Kalittokai

''Kalittokai'' ( meaning ''the kali-metre anthology'') is a classical Tamil poetic work and the sixth of Eight Anthologies (''Ettuthokai'') in the Sangam literature. It is an "akam genre – love and erotic – collection par excellence", according to Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature and history scholar. The anthology contains 150 poems and was compiled by one of the authors named Nallantuvanar. The collection has a different tone, metre and style than earlier Sangam literature, evidence that it is a late Sangam work, likely from the 3rd-century CE or after. Naccinarkiniyar, a Tamil scholar who lived during the 14th-century CE, has commented on this work.

It is unclear whether the ''Kalittokai'' was authored by more than one author. Some scholars attribute the collection to five authors, including one by the famed Sangam poet Kapilar. Others, such as S.V. Damodaram Pillai and K.N. Sivaraja Pillai consider it the work of one poet.

The ''Kalittokai'' anthology uses the ''kali'' metre of varied length. This metre is more advanced and complex than the akaval metre found in earlier Sangam poetry. The kali metre combines ''aciriyam'' and ''venpa'', creating opportunities to set dialogues within the metre. The poets who composed the ''Kalittokai'' created what comes across as a "one-act plays", sometimes with "coarse, spicy, racy, rude, bawdy, or humorous" dialogues, states Zvelebil. According to Herman Tieken, these compositions are examples of ''lasya'' minor dance scenes as described in the chapters 19 and 31 of the '' Natyasastra''. The ''kali'' metre has several structural subtypes, each suited for different literary purposes.

The poems include cultured love situations, as well as erotics, folkmotifs and vulgar situations. Its poems are categorised into the five ''tinais'' according to the mood and subject matter conforming to the Sangam landscape. The first part (2-36) deals with ''palai'' setting, the second (37-65) with ''kurinji'', the third (66-100) with ''marutam'', the fourth (101-117) with ''mullai'' and the fifth (118-150) with ''neital''. These five section were each written by a separate author. Perunkadunkon wrote the ''palai'' songs, the poet Kapilar is attributed to the ''kurinji'', Ilanaagan the ''marutam'' songs, Nalluruthiran the ''mullai'' songs and the poet Nallanthuvan the ''neithal'' songs.

The ''Kalittokai'' poems are notable for the relatively higher number of Sanskrit loan words, lexical and structural innovations, the practice of quoting lines of earlier poems such as ''Kuṟuntokai 18.5'', and the lack the names of chieftains, kings or poets. The anthology is also notable for including allusions and references to pan-Indian love and moral legends found in Epics– and Puranas–genre Sanskrit texts. According to Zvelebil, some examples in the ''Kalittokai'' include Krishna, an avatara of Vishnu killing his uncle Kamsa in poems 134 and killing a group of people called the Mallars, Shiva invoked in poem 1 and 2 who is praised by the Brahmins and the Vedas, Duryodhana's evil plans to kill the Pandava brothers and how they escape from the Lakshagriha in poem 25, the battle of Murugan and Surapadma in poem 27, An event mentioned in the epic Ramayana, of Ravana lifting the Kailasha is described in the Poem 139 of Lines 33 to 37, Bhima killing Duryodhana in poem 52, the love stories of Urvashi and Tilottama in poem 109, among others.

The poems of ''Kalittokai'' show evidence of the ancient music of the Tamil people with its rhythmic phrases.

Examples

References

;Bibliography

* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
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* Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press,
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{{Tamil language
Sangam literature

ta:தமிழ் இலக்கியம்