The ''Juncus subnodulosus''–''Cirsium palustre'' fen-meadow is a

plant association A plant community is a collection or association of plant species within a designated geographical unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of different vegetation types. The components of each plant ...

J.S. Rodwell. 1998. p. 227 characteristically found on damp ground in portions of western

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

. This type of fen-meadow appears to have co-evolved with human agriculture in Europe since the earlier

Holocene The Holocene () is the current geologic time scale, geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago. It follows the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene to ...

.C. Michael Hogan. 2009

Species

The dominant

flora Flora (: floras or florae) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous (ecology), indigenous) native plant, native plants. The corresponding term for animals is ''fauna'', and for f ...

species within this

fen-meadow A fen-meadow is a type of peatland, common in North America and Europe, that receives water from precipitation and groundwater. Habitat The continuous flow of mineral-rich and nutrient-poor acidic groundwater through fen-meadow topsoil foster ...

are:C. Michael Hogan. 2009 *''

Juncus subnodulosus ''Juncus subnodulosus'', the blunt-flowered rush, is a species of Juncaceae, rush. It natively occurs from the Mediterranean region across temperate Europe, but it does not range far into Scandinavia. Introduced populations exist in New Zealand a ...

'' and *''

Cirsium palustre ''Cirsium palustre'', the marsh thistle or European swamp thistle, is a herbaceous biennial (or often perennial) flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. Description ''Cirsium palustre'' is a tall thistle which reaches up to in height. The ...

''. The ''Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre'' fen-meadow association typically has the following species present:C. Michael Hogan. 2009 *''

Filipendula ulmaria ''Filipendula ulmaria'', commonly known as meadowsweet or mead wort, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Rosaceae that grows in damp meadows. It is native throughout most of Europe and Western Asia (Near East and Middle East). It has ...

'', *'' Equisetum palustre'', *'' Holcus lanatus'', *'' Lotus pedunculatus'' *''

Mentha aquatica ''Mentha aquatica'' (water mint; syn. ''Mentha hirsuta'' Huds.Euro+Med Plantbase Project''Mentha aquatica'') is a perennial flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It grows in moist places and is native to much of Europe, northwest Africa ...

''.

References

* C. Michael Hogan. 2009
''Marsh Thistle: Cirsium palustre'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg
* J.S. Rodwell. 1998. ''British Plant Communities'' 640 pages

Line notes

Habitats Grasslands Wetlands Flora of Europe M22 {{habitat-stub