The Kannada script (

IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during ...

: ''Kannaḍa lipi''; obsolete: Kanarese or Canarese script in English) is an abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write Kannada, one of the Dravidian languages of South India especially in the state of Karnataka. Kannada script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Karnataka. Several minor languages, such as

Tulu Tulu may refer to: People *Derartu Tulu (born 1972), Ethiopian long-distance runner *Walid Yacoubou (born 1997), Togolese footballer nicknamed "Tulu" India *Tulu calendar, traditional solar calendar generally used in the regions of southwest Kar ...

, Konkani, Kodava, Sanketi and Beary, also use alphabets based on the Kannada script. The Kannada and Telugu scripts share very high mutual intellegibility with each other, and are often considered to be regional variants of single script. Other scripts similar to Kannada script are Sinhala script (which included some elements from the Kadamba script), and Old Peguan script (used in

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, Joh ...

). The Kannada script ( ''akṣaramāle'' or ''varṇamāle'') is a phonemic abugida of forty-nine letters. The character set is almost identical to that of other Brahmic scripts. Consonantal letters imply an inherent vowel. Letters representing consonants are combined to form digraphs ''('' ''ottakṣara)'' when there is no intervening vowel. Otherwise, each letter corresponds to a

syllable A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants). Syllables are often considered the phonological "bu ...

. The letters are classified into three categories: ''svara'' ( vowels), ''vyañjana'' (

consonant In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are and pronounced with the lips; and pronounced with the front of the tongue; and pronounced ...

s), and ''yōgavāhaka'' ( semiconsonants). The Kannada words for a letter of the script are ''akshara'', ''akkara'', and ''varṇa''. Each letter has its own form ( ''ākāra'') and sound ( ''śabda''), providing the visible and audible representations, respectively. Kannada is written from left to right.''A Grammar of the Kannada Language.'' F. Kittel (1993), p. 5

History

The Brahmi script evolved into the Kadamba script by the 5th century, which in turn developed into the Kannada-Telugu script (or 'Old Kannada script') in the 7th century. The Kannada and Telugu scripts then separated by around 1300 C.E. Over the centuries some changes have been made to the Kannada script. These changes consist of: # Modification of existing glyphs: In the early Kannada script, no orthographic distinction was made between the short mid , and long mid , . However, distinct signs were employed to denote the special consonants viz. the trill the retroflex lateral and the retroflex rhotic , by the 5th century. # Introduction of new characters: Kannada script includes characters like , , , , , , , , , , and mahāprāṇa characters like , , , , , , , , , . The introduction was done so that Sanskrit (and loanwords into the Kannada language from the donor language Sanskrit) could be written using the Kannada script. These changes have facilitated the use of the Kannada script for writing many of the literary Indic languages, including Sanskrit.

Vowel letters

There are thirteen (fourteen if the obsolete vowel ೠ is included) vowel letters ( ''svara''). Kanheri-brahmi

When a vowel follows a consonant, it is written with a diacritic rather than as a separate letter.

Yōgavāha

The ''Yōgavāha'' (part-vowel, part consonant) include two letters: # The anusvara: (''aṁ'') # The

visarga Visarga ( sa, विसर्गः, translit=visargaḥ) means "sending forth, discharge". In Sanskrit phonology ('' ''), ' (also called, equivalently, ' by earlier grammarians) is the name of a phone voiceless glottal fricative, , written as: ...

: (''aḥ'') Another two ''Yōgavāha'' used in Sanskrit, but present in Kannada script, are known as ''Ardhavisarga'': # The Jihvamuliya: # The Upadhmaniya:

Consonant letters

Two categories of consonant letters ( ''vyan̄jana'') are defined in Kannada: the structured consonants and the unstructured consonants.

Structured consonants

The structured consonants are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into five structured groups. These consonants are shown here with their ISO transcriptions.

Unstructured consonants

The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures: (ya), (ra), (ṟa; obsolete), (la), (va), (śa), (ṣa), (sa), (ha), (), (ḻ; obsolete).

Consonant conjuncts

The Kannada script is rich in conjunct consonant clusters, with most consonants having a standard subjoined form and few true ligature clusters. A table of consonant conjuncts follows although the forms of individual conjuncts may differ according to the font.

Consonant conjuncts with ರ (ra)

Of special note is the sequence concerning the letter (ra). Unlike other letters, the conjunct form is written second even if it is pronounced first in the sequence. For example, the /rnaː/ in the word ''Karnāṭaka'' (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ) is written ರ್ನಾ rather than ರ‍್ನಾ.

Consonant conjuncts with nasal consonants

The nasal consonants (ṅa), (ña), (ṇa), (na), and (ma) are usually written as an anusvara when preceding another consonant rather than a consonant conjunct. For example, the /ŋg/ in the word ''Beṅgaḷūru'' (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is usually written rather than (ಬೆಙ್ಗಳೂರು).

Obsolete Kannada letters

Kannada literary works employed the letters (transliterated '' or 'rh') and (transliterated '', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-day Malayalam and Tamil. The letters dropped out of use in the 12th and 18th centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with (ra) and (la) respectively.Rice, Edward. P (1921), "A History of Kannada Literature", Oxford University Press, 1921: 14–15 It is still used to write the Badaga language and a vowel + virama + ḻ is used to transcribe its retroflex vowels. Another letter (or unclassified ''vyanjana'' (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'. Kannada-archaic-n

Likewise, this has its equivalent in

Telugu Telugu may refer to: * Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India *Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India * Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language ** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode S ...

, where it is called ''Nakaara pollu''. The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially the

Dakshina Kannada Dakshina Kannada district is a district of Karnataka state in India, with its headquarters in the coastal city of Mangalore. It is part of the larger Tulu Nadu region. The district covers an area nestled in between the Western Ghats to its east ...

district). Now, hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by (consonant n).

Places of articulation

There are five classifications of passive articulations: : Kaṇṭhya: Velar : Tālavya: Palatal : Mūrdhanya: Retroflex : Dantya: Dental : Ōshtya: Labial Apart from that, other places are combinations of the above five: : Dantōsthya: Labio-dental (E.g.: v) : Kantatālavya: E.g.:

Diphthong A diphthong ( ; , ), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech o ...

e : Kantōsthya: labial-velar (E.g.: Diphthong o) The attempt of articulation of consonants (Uccāraṇa Prayatna) is of two types, : Bāhya Prayatna: External effort :: Spṛṣṭa:

Plosive In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade (, ), tongue body (, ), lips ...

:: Īshat Spṛṣṭa:

Approximant Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Therefore, approximants fall between fricatives, which do produce a ...

:: Īshat Saṃvṛta:

Fricative A fricative is a consonant manner of articulation, produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two Place of articulation, articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the ba ...

: Abhyantara Prayatna: Internal effort :: Alpaprāna: Unaspirated :: Mahāprāna: Aspirated :: Śvāsa: Unvoiced :: Nāda: Voiced

Articulation of consonants

Articulation of consonants is be logical combination of components in the two prayatnams. The below table gives a view upon articulation of consonants.

Pronunciation of letters

*archaic

Writing order

Akshara

Written Kannada is composed of akshara or ''kagunita'', corresponding to syllables. The letters for consonants combine with diacritics for vowels. The consonant letter without any diacritic, such as ''ka'', has the inherent vowel ''a'' . This is called ''dīrgha''. A consonant without a vowel is marked with a 'killer' stroke, such as ''k''. This is known as ''hrasva''. The formations shown boldface above are seldom used in the normal course of the language.

Numerals

The decimal numerals in the script are:

Transliteration

Several transliteration schemes/tools are used to type Kannada characters using a standard keyboard. These include Baraha (based on ITRANS),

Pada Software Pada may refer to: * ''Pada'' (film), an upcoming Indian film *Pada (foot), in Sanskrit grammar, and Hindu and Buddhist tradition *Sri Pada or Adam's Peak, a mountain in Sri Lanka *Pada, Estonia, village in Viru-Nigula Parish, Lääne-Viru County, ...

and several internet tools like Google transliteration, Quillpad (predictive transliterator). Nudi, the Government of Karnataka's standard for Kannada Input, is a phonetic layout loosely based on transliteration.

In popular culture

Due to its resemblance to an eye and an eyebrow, the Kannada letter ''ṭha'' is used in the "look of disapproval" (displayed as "ಠ_ಠ"), a popular emoticon used to convey disapproval or contempt. Similarly, the akshara ''rr̥a'' has been used in emoticons to represent a monocle, while ''tha'' has been used to represent a tearing eye.

Unicode

Kannada script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Kannada is U+0C80–U+0CFF:

References

External links

* — South and Southeast Asian Scripts * — Kannada Code Chart
Kannada alphabet
— From Omniglot {{DEFAULTSORT:Kannada Script Brahmic scripts Kannada language Konkani Tulu language Alphabets Officially used writing systems of India