Kaliszanie (, ''those from

Kalisz Kalisz () is a city in central Poland, and the second-largest city in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, with 97,905 residents (December 2021). It is the capital city of the Kalisz Region. Situated on the Prosna river in the southeastern part of Gr ...

'') or Kalisz Opposition was a semi-formal political group opposed to the

conservative Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civiliza ...

authorities of the

Kingdom of Poland The Kingdom of Poland (; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a monarchy in Central Europe during the Middle Ages, medieval period from 1025 until 1385. Background The West Slavs, West Slavic tribe of Polans (western), Polans who lived in what i ...

in the period preceding the outbreak of the

November Uprising The November Uprising (1830–31) (), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in Russian Partition, the heartland of Partitions of Poland, partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. ...

. The circle was formed around 1820 by brothers Bonawentura and Wincenty Niemojowski, two liberal politicians from the western provinces of Poland. The group was opposed to the government, yet supported only legal means of political struggle. Its main aims were the defence of the autonomy of Congress Poland within the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

and the Polish Constitution of 1815. They also played a pivotal role in founding of the

National Patriotic Society National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, ce ...

. Although opposing to any means of revolutionary changes, the ''Kaliszanie'' eventually supported the

and joined the ranks of the National Government in 1830. During the period of struggle against Russia the ''Kaliszanie'' practically dominated the government, controlling the ministries of internal affairs, treasury and war. Following the fall of the uprising in 1831, most of its members had to flee Poland and continued their political activities abroad, notably in London and Paris. Among the noted politicians commonly associated with the movement were Alojzy and Józef Biernacki, Teodor and Teofil Morawski, Bonawentura, Jan Nepomucen and Wincenty Niemojowski, Antoni Jan and Władysław Tomasz Ostrowski,

Ignacy Prądzyński Ignacy Prądzyński (; 20 July 1792– 4 August 1850) was a Polish military commander, general of the Polish Army and an engineer. A veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, he was one of the most successful Polish commanders of the November Uprising a ...

, Stanisław Kaczkowski, Józef Komorowski,

Jan Nepomucen Umiński Jan Nepomucen Umiński of Cholewa (1778–1851) was a Polish military officer and a brigadier general of the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw. A veteran of the Kościuszko Uprising, Napoleonic Wars and the November Uprising, he died in exile in Wies ...

and

Walenty Zwierkowski Walenty is a given name. Notable people with the name include: *Jan Walenty Tomaka (born 1949), Polish politician * Jan Walenty Węgierski (1755–1796), Deputy Chancellor and Chamberlain of last king of Poland * Walenty Czarnecki (1941–2020), Po ...

Notes and references

::In-line: ::General: * * * {{refend Establishments in Congress Poland Political history of Poland