Kazimierz Gaca
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Kazimierz Gaca alias Jean Jacquin (1920-1997) was a Polish cryptanalyst and officer. Before
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, he worked at the Cipher Bureau (), decoding radio messages encrypted by the German military using their
Enigma machine The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the W ...
. After WWII, he worked for the French intelligence bureau and retired in the south of France.


Biography


Early life, activities before WWII

Kazimierz was born from Aleksandra and Franciszek Gaca. He was the youngest of four brothers, Zbigniew (1908-1951), Czesław (born 1909) and Adam (born 1910). In Bydgoszcz, the family lived at 26 Chrobrego Street. In 1938, while studying mathematics at the University of Warsaw, followed his twelve-years-older brother Zbigniew and joined the Polish Cipher Bureau or ''Biuro Szyfrów'' (BS). He was posted in the ''BS4'', the department in charge of German ciphers, counterintelligence and radio surveillance. At the time, Kazimierz was the youngest employee, working in premises in the
Kabaty Woods The Stefan Starzyński Kabaty Woods Nature Reserve () is a woodland park located in southern Warsaw, between two major arteries, Puławska Street, Warsaw, Puławska and Łukasz Drewny Streets. Administratively the park belongs to southern Warsaw ...
near Pyry (today's Polish Air Operations Center).


Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

Following the German
invasion of Poland The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Second Polish Republic, Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak R ...
in September 1939, Kazimierz, like all ''BS'' employees, had to leave his country. Carrying a replica of the Enigma machine, it took five months for him to transfer to
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
then
Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...
and
Greece Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to th ...
. In
Piraeus Piraeus ( ; ; , Ancient: , Katharevousa: ) is a port city within the Athens urban area ("Greater Athens"), in the Attica region of Greece. It is located southwest of Athens city centre along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf in the Ath ...
, Gaca could board the ship "Warszawa" and reach
Marseille Marseille (; ; see #Name, below) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regions of France, region. Situated in the ...
on 20 February 1940. Many of his colleagues like himself gathered in a new base at the Château de Vignolles near
Gretz-Armainvilliers Gretz-Armainvilliers () is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Demographics Inhabitants are called ''Gretzois'' in French. See also *Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department The ...
, southeast
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
. The place housed a secret
intelligence Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as t ...
allied facility, ''
PC Bruno ''PC Bruno'' was a Polish– French–Spanish signals–intelligence station near Paris during World War II, from October 1939 until June 1940. Its function was decryption of cipher messages, most notably German messages enciphered on the Enigma ...
'', led by major Gustave Bertrand: there, Kazimierz joined the "Z" Team in May 1940 and resumed the cryptanalytical fight to crack Enigma machine. Following the German offensive against France in June 1940, the team of Gustave Bertrand initially fled to French
Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...
to escape the advancing
Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmac ...
. Soon a new clandestine location managed by Bertrand was settled: code-named ''
Cadix ''Cadix'' was a World War II clandestine intelligence center at Uzès, in southern France, from September 1940 to 9 November 1942. During this period southern France was under the control of Vichy France and not occupied by Nazi Germany. At ''C ...
'', it was located near
Uzès Uzès (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Uzès lies about north-northeast of Nîmes, west of Avignon, and southeast of Alès. History Originally ''Ucetia'' or ''Eutica'' in Latin, Uzès wa ...
, then in the free southern zone of France (''Zone libre''). Kazimierz (who took the alias of ''Jean Jacquin'', born in
La Roche sur Yon La Roche-sur-Yon () is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France. It is the capital of the department. The demonym for its inhabitants is ''Yonnais''. Known for its historical significance and cultur ...
) and his colleagues moved back there. In November 1942, German forces eventually occupied the ''Zone Libre'' (
Operation Anton Case Anton () was the military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Germany and Italy in November 1942. It marked the end of the Vichy regime as a nominally independent state and the disbanding of its army (the severely-limited '' Armisti ...
). Gaca, together with several colleagues (
Edward Fokczyński Edward Fokczyński was one of the four directors of the AVA Radio Company, an electronics firm established in Warsaw, Poland, in 1929. AVA produced radio equipment for the Polish General Staff's Biuro Szyfrów, Cipher Bureau, which was responsib ...
, Gwido Langer, Antoni Palluth and
Maksymilian Ciężki Maksymilian Ciężki (; Samter, Province of Posen (now Szamotuły, Poland), 24 November 1898 – 9 November 1951 in London, England) was the head of the Polish Cipher Bureau's German section (''BS–4'') in the 1930s, during which time— ...
), were captured in the
Pyrenees The Pyrenees are a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain. They extend nearly from their union with the Cantabrian Mountains to Cap de Creus on the Mediterranean coast, reaching a maximum elevation of at the peak of Aneto. ...
in March 1943, while attempting to escape from the Vichy regime to neighboring
Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...
. They were imprisoned in the citadel in
Perpignan Perpignan (, , ; ; ) is the prefectures in France, prefecture of the Pyrénées-Orientales departments of France, department in Southern France, in the heart of the plain of Roussillon, at the foot of the Pyrenees a few kilometres from the Me ...
then transferred to
Royallieu-Compiègne internment camp The Royallieu-Compiègne was an internment and deportation camp located in the north of France in the city of Compiègne, open from June 1941 to August 1944. French resistance fighters and Jews were among some of the prisoners held in this camp. ...
. His friends had various and tragic fortunes: * Lieutenant-colonel Gwido Langer, liberated in mid-1945 from the ''Schloss Jezeří'' near the
Flossenbürg concentration camp Flossenbürg was a Nazi concentration camp built in May 1938 by the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. Unlike other concentration camps, it was located in a remote area, in the Fichtel Mountains of Bavaria, adjacent to the town of Flos ...
, was sent to a Polish signals camp in
Kinross Kinross (, ) is a burgh in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, around south of Perth, Scotland, Perth and around northwest of Edinburgh. It is the traditional county town of the Counties of Scotland, historic county of Kinross-shire. History Kinro ...
, Scotland. Colonel Gano, the chief of the Polish Section II in Britain had been convinced that the failure of their evacuation to Spain was due to Langer's hesitation and lack of nerve. Gwido Langer died in Scotland on 30 March 1948; * Major Maksymilian Ciężki was also interned at the ''Schloss Jezeří'' and sent after liberation to
Kinross Kinross (, ) is a burgh in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, around south of Perth, Scotland, Perth and around northwest of Edinburgh. It is the traditional county town of the Counties of Scotland, historic county of Kinross-shire. History Kinro ...
. He died in
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
on 9 November 1951, after living the last three years on subsidies from the
National Assistance Board The National Assistance Board was established by the National Assistance Act 1948 ( 11 & 12 Geo. 6. c. 29) and abolished in by the Ministry of Social Security Act 1966. It was preceded by the Unemployment Assistance Board (known from 1941 as t ...
; * Major Edward Fokczyński died of starvation in the
Sachsenhausen concentration camp Sachsenhausen () or Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a German Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used from 1936 until April 1945, shortly before the defeat of Nazi Germany in May later that year. It mainly held political prisoners t ...
in 1944; * Antoni Palluth and Gaca were forced to work in the
Heinkel Heinkel Flugzeugwerke () was a German aircraft manufacturing company founded by and named after Ernst Heinkel. It is noted for producing bomber aircraft for the Luftwaffe in World War II and for important contributions to high-speed flight, wit ...
aircraft factory in
Oranienburg Oranienburg () is a town in Brandenburg, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Oberhavel. Geography Oranienburg is on the banks of the River Havel, 35 km north of the centre of Berlin. Division of the town Oranienburg consists of ni ...
. The plant was partially destroyed by an Allied bombing raid on 18 April 1944: a bomb fragment fatally wounded Antoni, while Kazimierz Gaca, standing fifty meters away, survived.


Activities post WWII

After the war, Gustave Bertrand now Brigadier General, invited in 1947 Gaca and Sylwester Palluth, a cousin of Antoni Palluth, to join the French intelligence department he was leading. On 07 June 1950, Kazimierz married Monique Isambert, the daughter of the general's chauffeur. The ceremony was also attended by his brother Zbigniew, just back from United Kingdom. The couple settled in the South of France, they had one daughter. He outlived all his friends and colleagues from the ''BS'' and was able to witness the fall of communism in his homeland of Poland in 1989, where he never returned to. Kazilierz Gaca wrote his memoirs in the mid-1980s and died in France in 1997. The Polish endeavour for breaking of German Enigma ciphers had been kept secret for almost 30 years after the end of WWII: it only became public in the first half of the 1970s. One of the first to break this silence was Gustave Bertrand, then retired, who published a book entitled ''Enigma ou la plus grande énigme de la Guerre 1939 - 1945'' ().


Family

Bérénice Courtin (born in 1994) from Paris, is a granddaughter of Kazimierz Gaca. As a multidisciplinary artist and artisan based in Geneva, she weaves fabrics inspired by secret messages. Hiding codes in her textiles, she puts in parallel the weaving
loom A loom is a device used to weaving, weave cloth and tapestry. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the Warp (weaving), warp threads under tension (mechanics), tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of ...
and the Enigma machine, both of which are the origin of the computer and binary code. She has also collaborated with other artists to create an experimental cinema performance about Gaca's work.


Orders

For his services, Kazimierz Gaca was made knight in the French order of the
Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour ( ), formerly the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour (), is the highest and most prestigious French national order of merit, both military and Civil society, civil. Currently consisting of five cl ...
.


See also

*
Bydgoszcz Bydgoszcz is a city in northern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Kuyavia. Straddling the confluence of the Vistula River and its bank (geography), left-bank tributary, the Brda (river), Brda, the strategic location of Byd ...
*
Enigma machine The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the W ...
*
Cadix ''Cadix'' was a World War II clandestine intelligence center at Uzès, in southern France, from September 1940 to 9 November 1942. During this period southern France was under the control of Vichy France and not occupied by Nazi Germany. At ''C ...
*
Marian Rejewski Marian Adam Rejewski (; 16 August 1905 – 13 February 1980) was a Polish people, Polish mathematician and Cryptography, cryptologist who in late 1932 reconstructed the sight-unseen German military Enigma machine, Enigma cipher machine, aided ...
*
List of Polish people This is a partial list of notable Polish or Polish-speaking or -writing people. People of partial Polish heritage have their respective ancestries credited. Physics * Miedziak Antal * Czesław Białobrzeski * Andrzej Buras * Georges ...


References


Bibliography

* *


External link


Kazimierz Gaca's granddaughter
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaca, Kazimierz People from Bydgoszcz Polish cryptographers Polish Army officers Polish military personnel of World War II 20th-century cryptographers Cipher Bureau (Poland) Enigma machine 1920 births 1997 deaths