The gens Julia was one of the most prominent patrician families of

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Em ...

. From the early decades of the

Republic A republic, based on the Latin phrase ''res publica'' ('public affair' or 'people's affair'), is a State (polity), state in which Power (social and political), political power rests with the public (people), typically through their Representat ...

, members of this

gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; : gentes ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same ''nomen gentilicium'' and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was cal ...

served in the highest offices of the Roman state, beginning with Gaius Julius Iulus,

consul Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states thro ...

in 489 BC. However, the Julii are perhaps best known for Gaius Julius Caesar, the

dictator A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute Power (social and political), power. A dictatorship is a state ruled by one dictator or by a polity. The word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to r ...

and adoptive father of the emperor

Augustus Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (), was the founder of the Roman Empire, who reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in A ...

, through whom the name was passed to the

Julio-Claudian dynasty The Julio-Claudian dynasty comprised the first five Roman emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. This line of emperors ruled the Roman Empire, from its formation (under Augustus, in 27 BC) until the last of the line, Emper ...

of the first century AD. The Julius became very common in imperial times, as the descendants of persons enrolled as

citizens Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state. Though citizenship is often conflated with nationality in today's English-speaking world, international law does not usually use the term ''citizenship'' to refer to nationality; ...

under the early emperors began to make their mark in history.Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms'', vol. III, pp. 114–117; Smith, "Julia Gens", in ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, pp. 642, 643; Münzer, "Iulius", in ''Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft'', vol. X, half-volume 19, cols. 106, 107.

Origin

Augustus Lugdunum principes iuventutis 671253

According to Roman tradition, the Julii were among the Alban families brought to Rome when their city was destroyed by

Tullus Hostilius Tullus Hostilius (; r. 672–640 BC) was the legendary third king of Rome. He succeeded Numa Pompilius and was succeeded by Ancus Marcius. Unlike his predecessor, Tullus was known as a warlike king who, according to the Roman historian Livy, b ...

, the third

Roman king The king of Rome () was the ruler of the Roman Kingdom, a legendary period of Roman history that functioned as an elective monarchy. According to legend, the first king of Rome was Romulus, who founded the city in 753 BC upon the Palatine H ...

, who enrolled them among the patricians and accorded them seats in the

Roman Senate The Roman Senate () was the highest and constituting assembly of ancient Rome and its aristocracy. With different powers throughout its existence it lasted from the first days of the city of Rome (traditionally founded in 753 BC) as the Sena ...

Diodorus Siculus Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greece, ancient Greek historian from Sicily. He is known for writing the monumental Universal history (genre), universal history ''Bibliotheca historica'', in forty ...

reported that the Julii had held the position of ''

Rex Sacrorum In ancient Roman religion, the ''rex sacrorum'' ("king of the sacred things", also sometimes ''rex sacrificulus'') was a senatorial priesthood reserved for patricians. Although in the historical era, the '' pontifex maximus'' was the head of ...

'' at Alba Longa, the result of a compromise with the Silvii, who held the kingship. Some scholars have pointed to this as evidence of dual kingship in the earliest period of various cities of

Latium Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire. Definition Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil (Old Latium) on whic ...

, including Rome and

Lanuvium Lanuvium, modern Lanuvio, is an ancient city of Latium vetus, some southeast of Rome, a little southwest of the Via Appia. Situated on an isolated hill projecting south from the main mass of the Alban Hills, Lanuvium commanded an extensive view ...

, which also had the post of ''Rex Sacrorum''. A seemingly contradictory tradition places the Julii at Rome even earlier, following the death of

Romulus Romulus (, ) was the legendary founder and first king of Rome. Various traditions attribute the establishment of many of Rome's oldest legal, political, religious, and social institutions to Romulus and his contemporaries. Although many of th ...

. A certain Proculus Julius is reported to have witnessed Romulus descending from the heavens, bidding the Romans not weep for his loss, but to take up his worship as the god

Quirinus In Roman mythology and Roman religion, religion, Quirinus ( , ) is an early god of the Ancient Rome, Roman state. In Augustus, Augustan Rome, ''Quirinus'' was also an epithet of Janus, Mars (mythology), Mars, and Jupiter (god), Jupiter. Name ...

.Livy, ''History of Rome'', i. 16; Dionysius, ''Roman Antiquities'', ii. 63; Plutarch, "The Life of Romulus", 28; Cicero, ''De Republica'', ii. 20, ''De Legibus'', i. 3; Ovid ''Fasti'', ii. 499–512. However, as this story concerns a miraculous event, and might have been influenced by the fame of the Julii in later times, it cannot be regarded as evidence of the period that the family first settled at Rome. The Julii were also connected to

Bovillae Bovillae was an ancient Latin town in Lazio, central Italy, currently part of Frattocchie ''frazione'' in the municipality of Marino. Overview Bovillae was a station on the Via Appia (which in 293 BC was already paved up to this point), located ...

from an early period, some of them possibly having settled there after the fall of Alba Longa. An altar inscription in the theatre of Bovillae, dating from around the beginning of the first century BC, speaks of the Julii carrying out sacrifices according to the Alban rites. In imperial times the emperor

Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus ( ; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC to Roman politician Tiberius Cl ...

dedicated a , or chapel, to the Julii at Bovillae, alongside a statue of Augustus. In the later Republic, it was fashionable for aristocratic families to claim descent from the gods and heroes of Greek and Roman myth. The Julii claimed descent from Iulus, said to be the same person as

Ascanius Ascanius (; Ancient Greek: Ἀσκάνιος) was a Kings of Alba Longa , legendary king of Alba Longa (traditional reign: 1176 BC to 1138 BC) and the son of the Troy, Trojan hero Aeneas and of Creusa of Troy, Creusa, daughter of Priam. He is a ...

, the son of

Aeneas In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas ( , ; from ) was a Troy, Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus (mythology), Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy ...

, and founder of Alba Longa. In

Greek myth Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology. These stories concern the ancien ...

, Aeneas was the son of

Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is often called Earth's "twin" or "sister" planet for having almost the same size and mass, and the closest orbit to Earth's. While both are rocky planets, Venus has an atmosphere much thicker ...

and the

Trojan Trojan or Trojans may refer to: * Of or from the ancient city of Troy * Trojan language, the language of the historical Trojans Arts and entertainment Music * '' Les Troyens'' ('The Trojans'), an opera by Berlioz, premiered part 1863, part 18 ...

prince Anchises. The traditions upon which these claims were based were not always clear; the historian

Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding i ...

was unsure whether to regard Iulus and Ascanius as the same person, or perhaps two brothers—one the son of Creüsa, Aeneas' first wife, lost in the sack of Troy—and the other the son of

Lavinia In Roman mythology, Lavinia ( ; ) is the daughter of Latinus and Amata, and the last wife of Aeneas. Creation It has been proposed that the character was in part intended to represent Servilia Isaurica, Emperor Augustus's first fiancée. Story ...

, the daughter of

Latinus Latinus (; Ancient Greek: Λατῖνος, ''Latînos'', or Λατεῖνος, ''Lateînos'') was a figure both in Greek mythology, Greek and Roman mythology. He is often associated with the heroes of the Trojan War, namely Odysseus and Aeneas. ...

, whom Aeneas married after landing in Italy. The late Roman grammarian

Servius Servius may refer to: * Servius (praenomen), a personal name during the Roman Republic * Servius the Grammarian (fl. 4th/5th century), Roman Latin grammarian * Servius Asinius Celer (died AD 46), Roman senator * Servius Cornelius Cethegus, Roma ...

went to some effort to prove the identity of Ascanius and Iulus through etymology. The importance attached to their mythic ancestry may have served a further purpose: after their initial prominence under the early Republic, the Julii sank into obscurity, and they are hardly mentioned for a century and a half beginning in the mid-fourth century BC. When at last they emerged and once again began to assume positions of importance, emphasizing their ostensible connections with Rome's foundation myths might have helped to restore their prestige.Münzer, "Iulius". As he rose to prominence in the Roman state,

Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war. He ...

regularly alluded to these myths, notably doing so when speaking at the funeral of his aunt Julia, and using ''Venus Genetrix'' as the watchword for his soldiers at Pharsalus and Munda. Coins of the Julii bear the likeness of Venus, and Roman writers willingly readily furthered a myth that served to glorify the emperors.

Praenomina

The Julii were amongst the most conservative patrician families in terms of

praenomina The praenomen (; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Ancient Rome, Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the ...

. With only rare exceptions, they limited themselves to just three names: '' Lucius'', ''

Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (biblical figure) (1st century AD) *Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist * Gaius Acilius * Gaius Antonius * Gaius Antonius Hybrida * Gaius Asinius Gal ...

'', and '' Sextus'', all of which were common throughout Roman history. The consular fasti supply two others, evidently used among the early Julii: '' Vopiscus'' was borne by the consul of 473 BC, and he in turn had a son, ''

Spurius Spurius is a small genus of passalid beetles from Mesoamerica Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area that begins in the southern part of North America and extends to the Pacific coast of Central America, thus comprising the l ...

''. ''Vopiscus'' was evidently an old praenomen that had fallen out of use, and is otherwise found only as a surname. ''Spurius'' was common enough during the early Republic, but was scarce in later periods, preserved chiefly by a few families in which it was traditional. Livy also gives '' Gnaeus'' as the praenomen of Gaius Julius Mento, consul in 431 BC.Broughton, ''Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', vol. I, pp. 63, 64 (note 1). '' Proculus'', borne by the legendary figure who reportedly witnessed the apotheosis of Romulus, was another old praenomen that, though uncommon, was still in general use during the early Republic. Like ''Vopiscus'', in later times it occurs as a

cognomen A ''cognomen'' (; : ''cognomina''; from ''co-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became hereditar ...

. It is also possible that ''Iulus'' or ''Iullus'', the name from which the Julii derived their ''gentilicium'', was originally a praenomen.Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", pp. 143, 144. Perhaps with this reason in mind,

Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman people, Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the Crisis of the Roman Republic, transformation of the Roman Republic ...

, the friend and colleague of Caesar, and who was descended from the Julii, named one of his sons ''Iullus''. Various praenomina occur in imperial times, particularly in the imperial family, which made a habit of exchanging ordinary praenomina for titles and surnames. Other Julii are found with praenomina such as '' Gnaeus'', '' Marcus'', and ''

'', but many of these were not descended from the patrician Julii of the Republic, but belonged to plebeian families, descended from freedmen or newly-enrolled citizens, who typically assumed the nomina of their

patrons Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, art patronage refers to the support that princes, popes, and other wealthy and influential people ...

.Smith, "Julia Gens", in ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, pp. 642, 643.

Branches and cognomina

The only cognomina of the Julii under the Republic were ''Iulus'' or ''Iullus'', ''Mento'', ''Libo'', and ''Caesar''. Of these all but ''Libo'' are known to have belonged to patrician members of this gens.Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms'', vol. III, p. 114. The status of ''Libo'' is uncertain, but he may have been a descendant of the Julii Iuli, and perhaps an ancestor of the Caesares, in which case he would also have been a patrician.Sumner, "The Lex Annalis under Caesar", p. 264; Badian, "From the Iulii to Caesar", pp. 13, 14. On coins, we find the surnames ''Caesar'' and ''Bursio'', of which the latter belonged to a moneyer of the late Republic, not mentioned in Roman writers.Eckhel, v. p. 227 ''ff.'' Other surnames occur in imperial times, but it is unknown which if any of these belonged to descendants of the patrician Julii. Over the course of centuries, the nomen ''Julius'' was adopted by countless persons as they obtained Roman citizenship, without any connection to the original Republican gens. Eventually the distinction between praenomen, nomen, and cognomen was lost, and ''Julius'' was treated much like a personal name, which it ultimately became. The Latin form is common in many languages, but other familiar forms exist, including '' Giulio'' (Italian), ''

Julio Julio is the Spanish equivalent of the month July and may refer to: *Julio (given name) * Julio (surname) * Júlio de Castilhos, a municipality of the western part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil * ''Julio'' (album), a 1983 compilation al ...

'' (Spanish), ''

Jules Jules is the French form of the Latin "Julius" (e.g. Jules César, the French name for Julius Caesar). In the anglosphere, it is also used for females although it is still a predominantly masculine name.One of the few notable examples of a femal ...

'' (French), ''Júlio'' (Portuguese), '' Iuliu'' (Romanian) and ''Юлий'' (''Yuliy'', Bulgarian and Russian).

Iullus

''Iullus'', also written as ''Iulus'' and ''Jullus'', was the surname of the eldest branch of the Julii to appear in Roman history. At least in later times, this name was connected with Iulus, the son of Aeneas, or in some versions, the son of Ascanius and grandson of Aeneas. At least one of the Latin grammarians connected the name with

Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the List of Solar System objects by size, largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a Jupiter mass, mass more than 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined a ...

, explaining that the

Latins The term Latins has been used throughout history to refer to various peoples, ethnicities and religious groups using Latin or the Latin-derived Romance languages, as part of the legacy of the Roman Empire. In the Ancient World, it referred to th ...

called Ascanius a son of Jupiter. In this explanation ''Iulus'' perhaps originated as a diminutive of ''Dius'', which seems etymologically possible. Chase supposed that it might have been an ancient praenomen. ''Iullus'' seems to be the older written form, but ''Iulus'' was popularized by

Vergil Publius Vergilius Maro (; 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: the ''Eclogues'' ...

in the ''

Aeneid The ''Aeneid'' ( ; or ) is a Latin Epic poetry, epic poem that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Troy, Trojan who fled the Trojan War#Sack of Troy, fall of Troy and travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Ancient Rome ...

'', and is the form used in the ''Fasti''. The Julii Iulli first appear in 489 BC, when Gaius Julius Iullus was consul, and for the next century they filled the highest offices of the Roman state.Smith, "Julus", in ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, pp. 656, 657. The last of the Iulli to appear in history, also named Gaius Julius Iullus, was nominated

in 352 BC, in an attempt to procure the election of two patrician consuls in violation of the ''

lex Licinia Sextia The Licinio-Sextian rogations were a series of laws proposed by Tribune of the Plebs, tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, enacted around 367 BC. Livy calls them ''rogatio'' – though he does refer to th ...

''. This would seem to indicate that the Julii Iulli at this period belonged to the hard-line faction of the old aristocracy, and that their decline and disappearance from history was due to the rise of a coalition between the newly-empowered plebeian nobility and those patricians who were willing to work with them.

Mento

This surname belonged to Gaius (or Gnaeus) Julius Mento, consul in 431 BC. At this period, no plebeian Julii are known, and all consuls are thought to have been patricians, so the authorities are agreed that Mento was one of the patrician Julii, but there is no evidence of where he fit in the family.

Libo

Lucius Julius Libo, consul in 267 BC, is the only member of this gens known to have held high office during the century and a half between the last of the Julii Iuli and the first of the Julii Caesares. Chase translates his surname as "sprinkler", deriving it from ''libare'', and suggests that it might originally have signified the libation pourer at religious ceremonies. His filiation in the ''fasti'' indicates that his father and grandfather were both named ''Lucius'', but we do not know whether they bore the surname ''Libo'', or some other. Some scholars have supposed that Libo was descended from the Julii Iuli, and that Lucius, the father of Sextus Julius Caesar, was his son; but the evidence is very slight.

Caesar

The ''

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' is a biographical dictionary of classical antiquity, edited by William Smith (lexicographer), William Smith and originally published in London by John Taylor (English publisher), Tayl ...

'' says this of the

''Caesar'':

It is uncertain which member of the Julia gens first obtained the surname of ''Caesar'', but the first who occurs in history is Sextus Julius Caesar,
praetor ''Praetor'' ( , ), also ''pretor'', was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to disch ...
in BC 208. The origin of the name is equally uncertain. Spartianus, in his life of Aelius Verus, mentions four different opinions respecting its origin: #That the word signified an elephant in the language of the
Moors The term Moor is an Endonym and exonym, exonym used in European languages to designate the Muslims, Muslim populations of North Africa (the Maghreb) and the Iberian Peninsula (particularly al-Andalus) during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a s ...
, and was given as a surname to one of the Julii because he had killed an elephant. #That it was given to one of the Julii because he had been cut (''caesus'') out of his mother's womb after her death; or #Because he had been born with a great quantity of hair (''caesaries'') on his head; or #Because he had azure-colored (''caesii'') eyes of an almost supernatural kind. Of these opinions, the third, which is also given by Festus, seems to come nearest the truth. ''Caesar'' and ''caesaries'' are both probably connected with the Sanskrit , "hair", and it is quite in accordance with the Roman custom for a surname to be given to an individual from some peculiarity in his personal appearance. The second opinion, which seems to have been the most popular one with the ancient writers, arose without doubt from a
false etymology A false etymology (fake etymology or pseudo-etymology) is a false theory about the origin or derivation of a specific word or phrase. When a false etymology becomes a popular belief in a cultural/linguistic community, it is a folk etymology (or po ...
. With respect to the first, which was the one adopted, says Spartianus, by the most learned men, it is impossible to disprove it absolutely, as we know next to nothing of the ancient Moorish language; but it has no inherent probability in it; and the statement of
Servius Servius may refer to: * Servius (praenomen), a personal name during the Roman Republic * Servius the Grammarian (fl. 4th/5th century), Roman Latin grammarian * Servius Asinius Celer (died AD 46), Roman senator * Servius Cornelius Cethegus, Roma ...
is undoubtedly false, that the grandfather of the dictator obtained the surname on account of killing an elephant with his own hand in Africa, as there were several of the Julii with this name before his time. An inquiry into the etymology of this name is of some interest, as no other name has ever obtained such celebrity—''"clarum et duraturum cum aeternitate mundi nomen."'' It was assumed by Augustus as the adopted son of the dictator, and was by Augustus handed down to his adopted son
Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus ( ; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC to Roman politician Tiberius Cl ...
. It continued to be used by
Caligula Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), also called Gaius and Caligula (), was Roman emperor from AD 37 until his assassination in 41. He was the son of the Roman general Germanicus and Augustus' granddaughter Ag ...
,
Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; ; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54), or Claudius, was a Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusus and Ant ...
, and
Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his ...
, as members either by adoption or female descent of Caesar's family; but though the family became extinct with Nero, succeeding emperors still retained it as part of their titles, and it was the practice to prefix it to their own name, as for instance, ''Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus''. When
Hadrian Hadrian ( ; ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. Hadrian was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in Spain, an Italic peoples, Italic settlement in Hispania Baetica; his branch of the Aelia gens, Aelia '' ...
adopted Aelius Verus, he allowed the latter to take the title of ''Caesar''; and from this time, though the title of ''Augustus'' continued to be confined to the reigning prince, that of ''Caesar'' was also granted to the second person in the state and the heir presumptive to the throne.William Smith, "Caesar", in ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 536.

Drumann, citing the same sources, reached a different conclusion, believing that the story of an ancestor of the family having slain an elephant to be the most likely explanation. Drumann admitted that too little was known of the Moorish language to be sure, and that in any case it could not have been the dictator's grandfather, as some claimed, because the surname had already been borne for several generations before this.Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms'', vol. III, pp. 116, 117. However, he notes that the elephant became a potent symbol when the Romans first encountered them during the

Punic Wars The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Roman Republic and the Ancient Carthage, Carthaginian Empire during the period 264 to 146BC. Three such wars took place, involving a total of forty-three years of warfare on both land and ...

, the period in which the surname first appears. Furthermore, Caesar issued coins bearing the image of an elephant, and included elephants in his processions, though this could also have related to Caesar's military campaigns in Africa. Drumann dismisses the explanations that the name derived from thick hair or blue eyes, and notes that the popular story of Caesar having given his name to the

Caesarean section Caesarean section, also known as C-section, cesarean, or caesarean delivery, is the Surgery, surgical procedure by which one or more babies are Childbirth, delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen. It is often performed because va ...

was false, since—besides having several generations of Caesars before him—his mother, Aurelia, was still alive when he first held public office.

Members

* Proculus Julius, a legendary figure who announced the apotheosis of

to the Roman people, ''circa'' 716 BC.

Julii Iulli

* Lucius Julius, father of Gaius Julius Iullus, the consul of 489 BC. * Gaius Julius L. f. Iullus, consul in 489 BC. * Gaius Julius C. f. L. n. Iullus, consul in 482 BC, and one of the

decemvirs The decemviri or decemvirs (Latin for "ten men") refer to official ten-man commissions established by the Roman Republic. The most important were those of the two decemvirates, formally the decemvirate with consular power for writing laws () w ...

in 451. * Vopiscus Julius C. f. L. n. Iullus, consul in 473 BC.''

Fasti Capitolini The ''Fasti Capitolini'', or Capitoline Fasti, are a list of the chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, extending from the early fifth century BC down to the reign of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Together with similar lists found at Rom ...

'', * Gaius Julius C. f. C. n. Iullus, consul in 447 and 435 BC. * Spurius Julius Vop. f. C. n. Iullus, father of the consular tribunes of 408, 405, and 403 BC, according to the Capitoline Fasti. * Lucius Julius Vop. f. C. n. Iullus, consular tribune in 438, and consul in 430 BC. * Sextus Julius Iulus, consular tribune in 424 BC. * Gaius Julius Sp. f. Vop. n. Iullus, consular tribune in 408 and 405 BC, and censor in 393. * Lucius Julius Sp. f. Vop. n. Iullus, consular tribune in 403 BC, continued the siege against

Veii Veii (also Veius; ) was an important ancient Etruscan city situated on the southern limits of Etruria and north-northwest of Rome, Italy. It now lies in Isola Farnese, in the comune of Rome. Many other sites associated with and in the city-st ...

. * Lucius Julius L. f. Vop. n. Iullus, consular tribune in 401 and 397 BC. * Lucius Julius Iullus, consular tribune in 388 and 379 BC. * Gaius Julius Iullus, nominated

in 352 BC, ostensibly to carry on war against the

Etruscans The Etruscan civilization ( ) was an ancient civilization created by the Etruscans, a people who inhabited Etruria in List of ancient peoples of Italy, ancient Italy, with a common language and culture, and formed a federation of city-states. Af ...

, but in fact to carry the election of two patricians in the consular comitia, in violation of the ''lex Licinia Sextia''.

Julii Mentones

* Gaius Julius Mento, consul in 431 BC. * Gaius Julius Mento, a rhetorician, cited by Seneca.

Julii Libones

* Lucius Julius (Libo?), the grandfather of Lucius Julius Libo, consul in 267 BC. * Lucius Julius L. f. (Libo?), the father of Libo, the consul of 267 BC. * Lucius Julius L. f. L. n. Libo, consul in 267 BC, triumphed over the

Sallentini The Messapians were an Iapygian tribe who inhabited Salento in classical antiquity. Two other Iapygian tribes, the Peucetians and the Daunians, inhabited central and northern Apulia respectively. All three tribes spoke the Messapian language, ...

Julii Caesares

* Lucius Julius (Caesar?), father of the praetor of 208 BC. * Sextus Julius (L. f.) Caesar,

praetor ''Praetor'' ( , ), also ''pretor'', was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to disch ...

in 208 BC, obtained the province of Sicilia, father of the praetor of 166 BC and the consul of 157 BC. * Lucius Julius (Sex. f. L. n.) Caesar, praetor in 183 BC, had the province of Gallia Cisalpina. * Lucius Julius (L. f. Sex. n.) Caesar, praetor in 166 BC. * Sextus Julius Sex. f. L. n. Caesar, consul in 157 BC. * Gaius Julius (Sex. f. L. n.) Caesar, great-grandfather of the dictator. * Sextus Julius (Sex. f. Sex. n.) Caesar, praetor ''urbanus'' in 123 BC; he is probably the same Sextus Julius Caesar who was ''

triumvir monetalis The ''triumvir monetalis'' ( ''tresviri'' or ''triumviri monetales'', also called the , abbreviated IIIVIR A. A. A. F. F.) was a moneyer during the Roman Republic and the Empire, who oversaw the minting of coins. In that role, he would be respon ...

'' about this time. * Lucius Julius Sex. f. Sex. n. Caesar, father of the consul of 90 BC, married Popillia, widow of Quintus Lutatius Catulus, and mother of

Quintus Lutatius Catulus Quintus Lutatius Catulus (149–87 BC) was a Roman consul, consul of the Roman Republic in 102 BC. His consular colleague was Gaius Marius. During their consulship the Cimbri and Teutons, Teutones marched south again and Cimbrian War, threatened ...

, consul in 102 BC. * Gaius Julius (C. f. Sex. n.) Caesar, grandfather of the dictator, married Marcia. * Lucius Julius L. f. Sex. n. Caesar, consul in 90 BC, during the Social War, and censor in 89. * Julia L. f. L. n., wife of Marcus Antonius Creticus, and mother of

, the triumvir. After his death, she married Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, one of

Catiline Lucius Sergius Catilina ( – January 62 BC), known in English as Catiline (), was a Roman politician and soldier best known for instigating the Catilinarian conspiracy, a failed attempt to seize control of the Roman state in 63 BC. ...

's conspirators. * Gaius Julius L. f. Sex. n. Caesar Strabo Vopiscus, a notable orator and poet, proscribed and put to death by Marius and Cinna in 87 BC. * Gaius Julius C. f. (C. n.) Caesar, praetor, governor of

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

, and father of the dictator, married Aurelia. * Lucius Julius L. f. L. n. Caesar, consul in 64 BC. * Lucius Julius L. f. L. n. Caesar, a partisan of Pompeius during the

Civil War A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

. * Julia C. f. (C. n.), aunt of the dictator, married

Gaius Marius Gaius Marius (; – 13 January 86 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. Victor of the Cimbrian War, Cimbric and Jugurthine War, Jugurthine wars, he held the office of Roman consul, consul an unprecedented seven times. Rising from a fami ...

. * Sextus Julius C. f. (C. n.) Caesar, consul in 91 BC, uncle of the dictator. * Gaius Julius C. f. C. n. Caesar, consul in 59, 48, 46, 45, and 44 BC, dictator in 49, and from 47 to 44 BC. * Julia C. f. C. n., elder sister of the dictator, and wife of Lucius Pinarius and Quintus Pedius. * Julia C. f. C. n., younger sister of the dictator, and wife of Marcus Atius Balbus. * Julia C. f. C. n., daughter of the dictator, and wife of

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey ( ) or Pompey the Great, was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman who was prominent in the last decades of the Rom ...

. *

Caesarion Ptolemy XV Caesar (; , ; 47 BC – late August 30 BC), nicknamed Caesarion (, , "Little Caesar"), was the last pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, reigning with his mother Cleopatra VII from 2 September 44 BC until her death by 10 or 12 ...

, the son of the dictator by

Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (; The name Cleopatra is pronounced , or sometimes in both British and American English, see and respectively. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology). She was ...

, executed by order of Augustus in 30 BC. * Sextus Julius Sex. f. C. n. Caesar, '' Flamen Quirinalis'' in 57 BC. * Sextus Julius Sex. f. Sex. n. Caesar, appointed governor of

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

in 47 BC, killed in a revolt of the soldiers. * Gaius Julius C. f. C. n. Caesar Octavianus, adopted son of the dictator, afterwards the emperor Augustus.

Julio-Claudian dynasty

* Imperator Caesar divi f. C. n. Augustus, emperor from 27 BC to AD 14.''

'' * Julia Augusta, empress of Augustus, and mother of the emperor Tiberius. * Julia C. f. C. n., daughter of Augustus by his second wife, Scribonia, married first

Marcus Claudius Marcellus Marcus Claudius Marcellus (; 270 – 208 BC) was a Roman general and politician during the 3rd century BC. Five times elected as Roman consul, consul of the Roman Republic (222, 215, 214, 210, and 208 BC). Marcellus gained the most prestigious a ...

, second

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (; BC – 12 BC) was a Roman general, statesman and architect who was a close friend, son-in-law and lieutenant to the Roman emperor Augustus. Agrippa is well known for his important military victories, notably the B ...

, and lastly, the emperor Tiberius. * Gaius (Julius) Caesar Augusti f. divi n., the eldest son of Agrippa and Julia, adopted by Augustus. * Lucius (Julius) Caesar Augusti f. divi n., the second son of Agrippa and Julia, adopted by Augustus. * Agrippa Julius Caesar Augusti f. divi n., the third son of Agrippa and Julia, adopted by Augustus. * Tiberius (Julius) Caesar Augusti f. divi n. Augustus, emperor from AD 14 to 37. * Drusus Julius Ti. f. Caesar, son of the emperor Tiberius, was probably poisoned in AD 23 by

Sejanus Lucius Aelius Sejanus ( – 18 October AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus (), was a Roman soldier and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. Of the Equites class by birth, Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Praetorian Guard, the imperia ...

. * Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero Gemellus, son of Drusus, was killed by the emperor Caligula. * Germanicus Julius Ti. f. Caesar, nephew of Tiberius. * Gaius Julius Caesar, son of Germanicus, died in early childhood. *

Nero Julius Caesar Nero Julius Caesar (c. AD 6–31) was the adopted grandson and heir of the Roman emperor Tiberius, alongside his brother Drusus. Born into the prominent Julio-Claudian dynasty, Nero was the son of Tiberius' general and heir, Germanicus. After ...

, son of Germanicus, was exiled during the reign of Tiberius and died under unclear circumstances in AD 31. *

Drusus Julius Caesar Drusus Julius Caesar (7 October – 14 September AD 23), also called Drusus the Younger, was the son of Emperor Tiberius, and heir to the Roman Empire following the death of his adoptive brother Germanicus in AD 19. He was born at Rome to a ...

, son of Germanicus, was likewise exiled by Tiberius, and is said to have starved to death in AD 33. * Gaius (Julius) Caesar Germanicus, son of Germanicus, better known as ''Caligula'', emperor from AD 37 to 41. * Julia Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, and mother of the emperor

Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his ...

. *

Julia Drusilla Julia Drusilla (16 September 16 – 10 June 38 AD) was a member of the Roman imperial family, the second daughter and fifth child of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder to survive infancy. She was the favorite sister of Emperor Caligula, who ...

, daughter of Germanicus, married first Lucius Cassius Longinus, and second Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. *

Julia Livilla Julia Livilla ( – ) was the youngest child of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder and the youngest sister of the Emperor Caligula. Life Julia Livilla was the youngest great-granddaughter of Emperor Augustus, great-niece and adoptive grandda ...

, daughter of Germanicus, married Marcus Vinicius, consul in AD 30. * Julia C. f. Drusilla, daughter of Caligula, was murdered by the Praetorian Guard in AD 41.

Others

First century BC

* Lucius Julius Bursio, ''

'' in 85 BC. * Julius Polyaenus, a contemporary of Caesar, and the author of four epigrams in the Anthologia Graeca. * Lucius Julius Calidus, a poet in the final years of the Republic, proscribed by Volumnius, the partisan of Marcus Antonius, but saved through the intercession of Atticus. *

Gaius Julius Hyginus Gaius Julius Hyginus (; 64 BC – AD 17) was a Latin author, a pupil of the scholar Alexander Polyhistor, and a freedman of Augustus, and reputed author of the '' Fabulae'' and the '' De astronomia'', although this is disputed. Life and works ...

, a freedman of Augustus, appointed head of the Palatine library, and the author of numerous books about history, mythology, and science. * Julius Modestus, a freedman of Gaius Julius Hyginus, who became a distinguished grammarian, and the author of ''Quaestiones Confusae''. * Julius Marathas, a freedman of Augustus, who wrote a life of his master. * Marcus Julius Cottius, king of several Alpine tribes of the

Ligures The Ligures or Ligurians were an ancient people after whom Liguria, a region of present-day Northern Italy, north-western Italy, is named. Because of the strong Celts, Celtic influences on their language and culture, they were also known in anti ...

, submitted to

and granted the title of

Praefectus ''Praefectus'', often with a further qualification, was the formal title of many, fairly low to high-ranking, military or civil officials in the Roman Empire, whose authority was not embodied in their person (as it was with elected Magistrates) b ...

First century

* Julius Florus, an orator, jurist, poet, and either the author or editor of several satires during the reign of Augustus. He accompanied Tiberius to Armenia, and may have been the uncle of Julius Secundus, and perhaps the friend of

Quintilian Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (; 35 – 100 AD) was a Roman educator and rhetorician born in Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing. In English translation, he is usually referred to as Quin ...

, who calls him an eminent orator of

Gaul Gaul () was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Roman people, Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy. It covered an area of . Ac ...

. * Julius M. f. Vestalis, a son of Marcus Julius Cottius, was a centurion, and in AD 12 commanded the force that retook the frontier post of Aegyssus from the Getae, a deed celebrated by Ovid. * Gaius Julius M. f. Donnus, son of Marcus Julius Cottius, prefect of the Ligures, fought for

. * Marcus Julius M. f. Cottius, another son of Marcus Julius Cottius, prefect of the Ligures, was granted title of king by the emperor Claudius. * Julius Florus, leader of an insurrection of the

Treveri The Treveri (Gaulish language, Gaulish: *''Treweroi'') were a Germanic peoples, Germanic or Celts, Celtic tribe of the Belgae group who inhabited the lower valley of the Moselle (river), Moselle in modern day Germany from around 150 BCE, if not ea ...

during the reign of

. * Julius Sacrovir, a leader of the

Aedui The Aedui or Haedui (Gaulish language, Gaulish: *''Aiduoi'', 'the Ardent'; ) were a Gauls, Gallic tribe dwelling in what is now the region of Burgundy during the La Tène culture, Iron Age and the Roman Empire, Roman period. The Aedui had an ambi ...

, who together with Julius Florus revolted in AD 21. * Julius Secundus Florus, an orator and friend of Quintilian, and nephew of the Gallic orator. * Julius Montanus, a senator, poet, and friend of Tiberius, cited by both the elder and younger Seneca. After the emperor

assaulted him in the dark, Montanus resisted forcefully before recognizing his attacker and begging for mercy, but he was compelled to commit suicide. * Sextus Julius Postumus, used by

in one of his schemes, AD 23. * Julius Africanus, of the Gallic state of the

Santones The Santoni or Santones () were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the later region of Saintonge during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name These people are noted as ''Santonum'', ''Santonos'' and ''Santonis'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Santó ...

, was condemned by Tiberius in AD 32. * Julius Celsus, a tribune of the city cohort, was condemned to death under Tiberius, but broke his own neck in prison, in order to avoid a public execution. * Julius Canus, a Stoic philosopher, condemned to death by the emperor

Caligula Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), also called Gaius and Caligula (), was Roman emperor from AD 37 until his assassination in 41. He was the son of the Roman general Germanicus and Augustus' granddaughter Ag ...

. He had promised to appear to his friends after his death, and fulfilled his promise by appearing to one of them in a vision. * Julius Graecinus, a writer on botany, and the father of Gnaeus Julius Agricola, was put to death by Caligula.Tacitus, ''Agricola'', 4. * Gaius Julius Callistus, a

freedman A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, slaves were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their owners), emancipation (granted freedom as part of a larger group), or self- ...

of Caligula, influential during his reign and that of

Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; ; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54), or Claudius, was a Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusus and Ant ...

. * Gaius Julius Sex. f. Postumus,

governor A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political regions, political region, in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the ...

of Egypt from AD 45 to 48. * Marcus Julius Romulus, adlected into the Senate after serving as tribune of the plebs, also served as legate of the

Legio XV Apollinaris Legio XV Apollinaris ("Apollo's Fifteenth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. It was recruited by Octavian in 41/40 BC. The emblem of this legion was probably a picture of Apollo, or of one of his holy animals. XV ''Apollinaris ...

, and proconsul of Macedonia. * Julius Pelignus, Procurator of

Cappadocia Cappadocia (; , from ) is a historical region in Central Anatolia region, Turkey. It is largely in the provinces of Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Sivas and Niğde. Today, the touristic Cappadocia Region is located in Nevşehir ...

in the reign of Claudius, AD 52. * Julius Bassus, said by the elder Plinius to have written a medical work in Greek. * Gaius Julius Aquila, an eques, sent to protect Cotys, King of the

Bosporus The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait ( ; , colloquially ) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul, Turkey. The Bosporus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and forms one of the continental bo ...

, in AD 50. * Julius Densus, an eques during the reign of

, accused of being too favorably disposed towards

Britannicus Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus (12 February AD 41 – 11 February AD 55), usually called Britannicus, was the son of Roman Emperor Claudius and his third wife, Valeria Messalina. For a time, he was considered his father's heir, but t ...

in AD 56. * Julius Diocles of Carystus, author of four epigrams in the

Greek Anthology The ''Greek Anthology'' () is a collection of poems, mostly epigrams, that span the Classical Greece, Classical and Byzantine periods of Greek literature. Most of the material of the ''Greek Anthology'' comes from two manuscripts, the ''Palatine ...

. * Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus, procurator of

Britannia The image of Britannia () is the national personification of United Kingdom, Britain as a helmeted female warrior holding a trident and shield. An image first used by the Romans in classical antiquity, the Latin was the name variously appli ...

from AD 61 to 65. * Julia Pacata, the wife of Classicanus. * Julius Indus, a cavalry commander of the Treveri, and the father-in-law of Classicanus. * Julius Africanus, a celebrated orator in the reign of Nero. * Lucius Julius Rufus, consul in AD 67. His death is related by the elder Pliny. * Gaius Julius Vindex, one of the chief supporters of

Galba Galba ( ; born Servius Sulpicius Galba; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January AD 69) was Roman emperor, ruling for 7 months from 8 June AD 68 to 15 January 69. He was the first emperor in the Year of the Four Emperors and assumed the throne follow ...

, led the rebellion against Nero. * Julius Fronto, a supporter of

Otho Otho ( ; born Marcus Salvius Otho; 28 April 32 – 16 April 69) was Roman emperor, ruling for three months from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. A member of a noble Etruscan civilization, ...

, put in chains by the soldiers because his brother, Julius Gratus, was a supporter of

Vitellius Aulus Vitellius ( ; ; 24 September 1520 December 69) was Roman emperor for eight months, from 19 April to 20 December AD 69. Vitellius became emperor following the quick succession of the previous emperors Galba and Otho, in a year of civil wa ...

. * Julius Gratus, prefect of the camp in the army of Aulus Caecina Alienus, the general of Vitellius, was put in chains by the soldiers because his brother, Julius Fronto, supported

. * Julius Carus, one of the murderers of Titus Vinius when the emperor Galba was put to death in AD 69. *

Gaius Julius Civilis Gaius Julius Civilis (AD 25 – ) was the leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 AD. His Roman naming conventions, nomen shows that he (or one of his male ancestors) was made a Roman citizen (and thus, the tribe a Roman vassal) ...

, leader of the

Batavian Rebellion The Revolt of the Batavi took place in the Roman province of Germania Inferior ("Lower Germania") between AD 69 and 70. It was an uprising against the Roman Empire started by the Batavi (Germanic tribe), Batavi, a small but militarily powerful G ...

in AD 69. * Julius Classicus, of the Treveri, who with Civilis was one of the leaders of the Batavian Rebellion. *

Julius Paulus Julius Paulus (; fl. 2nd century and 3rd century AD), often simply referred to as Paul in English, was one of the most influential and distinguished Roman jurists. He was also a praetorian prefect under the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus. Life ...

, the brother of Civilis, was put to death on a false charge of treason by Gaius Fonteius Capito, the governor of

Germania Inferior ''Germania Inferior'' ("Lower Germania") was a Roman province from AD 85 until the province was renamed ''Germania Secunda'' in the 4th century AD, on the west bank of the Rhine bordering the North Sea. The capital of the province was Colonia Cl ...

. * Julius Briganticus, a nephew of Civilis, who fought under Cerealis in

Germania Germania ( ; ), also more specifically called Magna Germania (English: ''Great Germania''), Germania Libera (English: ''Free Germania''), or Germanic Barbaricum to distinguish it from the Roman provinces of Germania Inferior and Germania Superio ...

, and fell in battle in AD 71. * Julius Sabinus, of the

Lingones The Lingones (Gaulish: 'the jumpers') were a Gallic tribe of the Iron Age and Roman periods. They dwelled in the region surrounding the present-day city of Langres, between the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica. Name A ...

, joined in the revolt of the Batavi. * Julius Tutor, of the Treviri, joined in the rebellion of Classicus. * Julius Calenus, of the Aedui, a partisan of Vitellius, was sent to

as proof of the emperor's defeat at

Cremona Cremona ( , , ; ; ) is a city and (municipality) in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po (river), Po river in the middle of the Po Valley. It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local city a ...

in AD 69. * Julius Priscus, appointed

Praetorian Prefect The praetorian prefect (; ) was a high office in the Roman Empire. Originating as the commander of the Praetorian Guard, the office gradually acquired extensive legal and administrative functions, with its holders becoming the Emperor's chief ai ...

by Vitellius in AD 69, he failed to hold the passes of the Apennines, and returned to Rome in disgrace. * Julius Placidus, tribune of a cohort in the army of

Vespasian Vespasian (; ; 17 November AD 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman emperor from 69 to 79. The last emperor to reign in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for 27 years. His fiscal reforms and consolida ...

, who dragged Vitellius from his hiding place. * Julius Burdo, commander of the Roman fleet in Germania, in AD 70. Previously suspected by the soldiers of having a hand in the death of Gaius Fonteius Capito, he was protected by Vitellius. * Sextus Julius Gabinianus, a celebrated rhetorician who taught in Gaul during the time of Vespasian, and was spoken of by

Suetonius Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire. His most important surviving work is ''De vita Caesarum'', common ...

in ''De Claris Rhetoribus''. * Julia Procilla, the mother of Agricola. *

Gnaeus Julius Agricola Gnaeus Julius Agricola (; 13 June 40 – 23 August 93) was a Roman general and politician responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain. Born to a political family of senatorial rank, Agricola began his military career as a military tribu ...

, consul in AD 77, the conqueror of Britannia. * Julius Cerealis, a poet, and a friend and contemporary of the younger Pliny and

Martial Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial ; March, between 38 and 41 AD – between 102 and 104 AD) was a Roman and Celtiberian poet born in Bilbilis, Hispania (modern Spain) best known for his twelve books of '' Epigrams'', pu ...

. * Tiberius Julius Lupus, governor of

Roman Egypt Roman Egypt was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 642. The province encompassed most of modern-day Egypt except for the Sinai. It was bordered by the provinces of Crete and Cyrenaica to the west and Judaea, ...

from 71 to 73. * Lucius Julius Marinus, governor of

Bithynia and Pontus Bithynia and Pontus (, Ancient Greek ) was the name of a province of the Roman Empire on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). It was formed during the late Roman Republic by the amalgamation of the former kingdoms of Bithynia (ma ...

at some point between AD 85 and 89. * Julius Rufus, a writer of satires, contemporary with Martial. * Sextus Julius Frontinus, twice consul in the late first century, and author of ''

De Aquaeductu (') is a two-book official report given to the emperor Nerva or Trajan on the state of the aqueducts of Rome, and was written by Sextus Julius Frontinus at the end of the 1st century AD. It is also known as or . It is the earliest official r ...

''. * Gaius Junius Silanus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 92.'' Fasti Ostienses'', .'' Fasti Potentini'', . * Julius Naso, a friend of both the younger Pliny and

Tacitus Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus ( , ; – ), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historians by modern scholars. Tacitus’ two major historical works, ''Annals'' ( ...

, who were interested in his success as a candidate for public office. * Julius Calvaster, a military tribune who took part in the rebellion of Lucius Antonius Saturninus, but was pardoned by

Domitian Domitian ( ; ; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was Roman emperor from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Flavian dynasty. Described as "a r ...

. * Julius Ferox, consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of November in AD 100, and subsequently Curator of the Banks and Courses of the Tiber, and of the Cloaca Maxima. He is sometimes confused with the jurist Urseius Ferox.

Second century

* Lucius Julius Ursus, consul in AD 84, 98, and 100. * Gaius Julius Servilius Ursus Servianus, the brother-in-law of

Hadrian Hadrian ( ; ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. Hadrian was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in Spain, an Italic peoples, Italic settlement in Hispania Baetica; his branch of the Aelia gens, Aelia '' ...

, and consul in AD 107, 111, and 136. * Gaius Julius Lacer, an architect during the reign of

Trajan Trajan ( ; born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. He was a philanthropic ruler and a successful soldier ...

. His name is inscribed upon the famous bridge over the

Tagus The Tagus ( ; ; ) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. The river rises in the Montes Universales between Cuenca and Teruel, in mid-eastern Spain, flows , generally westward, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean in Lisbon. Name T ...

, which he built, and which still stands. * Gaius Julius Africanus, grandson of the orator, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 108. * Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappus, a prince of

Commagene Commagene () was an ancient Greco-Iranian kingdom ruled by a Hellenized branch of the Orontid dynasty, Orontids, a dynasty of Iranian peoples, Iranian origin, that had ruled over the Satrapy of Armenia. The kingdom was located in and around the ...

, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 109. * Julius Severianus, a rhetorician in the time of Hadrian, and the author of ''Syntomata'', or ''Praecepta Artis Rhetoricae''. * Sextus Julius Severus, governor of Britannia and Bithynia under Hadrian, was sent to Judaea to suppress the

Bar Kokhba revolt The Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 AD) was a major uprising by the Jews of Judaea (Roman province), Judaea against the Roman Empire, marking the final and most devastating of the Jewish–Roman wars. Led by Simon bar Kokhba, the rebels succeeded ...

. * Julius Aquila, a jurist, probably of the late second century. * Lucius Julius Aquila, the author of ''De Etrusca Disciplina'', a work on Etruscan religion. * Julius Vestinus, a

sophist A sophist () was a teacher in ancient Greece in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE. Sophists specialized in one or more subject areas, such as philosophy, rhetoric, music, athletics and mathematics. They taught ''arete'', "virtue" or "excellen ...

, who made an abridgement of the lexicon of Pamphilus. *

Julius Pollux Julius Pollux (, ''Ioulios Polydeukes''; fl. 2nd century) was a Greeks, Greek scholar and rhetorician from Naucratis, Ancient Egypt.Andrew Dalby, ''Food in the Ancient World: From A to Z'', p.265, Routledge, 2003 Emperor Commodus appointed him a pr ...

, a Greek sophist and grammarian, and a teacher of grammar and rhetoric at

Athens Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...

during the reign of

Commodus Commodus (; ; 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was Roman emperor from 177 to 192, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father Marcus Aurelius and then ruling alone from 180. Commodus's sole reign is commonly thought to mark the end o ...

. * Julius Titianus, a scholar and writer of the late second century, and the father of the rhetorician Titianus. * Julius Titianus, a rhetorician, and tutor of the younger Maximinus. * Julius Solon, purchased the rank of

senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or Legislative chamber, chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the Ancient Rome, ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior ...

under Commodus, but put to death by

Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus (; ; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through cursus honorum, the ...

, at the commencement of his reign. * Julius Crispus, a distinguished tribune of the

Praetorian Guard The Praetorian Guard (Latin language, Latin: ''cohortes praetoriae'') was the imperial guard of the Imperial Roman army that served various roles for the Roman emperor including being a bodyguard unit, counterintelligence, crowd control and ga ...

, capriciously put to death by Septimius Severus during the Parthian War in AD 199. * Julius Rufus, a nobilis, slain by Septimius Severus. * Lucius Julius Julianus, legate of the

Legio II Augusta Legio II Augusta ( Second Legion "Augustus'") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army that was founded during the late Roman Republic. Its emblems were the Capricornus, Pegasus, and Mars. It may have taken the name "''Augusta''" from a victory ...

Third century

* Julius Frontinus, a Latin rhetorician, who gave instruction in his art to

Severus Alexander Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – March 235), also known as Alexander Severus, was Roman emperor from 222 until 235. He was the last emperor from the Severan dynasty. Alexander took power in 222, when he succeeded his slain c ...

.Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Alexander Severus", 3. * Julius Granianus, a rhetorician at the time of Severus Alexander, who was instructed by him in rhetoric. *

, a distinguished jurist and prolific writer on the law, during the early third century. * Julius Martialis, joined the conspiracy against the emperor

Caracalla Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla (; ), was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father and then r ...

, whom he killed with his own hand, before being slain by the emperor's Scythian guards. * Sextus Julius Africanus, a chronographer and Christian writer of the early third century. *

Gaius Julius Solinus __NOTOC__ Gaius Julius Solinus, better known simply as Solinus, was a Latin grammarian, geographer, and compiler who probably flourished in the early 3rd century AD. Historical scholar Theodor Mommsen dates him to the middle of the 3rd century. ...

, a grammarian and geographer, probably of the early third century. * Julia Aquilia Severa, a

Vestal Virgin In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals (, singular ) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame. The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty from several s ...

, scandalously taken as a wife by the emperor

Elagabalus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, 204 – 13 March 222), better known by his posthumous nicknames Elagabalus ( ) and Heliogabalus ( ), was Roman emperor from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager. His short r ...

. * Gaius Julius Maximinus, equestrian governor of

Mauretania Tingitana Mauretania Tingitana (Latin for "Tangerine Mauretania") was a Roman province, coinciding roughly with the northern part of present-day Morocco. The territory stretched from the northern peninsula opposite Gibraltar, to Sala Colonia (or Chellah ...

, between AD 222 and 235. * Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus, surnamed ''Thrax'', emperor from AD 235 to 238. * Marcus Julius Philippus, also known as Philip the Arab, emperor from AD 244 to 249. * Marcus Julius M. f. Philippus, emperor with his father from AD 247 to 249. * Gaius Julius Saturninus, a name assigned to the younger Marcus Julius Philippus by

Aurelius Victor Sextus Aurelius Victor ( 320 – 390) was a historian and politician of the Roman Empire. Victor was the author of a now-lost monumental history of imperial Rome covering the period from Augustus to Constantius II. Under the emperor Julian (361 ...

. * Quintus Julius Gallienus, a son of the emperor

Gallienus Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (; – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and alone from 260 to 268. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that nearly caused the collapse of the empire. He ...

, who probably predeceased his father. * Julius Aterianus, said to have written a history of Victorinus, and perhaps others of the ''

Thirty Tyrants The Thirty Tyrants (, ''hoi triákonta týrannoi'') were an oligarchy that briefly ruled Classical Athens, Athens from 404 BC, 404 BCE to 403 BC, 403 BCE. Installed into power by the Sparta, Spartans after the Athenian surrender in the Peloponnesian ...

''. * Julius Saturninus, usurper against the emperor

Probus Probus may refer to: People * Marcus Valerius Probus (c. 20/30–105 AD), Roman grammarian * Marcus Pomponius Maecius Probus, consul in 228 * Probus (emperor), Roman Emperor (276–282) * Probus of Byzantium (–306), Bishop of Byzantium from 293 t ...

in AD 280.

Fourth century

* Julius Capitolinus, the supposed author of nine biographies in the ''

Historia Augusta The ''Historia Augusta'' (English: ''Augustan History'') is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, Caesar (title), designated heirs and Roman usurper, usurpers from 117 to 284. S ...

''. * Flavius Julius Crispus, son of the emperor

Constantine I Constantine I (27 February 27222 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. He played a Constantine the Great and Christianity, pivotal ro ...

; a distinguished soldier, he was put to death in AD 326. * Julius Firmicus Maternus, a fourth-century

astrologer Astrology is a range of Divination, divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions ...

and writer on the subject of profane religions. * Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius, a historian who translated a Greek life of

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon (; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip ...

; he is likely the same Polemius who was consul in AD 338. * Julius Obsequens, perhaps of the fourth century, an author of a tract known as ''De Prodigiis'', or ''Prodigiorum Libellus'', describing various prodigies and phenomena found in the works of earlier writers. * Gaius Julius Victor, a rhetorician of the fourth century. * Julius Ausonius, an eminent physician, and

praefectus ''Praefectus'', often with a further qualification, was the formal title of many, fairly low to high-ranking, military or civil officials in the Roman Empire, whose authority was not embodied in their person (as it was with elected Magistrates) b ...

of Illyricum under the emperor

Valentinian I Valentinian I (; 32117 November 375), also known as Valentinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. He ruled the Western Roman Empire, Western half of the empire, while his brother Valens ruled the Byzantine Empire, East. During his re ...

. * (Julius) Ausonius, also called Decimus Magnus Ausonius, son of the physician, a celebrated poet. * Julia Dryadia, daughter of the physician Julius Ausonius. * Julius Rufinianus, a Latin rhetorician of uncertain date, and the author of a treatise called ''De Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis''. * Julius Paris, author of an epitome of

Valerius Maximus Valerius Maximus () was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ' ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' or ''Facta et dicta memorabilia''). He worke ...

, written perhaps in the fourth or fifth century.

Fifth century and after

* Julius Valerius Majorianus, emperor from AD 457 to 461. *

Julius Nepos Julius Nepos (died 9 May 480), or simply Nepos, ruled as Roman emperor of the West from 24 June 474 to 28 August 475. After losing power in Italy, Nepos retreated to his home province of Dalmatia, from which he continued to claim the western i ...

, emperor in AD 474 and 475. * Julius Exsuperantius, a late Roman historian, probably of the fifth or sixth century; his tract, ''De Marii, Lepidi, ac Sertorii Bellis Civilibus'' may have been abridged from the histories of

Sallust Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (, ; –35 BC), was a historian and politician of the Roman Republic from a plebeian family. Probably born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines, Sallust became a partisan of Julius ...

. * Claudius Julius or Joläus, a Greek historian of unknown date, wrote works on

Phoenicia Phoenicians were an Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, ancient Semitic group of people who lived in the Phoenician city-states along a coastal strip in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily modern Lebanon and the Syria, Syrian ...

and the

Peloponnesus The Peloponnese ( ), Peloponnesus ( ; , ) or Morea (; ) is a peninsula and geographic regions of Greece, geographic region in Southern Greece, and the southernmost region of the Balkans. It is connected to the central part of the country by the ...

. * Julius Celsus, a scholar at

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

in the seventh century, who made a recension of the text of Caesar's commentaries.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 661.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

, ''

Bibliotheca Historica ''Bibliotheca historica'' (, ) is a work of Universal history (genre), universal history by Diodorus Siculus. It consisted of forty books, which were divided into three sections. The first six books are geographical in theme, and describe the h ...

'' (Library of History). * Titus Livius (

), '' History of Rome''. *

Dionysius of Halicarnassus Dionysius of Halicarnassus (, ; – after 7 BC) was a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric, who flourished during the reign of Emperor Augustus. His literary style was ''atticistic'' – imitating Classical Attic Greek in its prime. ...

, ''Romaike Archaiologia'' (Roman Antiquities). *

Marcus Tullius Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

, ''De Haruspicum Responsis''; ''

De Legibus ''On the Laws'', also known by its Latin name ( abbr. ), is a Socratic dialogue written by Marcus Tullius Cicero during the last years of the Roman Republic. It bears the same name as Plato's famous dialogue, '' The Laws''. Unlike his previou ...

''; ''

De Republica ''De re publica'' (''On the Republic''; see below) is a dialogue on Roman politics by Cicero, written in six books between 54 and 51 BC. The work does not survive in a complete state, and large parts are missing. The surviving sections derive f ...

''. *

Cornelius Nepos Cornelius Nepos (; c. 110 BC – c. 25 BC) was a Roman Empire, Roman biographer. He was born at Hostilia, a village in Cisalpine Gaul not far from Verona. Biography Nepos's Cisalpine birth is attested by Ausonius, and Pliny the Elder calls ...

, ''De Viris Illustribus'' (On the Lives of Famous Men). * Publius Ovidius Naso (

Ovid Publius Ovidius Naso (; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a younger contemporary of Virgil and Horace, with whom he i ...

), '' Epistulae ex Ponto'' (Letters from Pontus); ''

Fasti In ancient Rome, the ''fasti'' (Latin plural) were chronological or calendar-based lists, or other diachronic records or plans of official and religiously sanctioned events. After Rome's decline, the word ''fasti'' continued to be used for simi ...

''. * Lucius Annaeus Seneca (

Seneca the Elder Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Elder ( ; – c. AD 39), also known as Seneca the Rhetorician, was a Roman writer, born of a wealthy equestrian family of Corduba, Hispania. He wrote a collection of reminiscences about the Roman schools of rhetoric, ...

), ''Controversiae''. * Lucius Annaeus Seneca (

Seneca the Younger Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger ( ; AD 65), usually known mononymously as Seneca, was a Stoicism, Stoic philosopher of Ancient Rome, a statesman, a dramatist, and in one work, a satirist, from the post-Augustan age of Latin literature. Seneca ...

), '' De Beneficiis'', ''

Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium ' (Latin for "Moral Letters to Lucilius"), also known as the ''Moral Epistles'' and ''Letters from a Stoic'', is a letter collection of 124 letters that Seneca the Younger wrote at the end of his life, during his retirement, after he had worked ...

'' (Moral Letters to Lucilius). * Gaius Plinius Secundus (

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 79), known in English as Pliny the Elder ( ), was a Roman Empire, Roman author, Natural history, naturalist, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the Roman emperor, emperor Vesp ...

), ''

Naturalis Historia The ''Natural History'' () is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. Despite the work' ...

'' (Natural History). * Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (

Pliny the Younger Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo; 61 – ), better known in English as Pliny the Younger ( ), was a lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and e ...

), '' Epistulae'' (Letters). * Marcus Valerius Martialis (

), ''Epigrams''. * Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (

), ''

Institutio Oratoria ''Institutio Oratoria'' ( English: Institutes of Oratory) is a twelve-volume textbook on the theory and practice of rhetoric by Roman rhetorician Quintilian. It was published around year 95 AD. The work deals also with the foundational education ...

'' (Institutes of Oratory). *

Publius Cornelius Tacitus Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus ( , ; – ), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historiography, Roman historians by modern scholars. Tacitus’ two major historical ...

, '' De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae'' (On the Life and Mores of Julius Agricola); ''

Annales Annals are a concise form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year. The equivalent word in Latin and French is ''annales'', which is used untranslated in English in various contexts. List of works with titles contai ...

''; '' Dialogus de Oratoribus'' (Dialogue on Oratory); '' Historiae''. * Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (

Plutarch Plutarch (; , ''Ploútarchos'', ; – 120s) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo (Delphi), Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''Parallel Lives'', ...

), '' Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans'' (Parallel Lives). * Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, ''De Claris Rhetoribus'' (The Eminent Orators); ''De Illustribus Grammaticis'' (The Illustrious Grammarians); '' De Vita Caesarum'' (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars). *

Aulus Gellius Aulus Gellius (c. 125after 180 AD) was a Roman author and grammarian, who was probably born and certainly brought up in Rome. He was educated in Athens, after which he returned to Rome. He is famous for his ''Attic Nights'', a commonplace book, ...

, ''Noctes Atticae'' (Attic Nights). *

Sextus Pompeius Festus Sextus Pompeius Festus, usually known simply as Festus, was a Ancient Rome, Roman Grammarian (Greco-Roman), grammarian who probably flourished in the later 2nd century AD, perhaps at Narbo (Narbonne) in Gaul. Work He made a 20-volume epitome of V ...

, epitome of Marcus Verrius Flaccus, ''De Verborum Significatu''. * Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (

Cassius Dio Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...

), ''Roman History''. *

Eusebius of Caesarea Eusebius of Caesarea (30 May AD 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilius, was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist from the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima. ...

, '' Chronicon''. * Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, et al., ''

''. * Sextus Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' (On the Caesars); ''De Origo Gentis Romanae'' (On the Origin of the Roman People); '' Epitome de Caesaribus'' (attributed). * Decimius Magnus Ausonius, ''Epigrammata de Diversis Rebus'' (Epigrams about Various Things). *

Maurus Servius Honoratus Servius, distinguished as Servius the Grammarian ( or ), was a late fourth-century and early fifth-century grammarian. He earned a contemporary reputation as the most learned man of his generation in Italy; he authored a set of commentaries o ...

, ''Ad Virgilii Aeneidem Commentarii'' (Commentary on Vergil's Aeneid). * Gaius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius, ''Epistulae''. *

Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, usually referred to as Macrobius (fl. AD 400), was a Roman provincial who lived during the early fifth century, during late antiquity, the period of time corresponding to the Later Roman Empire, and when Latin was ...

, ''Saturnalia''. *

Stephanus of Byzantium Stephanus or Stephen of Byzantium (; , ''Stéphanos Byzántios''; centuryAD) was a Byzantine grammarian and the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled ''Ethnica'' (). Only meagre fragments of the dictionary survive, but the epit ...

, ''Ethnica''. * Isidorus Hispalensis, ''

Origines (, "Origins") is the title of a lost work on Roman and Italian history by Cato the Elder, composed in the early-2nd centuryBC. Contents According to Cato's biographer Cornelius Nepos, the ''Origins'' consisted of seven books. Book I was th ...

''. * ''

Suda The ''Suda'' or ''Souda'' (; ; ) is a large 10th-century Byzantine Empire, Byzantine encyclopedia of the History of the Mediterranean region, ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas () or Souidas (). It is an ...

''. *

Jan Gruter Jan Gruter or Gruytère, Latinized as Janus Gruterus (3 December 1560 – 20 September 1627), was a Flemish-born philologist, scholar, and librarian. Life Jan Gruter was born in Antwerp. His father was Wouter Gruter, who was a merchant a ...

, ''Inscriptiones Antiquae Totius Orbis Romani'', Heidelberg (1603). * ''Anthologia Graeca'' (The

), ed. Tauchnitz. *

Joseph Hilarius Eckhel Joseph Hilarius Eckhel (13 January 1737 – 16 May 1798) was an Austrian Jesuit priest and numismatist. Biography Eckhel was born at Enzersfeld, in Lower Austria. His father was farm-steward to Count Zinzendorf, and he received his early educa ...

, ''Doctrina Numorum Veterum'' (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798). *

Barthold Georg Niebuhr Barthold Georg Niebuhr (27 August 1776 – 2 January 1831) was a Danish–German statesman, banker, and historian who became Germany's leading historian of Ancient Rome and a founding father of modern scholarly historiography. By 1810 Niebuhr wa ...

, ''The History of Rome'', Julius Charles Hare and Connop Thirlwall, trans., John Smith, Cambridge (1828). * Wilhelm Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergang von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen'', Königsberg (1834–1844). *

Angelo Mai Angelo Mai (''Latin'' Angelus Maius; 7 March 17828 September 1854) was an Italian Cardinal and philologist. He won a European reputation for publishing for the first time a series of previously unknown ancient texts. These he was able to discov ...

, ''Classici Auctores e Vaticanis Codicibus Editi'' (Classical Authors Published by the Vatican), Rome, (1835). * ''

'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). *

Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; ; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th ce ...

''et alii'', ''

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw ...

'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). * Theodor Mommsen, "Iullus und Iulus", in ''Hermes: Zeitschrift für classische Philologie'', vol. 24, No. 1 (1889), pp. 155, 156. *

August Pauly August Friedrich von Pauly (; ; 9 May 1796, in Benningen am Neckar – 2 May 1845, in Stuttgart) was a German educator and classical philologist. From 1813 to 1818 he studied at the University of Tübingen, then furthered his education at Heide ...

Georg Wissowa Georg Otto August Wissowa (17 June 1859 – 11 May 1931) was a German classical philologist born in Neudorf, near Breslau. Education and career Wissowa studied classical philology under August Reifferscheid at the University of Bresl ...

, ''et alii'', ''

Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft The Pauly encyclopedias or the Pauly-Wissowa family of encyclopedias, are a set of related encyclopedias on Greco-Roman world, Greco-Roman classical studies, topics and scholarship. The first of these, or (1839–1852), was begun by compiler A ...

'' (Scientific Encyclopedia of the Knowledge of Classical Antiquities, abbreviated ''RE'' or ''PW''), J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart (1894–1980). * René Cagnat ''et alii'', ''

L'Année épigraphique ''L'Année épigraphique'' (''The Epigraphic Year'', standard abbreviation ''AE'') is a French publication on epigraphy (i.e the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing). It was set up by René Cagnat, as holder of the chair of 'Epigraphy a ...

'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). * George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897). * '' Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities'',

Harry Thurston Peck Harry Thurston Peck (November 24, 1856 – March 23, 1914) was an American classical scholar, author, editor, historian and critic. Biography Peck was born in Stamford, Connecticut. He was educated in private schools and at Columbia College, gr ...

, ed. (Second Edition, 1897). * * T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952–1986). * Michael Grant, ''Roman Myths'', Dorset Press (1971). * G. V. Sumner, "The Lex Annalis under Caesar", in '' Phoenix'', vol. xxv, No. 3 (1971), pp. 246–271. * * Guido Bastianini,
Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30^a al 299^p
, in '' Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', vol. 17 (1975). * J.E.H. Spaul,
Governors of Tingitana
, in ''Antiquités Africaines'', vol. 30 (1994). * Timothy J. Cornell, ''The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)'', Routledge, London (1995). * Ernst Badian, "From the Iulii to Caesar", i
''A Companion to Julius Caesar''
Miriam Griffin, ed., John Wiley & Sons (2009), , pp. 11–22. {{Julius Caesar, state=collapsed Alba Longa Roman gentes