''Myrica esculenta'' is a
tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...
or large
shrub native to the hills of northern
India
India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...
, southern
Bhutan
Bhutan (; dz, འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, Druk Yul ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan,), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is situated in the Eastern Himalayas, between China in the north and India in the south. A mountai ...
and
Nepal
Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne,
सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is ma ...
. Its common names include box myrtle, bayberry and kaphal. Its berries are edible and are consumed locally. It is the state fruit of the northern Indian state of
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand ( , or ; , ), also known as Uttaranchal ( ; List of renamed places in India, the official name until 2007), is a States and union territories of India, state in the North India, northern part of India. It is often referred to as t ...
.
Habitat

Known locally as kaphal or kafal, ''Myrica esculenta'' is found in the hilly regions of northern
India
India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...
and
Nepal
Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne,
सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is ma ...
, especially in the regions of
Garhwal Garhwal may refer to the following topics associated with Uttarakhand, India:
Places
*Garhwal Himalaya, a sub-range of the Himalayas
*Garhwal Kingdom, a former kingdom
*Garhwal District (British Garhwal), a former district of British India
*Garh ...
and
Kumaon of
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand ( , or ; , ), also known as Uttaranchal ( ; List of renamed places in India, the official name until 2007), is a States and union territories of India, state in the North India, northern part of India. It is often referred to as t ...
, southern
Bhutan
Bhutan (; dz, འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, Druk Yul ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan,), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is situated in the Eastern Himalayas, between China in the north and India in the south. A mountai ...
and western Nepal especially at elevations of .
It is also found at elevations below in the midhills of Nepal. It is also found in Ziro, Arunachal Pradesh and some parts of Himachal Pradesh and Meghalaya.
Morphology

''Myrica esculenta'' has a tree of medium height, about . Bark is soft and brittle. Leaves are conjoint, feet long that has leaflets in pairs of 6 to 9 and has a width of . Flowers are of white color and are found in bunches. Fruit is a globose, succulent drupe, with a hard endocarp; diameter ; average mass . Seeds are triangular in shape and are astringent in taste.
According to
Ayurveda
Ayurveda () is an alternative medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. The theory and practice of Ayurveda is pseudoscientific. Ayurveda is heavily practiced in India and Nepal, where around 80% of the population repor ...
, it has two varieties based on the color of flower: Shweta (white) and Rakta (red).
[
]
Chemical constituents
The bark is yellow and contains the chemical substances myricetin, myricitrin and glycoside
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycoside ...
s.[ Leaves of the plant also contain flavone-4'-hydroxy-3',5,5'-trimethoxy-7-O-β-I-D-glucopyranosy)(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside; flavone-3',4'-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside; β-sitosterol; β-sitosterol-β-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin.Bamola A, Semwal DK, Semwal S, Rawat U. Flavonoid glycosides from Myrica esculenta leaves. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 2009;86(5):535-6.]
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3636681
Plants used in Ayurveda
esculenta
Trees of Nepal
Flora of West Himalaya
Trees of India