Krongo or Tumtum, are a small language family of the Kordofanian languages, Kordofanian geographic grouping, once included in Niger–Congo. However, since Thilo C. Schadeberg, Thilo Schadeberg (1981), ...

. The first four groups are sometimes regarded as branches of the hypothetical Niger–Congo family, whereas Kadu is now widely seen as a branch of the proposed

Nilo-Saharan The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of around 210 African languages spoken by somewhere around 70 million speakers, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers, including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributari ...

family.

History

In 1963,

Joseph Greenberg Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages. Life Early life and education Joseph Greenberg was born on M ...

added them to the Niger–Congo family, creating his Niger–Kordofanian proposal. The Kordofanian languages have not been shown to be more distantly related than other branches of Niger–Congo, however, and they have not been shown to constitute a valid group. Today, the

are excluded, and the others are usually included in Niger–Congo proper.

Roger Blench Roger Marsh Blench (born August 1, 1953) is a British linguist, ethnomusicologist and development anthropologist. He has an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge and is based in Cambridge, England. He researches, publishes, and work ...

notes that the Talodi and Heiban families have the

noun class In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns. A noun may belong to a given class because of the characteristic features of its referent, such as gender, animacy, shape, but such designations are often clearly conventional. Some ...

systems characteristic of the Atlantic–Congo core of Niger–Congo but that the two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had such a system. However, the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a

Sprachbund A sprachbund (, from , 'language federation'), also known as a linguistic area, area of linguistic convergence, or diffusion area, is a group of languages that share areal features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact. Th ...

rather than having inherited them. Blench concludes that Talodi and Heiban are core Niger–Congo whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch along the lines of

Mande Mande may refer to: * Mandé peoples of western Africa * Mande languages, their Niger-Congo languages * Manding languages, Manding, a term covering a subgroup of Mande peoples, and sometimes used for one of them, Mandinka people, Mandinka * Garo p ...

. Heiban, Katloid, and

Talodi Talodi () is a small town in the Nuba Mountains, and a district of South Kordofan state, in southern Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the sout ...

are also grouped together in an automated computational analysis (

ASJP The Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP) is a collaborative project applying computational approaches to comparative linguistics using a database of word lists. The database is open access and consists of 40-item basic-vocabulary lists f ...

4) by Müller et al. (2013).Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013.
ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)
'. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance. Map_of_the_languages_of_the_Nuba_Mountains

Map_of_the_languages_of_the_Nuba_Mountains

Talodi–Heiban languages

The Heiban languages, also called Koalib or Koalib–Moro, and the Talodi languages, also called Talodi–Masakin, are part of the Talodi–Heiban group.

Lafofa languages

Lafofa (Tegem) was for a time classified with Talodi, but appears to be a separate branch of Niger–Congo.

Rashad languages

The number of Rashad languages, also called Tegali–Tagoi, varies among descriptions, from two (Williamson & Blench 2000), three (Ethnologue), to eight (Blench ''ms''). Tagoi has a noun-class system like the Atlantic–Congo languages, which is apparently borrowed, but Tegali does not.

Katla languages

The two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had a Niger–Congo-type noun-class system.

Kadu languages

Since the work of Thilo C. Schadeberg in 1981, the "Tumtum" or Kadu branch is now widely seen as

Reconstruction

Quint (2020) suggests that Proto-Kordofanian can be reconstructed from the Heibanian, Talodian, Rashadian, Katloid, and Lafofa languages. His Proto-Kordofanian reconstructions are as follows:Quint, Nicolas (2020). In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). ''The Oxford Handbook of African Languages'', 239-268. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lexical isoglosses

Starostin (2018) lists the following common lexical isoglosses in the Kordofanian languages. Potential cognates are highlighted in bold.Starostin, George. 2018.
Preliminary lexicostatistical analysis for languages of the Nuba Mountains
'. 13th Annual Sergei Starostin Memorial Conference on Comparative-Historical Linguistics (RSUH, March 22-23, 2018). :

Comparative vocabulary

Sample basic vocabulary of the Heiban, Talodi, Rashad, and Lafofa branches: ''Note'': In table cells with slashes, the singular form is given before the slash, while the plural form follows the slash.

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:

References

Bibliography

* Herman Bell. 1995
The Nuba Mountains: Who Spoke What in 1976?
. Being a study of the published results from a major project of the Institute of African and Asian Studies: the ''Language Survey of the Nuba Mountains''. * Roger Blench. Unpublished
Does Kordofanian constitute a group and if not, where does its languages fit into Niger-Congo?
* Roger Blench. Unpublished
Kordofanian and Niger–Congo: new and revised lexical evidence
* Roger Blench, 2011
Should Kordofanian be split up?
Nuba Hills Conference, Leiden * P. A. and D. N. MacDiarmid. 1931. "The languages of the Nuba Mountains." ''Sudan Notes and Records'' 14: 149-162. *

Carl Meinhof Carl Friedrich Michael Meinhof (23 July 1857 – 11 February 1944) was a German linguist and one of the first linguists to study African languages. Early years and career Meinhof was born in Barzwitz near Rügenwalde in the Province of Po ...

. 1915-1919. "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan". ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 9-9. "1. Tagoy." 6: 164-161. "2. Tumale". 6:182-205. "11. Tegele." 7:110-131. "12. Rashad." 7:132. * Thilo C. Schadeberg. 1981a. ''A survey of Kordofanian.'' SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag. * Thilo C. Schadeberg. 1981b. "Das Kordofanische". ''Die Sprachen Afrikas.'' Band 1: ''Niger–Kordofanisch'', ed. by

Bernd Heine Bernd Heine (born 25 May 1939) is a German linguist and specialist in African studies. From 1978 to 2004 Heine held the chair for African Studies at the University of Cologne, Germany, now being a Professor Emeritus. His main focal points in res ...

, T. C. Schadeberg, Ekkehard Wolff, pp. 117–28 SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag. * Thilo C. Schadeberg. 1981c.
"The classification of the Kadugli language group"
''Nilo-Saharan'', ed. by T. C. Schadeberg and M.

Lionel Bender Marvin Lionel Bender (August 18, 1934 – February 19, 2008) was an American linguist. Life Bender was born August 18, 1934, in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. He travelled throughout the world, particularly in Northeast Africa, and was an accompli ...

, pp. 291–305. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. * Brenda Z. Seligmann. 1910-11. "Note on the language of the

Nuba The Nuba people are indigenous inhabitants of southern Sudan. The Nuba are made up of 50 various indigenous ethnic groups who inhabit the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan, South Kordofan state in Sudan, encompassing multiple distinct people that ...

s of Southern

Kordofan Kordofan ( ') is a former province of central Sudan. In 1994 it was divided into three new federal states: North Kordofan, South Kordofan and West Kordofan. In August 2005, West Kordofan State was abolished and its territory divided between N ...

." ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 1:167-188. * Roland C. Stevenson. 1956-57. "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structure of the Nuba Mountains languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha, and Nyimang." ''Afrika und Übersee'' 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196. * Tucker, A. N. and M. A. Bryan. 1956. ''The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa.'' (Handbook of African Languages, Part III.)

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world. Its first book was printed in Oxford in 1478, with the Press officially granted the legal right to print books ...

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

. * A. N. Tucker and M. A. Bryan. 1966. ''Linguistic Analyses/The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa.'' (Handbook of African Languages.)

. * Tutschek, Lorenz. 1848. "Über die Tumale-Sprache." ''Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedern der k. bayer.'' Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nrs. 91-93; Spalten 729-52. (=''Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften''. Nrs. 29-31.) * Tutschek, Lorenz.. 1848-50. "On the Tumali language". ''Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1846-47 and 1847-48.'' Vol 3:239-54. ''Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1848-49 and 1849-50.'' Vol. 4:138-9.

External links

Roger Blench: Kordofanian materials
{{Authority control * Niger–Congo languages South Kordofan