Kildi Beg
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Kildi Beg ( Turki/ Kypchak: کلدی بک; died 1362) was Khan of the
Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as ''Ulug Ulus'' ( in Turkic) was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the division of ...
from 1361 to 1362, having replaced his rival Ordu Malik. The origins and identity of the khan who reigned under the name Kildi Beg pose problems. A prince of this name was a son of Iran Beg, son of Khan Öz Beg, according to the comprehensive genealogical compendium ''Muʿizz al-ansāb''. He was apparently killed during the purge of the royal family by his cousin, Khan
Berdi Beg Berdi Beg or Berdibek ( Turki/ Kypchak: بیردی بک; Persian: محمد بیردی بیگ; – 1359) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1357 to 1359, having succeeded his father Jani Beg. Berdi Beg was the last khan to rule before the beginni ...
, in 1357: according to the ''Čingīz-Nāmah'', Khan Kildi Beg's authenticity was called into question precisely because the real Kildi Beg had been killed by Berdi Beg. According to Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī, moreover, Khan Kildi Beg was an impostor who claimed to be a son of Khan
Jani Beg Jani Beg ( Persian: جانی بیگ, Turki/ Kypchak: جانی بک; died 1357), also known as Janibek Khan, was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1342 until his death in 1357. He succeeded his father Öz Beg Khan. Reign With the support of his mo ...
, whereas the genuine prince would have been Jani Beg's brother's son and would not have needed to claim his uncle as father to legitimize himself. An additional complication with Kildi Beg is that a number of eastern sources insert him between the reigns of Berdi Beg and Nawruz Beg, i.e., in 1359–1360, at the same point in time when, according to western sources, the khan was Qulpa, unknown to the eastern sources. In the ''Čingīz-Nāmah'', the pretended Kildi Beg is said to have been raised to the throne by Taydula Khatun, the widow of Öz Beg, who had been spurned by her first choice as khan and consort, Khiḍr Khan. When Kildi Beg's authenticity was questioned and he was not obeyed, he was replaced with Bazarchi (possibly identical with the familiar Nawruz Beg). It would seem that ''this'' pretended Kildi Beg corresponds to Qulpa, who reigned between Berdi Beg and Nawruz Beg. Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (earlier known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar") also placed a pretended Kildi Beg immediately after Berdi Beg, as a puppet of his conniving emirs. However, Naṭanzī related that Kildi Beg began to eliminate his emirs by pitting them one against the other, and one of the victims of these machinations was the beglerbeg Mogul Buqa; from other sources we know that Mogul Buqa survived the fall of Nawruz Beg and Taydula Khatun, and the purge of their supporters by the new Khan Khiḍr in 1360. ''This'' pretended Kildi Beg, therefore, belongs after Khiḍr Khan, something confirmed by other narrative and numismatic evidence. Whether all this suggests that more than one khan pretended to be Kildi Beg or whether a group of eastern sources conflated the pretended Kildi Beg with the obscure Qulpa, remains unclear. Whoever he was, the pretended Kildi Beg attested in contemporary evidence appears to have emerged as a claimant to the throne of the Golden Horde in 1361, when it was contested among Khiḍr Khan's son Timur Khwaja and brother Murād (or Mürid), and their rival Ordu Malik. Kildi Beg's earliest supporter was apparently the emir Yaglï Bay, a son of Berdi Beg's official Tughluq Beg, perhaps the true power behind Kildi Beg. Their cause was soon joined by the autonomous governor of Mokhshi, Tagai, and the former beglerbeg
Mamai Mamai (Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet, Mongolian Cyrillic: Мамай, ; 1325?–1380/1381) was a powerful Turco-Mongol tradition, Turko-Mongol military commander in Beylerbey rank of the Golden Horde from Kiyat clan. Contrary to popular misconcep ...
. Defeating their rivals, they seized the capital Sarai, killed Ordu Malik, and enthroned Kildi Beg in October 1361; now, if not earlier, Mamai perhaps pursued and killed the already expelled Timur Khwaja. Kildi Beg's coins were minted at Mokhshi, Azaq, and Sarai. However, Khiḍr Khan's brother Murād remained unsubdued and in control of at least Gülistan. The competition between the rival khans made the Russian princes postpone travel to the khan's court for securing investiture diplomas. Kildi Beg proceeded to eliminate a number of high officials, including the former beglerbeg Mogul Buqa; whether he did so in the manner described by Naṭanzī or not, his cruelty is also mentioned in the Russian chronicles. In the process, he seems to have lost some of his supporters, including Mamai, who returned to his base in the area of the
Crimea Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrain ...
and proclaimed a khan of his own, ʿAbdallāh. Weakened by such desertions, Kildi Beg was defeated and killed on the
Volga The Volga (, ) is the longest river in Europe and the longest endorheic basin river in the world. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catchment ...
against Murād in August or September 1362. Mamai was now able to install his own khan at Sarai in September 1362, for a brief period, before he was driven out by the victorious Murād. This, at least, is the general view. The appearance of Kildi Beg's name on coins minted at Yangishehr (perhaps Old Orhei in
Bessarabia Bessarabia () is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Bessarabia lies within modern-day Moldova, with the Budjak region covering the southern coa ...
) in the year of the Hijra 765 (= AD 10 October 1363 – 27 September 1364) and at Azaq in the year of the Hijra 767 (September 1365-September 1366), has been interpreted as indicating Kildi Beg's survival after his defeat and loss of Sarai. However, these dates and issues have been dismissed as erroneous.Sidorenko 200: 271.


Genealogy

*
Genghis Khan Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan (title), khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongols, Mongol tribes, he launched Mongol invasions and ...
*
Jochi Jochi (; ), also spelled Jüchi, was a prince of the early Mongol Empire. His life was marked by controversy over the circumstances of his birth and culminated in his estrangement from his family. He was nevertheless a prominent Military of the ...
* Batu * Toqoqan *
Mengu-Timur Mengu-Timur ( ) or Möngke Temür (; died 1280) was a son of Toqoqan Khan (himself the son of Batu) and Köchu Khatun of Oirat, the daughter of Toralchi Küregen and granddaughter of Qutuqa Beki. Mengu-Timur was a khan of the Golden Horde, ...
*Toghrilcha * Öz Beg * Iran Beg *Kildi Beg


See also

*
List of khans of the Golden Horde This is a complete list of khans of the Orda (organization), Ulus of Jochi, better known by its later Russian designation as the Golden Horde, in its right (west) wing and left (east) wing divisions known problematically as the Blue Horde and Whit ...


References


Bibliography

* Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," ''Numizmatičeskij sbornik'' 3 (2002) 9-55. * Grekov, B. D., and A. J. Jakubovskij, ''Zolotaja orda i eë padenie''. Moscow, 1950. * Grigor'ev, A. P., "Zolotoordynskie hany 60-70-h godov XIV v.: hronologija pravlenii," ''Istriografija i istočnikovedenie stran Azii i Afriki'' 7 (1983) 9-54. * Howorth, H. H., ''History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century.'' Part II.1. London, 1880. * Judin, V. P., ''Utemiš-hadži, Čingiz-name'', Alma-Ata, 1992. * May, T., ''The Mongol Empire''. Edinburgh, 2018. * Nasonov, A. N., ''Mongoly i Rus, Moscow, 1940. * Počekaev, R. J., ''Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy''. Saint Petersburg, 2010. * Sabitov, Ž. M., ''Genealogija "Tore"'', Astana, 2008. * Safargaliev, M. G., ''Raspad Zolotoj Ordy.'' Saransk, 1960. * Sidorenko, V. A., "Hronologija pravlenii zolotoordynskih hanov 1357-1380 gg.," ''Materialov po arheologii, istorii i ètnografii Tavrii'' 7 (2000) 267–288. * Thackston, W. M. (trans.), ''Khwandamir, Habibu's-siyar. Tome Three.'' Cambridge, MA, 1994. * Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), ''Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii'', republished as ''Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah.'' 4. Almaty, 2006. * Vernadsky, G., ''The Mongols and Russia'', New Haven, 1953. * Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.), ''Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah.'' 3. ''Muʿizz al-ansāb.'' Almaty, 2006. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kildi Beg 1362 deaths Khans of the Golden Horde 14th-century monarchs in Europe Mongol Empire Muslims Year of birth unknown