is an umbrella term for all ('' ko-budō'') schools of Japanese

swordsmanship Swordsmanship or sword fighting refers to the skills and techniques used in combat and training with any type of sword. The term is modern, and as such was mainly used to refer to smallsword fencing, but by extension it can also be applied to an ...

, in particular those that predate the

Meiji Restoration The , referred to at the time as the , and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Regeneration, Reform, or Renewal, was a political event that restored Imperial House of Japan, imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Althoug ...

. Some modern styles of kendo and iaido that were established in the 20th century also included modern forms of kenjutsu in their curriculum. Kenjutsu, which originated with the

samurai The samurai () were members of the warrior class in Japan. They were originally provincial warriors who came from wealthy landowning families who could afford to train their men to be mounted archers. In the 8th century AD, the imperial court d ...

class of feudal Japan, means "methods, techniques, and the art of the Japanese sword". This is opposed to kendo, which means "the way of the sword" and uses a bamboo sword ( shinai) and protective armour ( bōgu). The exact activities and conventions undertaken when practicing ''kenjutsu'' vary from school to school, where the word school here refers to the practice, methods, ethics, and metaphysics of a given tradition, yet commonly include practice of battlefield techniques without an opponent and techniques whereby two practitioners perform ''

kata ''Kata'' is a Japanese word ( 型 or 形) meaning "form". It refers to a detailed choreographed pattern of martial arts movements. It can also be reviewed within groups and in unison when training. It is practiced in Japanese martial arts ...

'' (featuring full contact strikes to the body in some styles and no body contact strikes permitted in others). Contact striking during kata is used for example in Ono Ha Ittō-ryū. Although kata training has always been the mainstay, in later periods, schools incorporated

sparring Sparring is a form of training common to many combat sports. It can encompass a range of activities and techniques such as punching, kicking, grappling, throwing, wrestling or submission work dependent on style. Although the precise form varies, ...

under a variety of conditions, from using solid wooden '' bokutō'' to the use of a bamboo sword ('' shinai'') and armor ('' bōgu''). In modern times sparring in Japanese martial art is more strongly associated with kendo and is mainly practiced by students or the police force. Although kendo is common in Japan, it is also practiced in other countries around the world.

History

Early development

It is thought likely that the first iron swords were manufactured in Japan in the fourth century, based on technology imported from

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

via the

Korean peninsula Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically divided at or near the 38th parallel between North Korea (Dem ...

. While swords clearly played an important cultural and religious role in ancient Japan, in the

Heian period The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kammu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means in Japanese. It is a ...

the globally recognised curved Japanese sword (the

katana A is a Japanese sword characterized by a curved, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard and long grip to accommodate two hands. Developed later than the ''tachi'', it was used by samurai in feudal Japan and worn with the edge fa ...

) was developed and swords became important weapons and symbolic items. The oldest schools in existence today arose in the Muromachi period (1336 to 1573), known for long periods of inter-state warfare. Three major schools emerged during this period. * Kage-ryū (Aizu) (Aisukage ryū) * Chūjō-ryū * Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū These schools form the ancestors for many descendent styles, for example, from Ittō ryū has branched Ono-ha Ittō ryū and Mizoguchi-ha Ittō-ryū (among many others). On the island of Okinawa, the art of Udundi includes a unique method of both Kenjutsu and Iaijutsu. This is the only surviving sword system from Okinawa. It was the martial art of the noble Motobu family during the Ryukyu Kingdom.

Edo period

During the

Edo period The , also known as the , is the period between 1600 or 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when the country was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and some 300 regional ''daimyo'', or feudal lords. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengok ...

schools proliferated to number more than 500, and training techniques and equipment advanced. The 19th century led to the development of the bamboo practice sword, the ''shinai'', and protective armor, ''bogu''. This allowed practice of full speed techniques in sparring, while reducing risk of serious harm to the practitioner. Before this, training in Kenjutsu had consisted mainly of basic technique practice and paired ''

'', using solid wooden practice swords ('' bokutō'') or live blades.

Decline

Beginning in 1868, the Meiji Restoration led to the breakup of the military class and the modernization of Japan along the lines of western industrial nations. As the ''

'' class was officially dissolved at this time, ''kenjutsu'' fell into decline, an unpopular reminder of the past. This decline continued for approximately 20 years, until rising national confidence led to an increase of the uptake of traditional sword arts again, particularly in the military and the police. In 1886 the Japanese Police gathered together ''kata'' from a variety of ''kenjutsu'' schools into a standardised set for training purposes. This process of standardization of martial training continued when, in 1895, a body for martial arts in Japan, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, was established. Work on standardizing ''kenjutsu'' ''kata'' continued for years, with several groups involved until in 1912 an edict was released by the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai. This edict highlighted a lack of unity in teaching and introduced a standard core teaching curriculum to which the individual ''kenjutsu'' schools would add their distinctive techniques. This core curriculum, and its ten ''kata'' evolved into the modern martial art of ''kendo''. This point could be regarded as the end of the development of Kendo. Kata was provided for the unification of many schools to enable them to pass on the techniques and spirit of the Japanese sword.

Weapons

One of the more common training weapons is the wooden sword (''bokutō'' or ''bokken''). For various reasons, many schools make use of very specifically designed ''bokutō'', altering its shape, weight and length according to the style's specifications. For example, ''bokutō'' used within

Yagyū Shinkage-ryū is one of the oldest Japanese schools of swordsmanship (''kenjutsu''). Its primary founder was Kamiizumi Nobutsuna, who called the school Shinkage-ryū. In 1565, Nobutsuna bequeathed the school to his greatest student, Yagyū Munetoshi, who ...

are relatively thin and without a handguard in order to match the school's characteristic approach to combat. Alternatively, Kashima Shin-ryū practitioners use a thicker than average ''bokutō'' with no curvature and with a rather large hilt. This of course lends itself well to Kashima Shin-ryū's distinct principles of combat. Some schools practice with ''fukuro'' '' shinai'' (a bamboo sword covered with leather or cloth) under circumstances where the student lacks the ability to safely control a ''bokutō'' at full speed or as a general safety precaution. In fact, the ''fukuro shinai'' dates as far back as the 15th century.

''Nitōjutsu''

A distinguishing feature of many kenjutsu syllabi is the use of a paired katana or '' daitō'' and wakizashi or '' shōtō,'' commonly referred to as . Styles that teach it are called ; contrast . The most famous exponent of ''nitōjutsu'' was Miyamoto Musashi (1584 – 1645), the founder of Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū, who advocates it in '' The Book of Five Rings''. ''Nitōjutsu'' is not however unique to Hyoho Niten Ichi-ryū, nor was ''nitōjutsu'' the creation of Musashi. Both Tenshin Shōden Katori Shinto-ryū were founded in the early Muromachi period (ca. 1447), and Tatsumi-ryu founded Eishō period (1504–1521), contain extensive two-sword curricula while also preceding the establishment of Musashi's school.Serge Mol, 2003, ''Classical Weaponry of Japan: Special Weapons and Tactics of the Martial Arts'' Kodansha International Ltd
(pp.22-23)

Notable historical Japanese practitioners

* Sasaki Rui 佐々木累 * Nakazawa Koto 中沢琴 * Tatsumi Sankyo 立身三京 * Nen-ami Jion 念阿弥慈恩 * Iizasa Choisai Ienao 飯篠長威斎家直 * Aidu Ikousai Hisatada 愛洲移香斎久忠 * Kamiizumi Nobutsuna 上泉信綱 * Moro-oka Ippa 諸岡一波 * Tsukahara Bokuden 塚原卜伝 * Ashikaga Yoshiteru 足利義輝 * Togo Chui 東郷重位 * Hikita Bungoro Kagetomo 疋田豊五郎景兼 * Marume Kurando-no-Suke Nagayoshi 丸目蔵人佐長恵 * Yagyū Sekishusai Muneyoshi 柳生石舟斎宗厳 * Yagyū Tajima-no-kami Munenori 柳生但馬守宗矩 * Yagyū Jūbei Mitsuyoshi 柳生十兵衛三義 * Harigaya Sekiun 針ヶ谷夕雲 * Itori Koun Tamenobu 井鳥巨雲為信 * Chujo Nagahide 中条長秀 * Toda Gorouzaemon Nyudo Seigen 富田五郎左衛門入道勢源 * Ito Ittosai Kagehisa 伊藤一刀斎景久 *Ono Jiroemon Tadaaki ( Mikogami Tenzen) 小野次郎衛門忠明 * Ono Jiroemon Tadatsune 小野次郎衛門忠常 * Mikogami Tenzen 御子神典膳 * Miyamoto Musashi 宮本武蔵玄信 * Aoki Johemon Kaneie (Tetsujin) 青木城衛門金家 (鉄人) * Sasaki Ganryu佐々木岩流 (In Kodan (old Japanese storytelling), well known as Sasaki Kojiro) * Chiba Shusaku Narimasa 千葉周作成政 * Momoi Shunzo Naoyoshi 桃井春蔵直由 * Togasaki Teruyoshi 戸ケ崎暉芳 * Iba Hachiro Hidesato 伊庭八郎秀穎 * Negishi Shingoro 根岸信五郎 (Last Edo period headmaster of Shinto Munen-ryu) * Kubota Suketaro Sugane 窪田助太郎清音 * Ohishi Susumu Tanetsugu 大石進種次 * Otani Seiichiro Nobutomo 男谷精一郎信友 * Yamaoka Tesshu 山岡鉄舟 * Okita Souji沖田総司 * Shingai Tadaatsu真貝忠篤 * Sakakibara Kenkichi榊原鍵吉 * Nakayama Hakudo 中山博道 * Kohno Sasaburou 高野佐三郎 * Sasamori Junzo 笹森順造 * Hayashizaki Jinsuke 林崎甚助

Sources

* Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan – 3-volume set by Diane Skoss (Koryu Books): ** Koryu Bujutsu: Classical Warrior Traditions Of Japan ** Sword & Spirit: Classical Warrior Traditions Of Japan, Volume 2 ** Keiko Shokon: Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan, Volume 3

References

External links

{{martial arts Japanese martial arts * Kendo Ko-ryū bujutsu Ninjutsu skills