Thionville Thionville (; ; ) is a city in the northeastern French Departments of France, department of Moselle (department), Moselle. The city is located on the left bank of the river Moselle (river), Moselle, opposite its suburb Yutz. History Thionvi ...

Moselle The Moselle ( , ; ; ) is a river that rises in the Vosges mountains and flows through north-eastern France and Luxembourg to western Germany. It is a bank (geography), left bank tributary of the Rhine, which it joins at Koblenz. A sm ...

Draveil Draveil () is a commune in the Essonne department in the southern outer suburbs of Paris, France.sociologist.. Full professor and later

emeritus ''Emeritus/Emerita'' () is an honorary title granted to someone who retires from a position of distinction, most commonly an academic faculty position, but is allowed to continue using the previous title, as in "professor emeritus". In some c ...

of

Historical sociology Historical sociology is an Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary field of research that combines Sociology, sociological and History, historical methods to understand the past, how societies have developed over time, and the impact this has on ...

at the Sorbonne, he was a member of the ''

Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the go ...

'', elected on 6 December 1999 to the Sociology section. to the seat vacated by the transfer of

Alain Besançon Alain Besançon (; 25 April 1932 – 9 July 2023) was a French historian. He specialised in intellectual history and Russian politics. From 1965 to 1992 he was director of studies at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris. ...

.. His major contributions to the field of anthropological and historical sociological knowledge pertain to a philosophical overhaul of the human sciences (or general anthropology), a general theory of 'power' and political regimes, the long-term history of democratic regimes in relation to various types of social organization (bands, tribes, cities, nations), the history of social morphologies, a non-relativistic virtue ethics, and a sociological explanation of the conditions underpinning the emergence of major religious and secular metaphysics, particularly during the

Axial Age ''Axial Age'' (also ''Axis Age'', from the German ) is a term coined by the German philosopher Karl Jaspers. It refers to broad changes in religious and philosophical thought that occurred in a variety of locations from about the 8th to the 3rd ...

.

Biography

Graduating in philosophy and history in

University of Strasbourg The University of Strasbourg (, Unistra) is a public research university located in Strasbourg, France, with over 52,000 students and 3,300 researchers. Founded in the 16th century by Johannes Sturm, it was a center of intellectual life during ...

and Doctor in Sociology from

Sorbonne University Sorbonne University () is a public research university located in Paris, France. The institution's legacy reaches back to the Middle Ages in 1257 when Sorbonne College was established by Robert de Sorbon as a constituent college of the Unive ...

, Jean Baechler has devoted much of his life to teaching and research. He began his career as a history-geography teacher at the Lycée Montesquieu in

Le Mans Le Mans (; ) is a Communes of France, city in Northwestern France on the Sarthe (river), Sarthe River where it meets the Huisne. Traditionally the capital of the Provinces of France, province of Maine (province), Maine, it is now the capital of ...

(1962–1966), before meeting

Raymond Aron Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (; ; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, historian and journalist, one of France's most prominent thinkers of the 20th century. Aron is best known for his ...

and lecturing in sociology at the Sorbonne from 1966 to 1969, then from 1969 to 1986, at the ''École Pratique des Hautes Études'', which became the ''École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales'' (

EHESS The School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (, EHESS) is a graduate ''grande école'' and '' grand établissement'' in Paris focused on academic research in the social sciences. The school awards Master and PhD degrees alone and conjo ...

) in 1975. From 1975 to 2006, he was seminar leader for the DEA in sociology at Paris IV, Paris V and Paris X. He also became a research associate at the

CNRS The French National Centre for Scientific Research (, , CNRS) is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe. In 2016, it employed 31,637 staff, including 11,137 tenured researchers, 13,415 eng ...

in 1966, a research fellow in 1969 and then director of research in the sociology section from 1977 to 1988. In 1988, he left the

CNRS The French National Centre for Scientific Research (, , CNRS) is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe. In 2016, it employed 31,637 staff, including 11,137 tenured researchers, 13,415 eng ...

to take up the chair of

Historical sociology Historical sociology is an Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary field of research that combines Sociology, sociological and History, historical methods to understand the past, how societies have developed over time, and the impact this has on ...

at the Sorbonne (Paris-IV). He taught there until 2006. He was elected to the ''

Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the go ...

'' in 1999. President of the ''Académie des sciences morales et politiques'' and ''

Institut de France The ; ) is a French learned society, grouping five , including the . It was established in 1795 at the direction of the National Convention. Located on the Quai de Conti in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, the institute manages approximately ...

'' for 2011. Jean Baechler was a member of the

Centre européen de sociologie historique Center or centre may refer to: Mathematics *Center (geometry), the middle of an object * Center (algebra), used in various contexts ** Center (group theory) ** Center (ring theory) * Graph center, the set of all vertices of minimum eccentricity ...

directed by

Raymond Aron Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (; ; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, historian and journalist, one of France's most prominent thinkers of the 20th century. Aron is best known for his ...

(1969–1984). In 1984, he became a member of the ''Groupe d'études des méthodes de l'analyse sociologique'' (GEMASS) founded by

Raymond Boudon Raymond Boudon (27 January 1934 – 10 April 2013) was a sociologist, philosopher and Professor in the Paris-Sorbonne University. Career With Alain Touraine, Michel Crozier and Pierre Bourdieu, Raymond Boudon is one of the leading French sociol ...

. He was Honorary Chairman of the Association philotechnique.

Work

Acclaimed by the sociologists' profession, and far beyond, Jean Baechler is the author of a body of work that is not only voluminous (34 books and 270 articles) but also dense in conceptual and historical systematics. It combines a general theory of man with a comparative

historical sociology Historical sociology is an Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary field of research that combines Sociology, sociological and History, historical methods to understand the past, how societies have developed over time, and the impact this has on ...

of human societies. Its fundamental thrust is to explore how, in different civilizational spheres, human potentialities (''virtual''), envisaged as universal, have actually taken shape (''actualizations'') under the influence of various historical and sociological factors that can be explained.

Initial milestones

Jean Baechler began his work with an exploration of

Trotskyism Trotskyism (, ) is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Russian revolutionary and intellectual Leon Trotsky along with some other members of the Left Opposition and the Fourth International. Trotsky described himself as an ...

(''Politique'' ''de'' ''Trotsky'', 1968), at the request of Jean Touchard, and then went on to produce a typological and historical comparison of ''Phénomènes'' ''révolutionnaires'' (1970''; Revolution'', 1975). In a seminal 1969 article on the origins of the capitalist system, he then developed a primarily "political" explanation of the problem, rather than an economic one like Marx or a culturalist one like Max Weber (refuting Marx). This text was subsequently reprinted, translated into English (''The Origins of Capitalism'', 1976), and completely recast in an expanded version in two large volumes, under the title ''Le'' ''capitalisme'' (1995). In 1975, under the supervision of

Raymond Aron Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (; ; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, historian and journalist, one of France's most prominent thinkers of the 20th century. Aron is best known for his ...

, Jean Baechler presented his doctoral thesis about "Les suicides" (1975 in French; English translation, 1979). He adopted a "strategic" approach to action, a perspective he would maintain thereafter, and identified twelve characteristic meanings of suicide. This provided a universal historical outlook on the existential 'problems' faced by individuals considering suicide as a potential "solution". His analysis simultaneously explores the socio-historical conditions conducive to suicide and the interpretative choices made by those who take their own lives. The diversity of situations is reduced to a limited number of types, and this analysis has occasionally been misinterpreted as a radical challenge to Durkheim's theories regarding suicide-inducing forces without a subject.

Baechlerian concepts

Modes of power

After completing his doctorate, Jean Baechler turned his attention to analyzing the essential foundations of ideology in ''Qu'est-ce que l'idéologie'' (1976), and explored the main attributes of political power, presiding over the historical actualization of its mechanisms (''Le pouvoir pur'', 1978). By defining the three modes of power as "coercion," "authority" and "direction," he laid the foundations for a rigorous general theory of "political regimes," "power relations" and the dissimilar logics of political consent. This analysis of power is a conceptual breakthrough and paves the way for comparative sociological analysis of the historical actualizations of the phenomenon.

Social morphologies

Hereafter Jean Baechler embarked on a vast historical sociological investigation of "democracy," breaking new ground on two counts. On the one hand, he placed the logic of democracy within a very long human history, dating back to the

Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories ...

, and in so doing, broke with the common genealogy that began with the Greek cities of the classical age. On the other hand, it complicates the analysis of power relations and modes of political consent by taking into account the type of social organization underlying each historical variant of the democratic regime. In the wake of American social anthropology, the concept of "social morphology" was put forward, along with a strict typology of bands, tribes, cities, chiefdoms, principalities, kingdoms, empires and nations (cf. ''Démocraties'' in 1985, ''Democracy: an analytical survey'' in 1995, and ''Précis de philosophie politique'' in 2014). His ''Esquisse d'une histoire universelle'' (2002) and ''Les morphologies sociales'' (2005) summarize the fundamental historical theses of his general sociology. As for the question of war and international relations, they are inseparable from this general theory and sociology of politics. They are present in all his work, and are systematically set out in the summary work ''Guerre, Histoire et Société'' (2019).

"Orders" of activity

In Jean Baechler's

anthropology Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, society, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans. Social anthropology studies patterns of behav ...

and

historical sociology Historical sociology is an Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary field of research that combines Sociology, sociological and History, historical methods to understand the past, how societies have developed over time, and the impact this has on ...

, the "political order" of human activities always assumes a predominant causal valence and sensitivity. It is the political order that has the greatest influence on all the other orders of activity (economic, demographic, technical, ethical, etc.). This is due to the very nature of power (''Le'' ''pouvoir'' ''pur'', 1978), since its "power" mode (versus "authority" and "direction") is always potentially capable, through its internal coercive (

autocratic Autocracy is a form of government in which absolute power is held by the head of state and Head of government, government, known as an autocrat. It includes some forms of monarchy and all forms of dictatorship, while it is contrasted with demo ...

) and external bellicose expressions, of expressing dysfunction and radically impacting all other orders of human activity. Radical assessments and open violence are the hallmarks of this. But while "politics" is causally primary, for Jean Baechler it remains anthropologically secondary in terms of ultimate ends: it constitutes a "service," ancillary order, and is not the type of activity in which the question of the meaning of human existence is played out. This is why Baechler's

political philosophy Political philosophy studies the theoretical and conceptual foundations of politics. It examines the nature, scope, and Political legitimacy, legitimacy of political institutions, such as State (polity), states. This field investigates different ...

and

historical sociology Historical sociology is an Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary field of research that combines Sociology, sociological and History, historical methods to understand the past, how societies have developed over time, and the impact this has on ...

are not at the center of his anthropological reflection, but need to be understood as subordinate moments of a more general enquiry. In the 2000s, Jean Baechler systematized his non-essentialist thinking on "human nature" and its concrete manifestations within thirteen specific "orders" of activity. Each of these orders corresponds to the resolution of an unavoidable "problem" of existential "survival" or "destination" for individuals as well as for human groups. Among these orders, Baechler counts the demographic, the hygienic, the economic, the technical, the political, the pedagogical, the ludic, the morphological (solidarity mechanisms), the sodalic (group formations), the agoric (networks), the normative, the eschatic (metaphysical) and the staseological (critical). The work ''Nature et histoire'' (2000) makes this clear, and is a breakthrough for the human and social sciences, which have always been in search of the fundamental generative structures of history. Certain aspects of this extensive anthropological opus were subsequently taken up, clarified and expanded in the three related books ''Agir, faire, connaître'' (2008), ''La nature humaine'' (2009) and ''Les matrices culturelles'' (2009). The two books entitled ''Qu'est-ce que l'humain? Liberté, finalité, rationalité'' (2014) and ''Modèles d'humanité'' (2019) summarize the author's general assumptions on the fundamental "virtualities" of the human from the initial schema of "freedom." This freedom is seen as a genetic non-programming of the species, involving its "finalized," "rational" but intrinsically "fallible" historical condition. Over time in the form of those mentioned works, J. Baechler ultimately developed a general treatise on man and human societies, in other words an "anthropological sum" on the one hand and a comparative historical sociology of world history on the other.

Final ends

Also applied to the analysis of final ends, beyond the ancillary ends of survival, this general anthropology encompasses both an anti-relativist ethics of the "''bonne vie bonne''" (''Les'' ''Fins'' ''dernières'', 2006) and a classification of

metaphysical Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of h ...

rationalities dealing with the question of the "destination's ends" of human existence. Jean Baechler ended up calling this last

metaphysical Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of h ...

order the "eschatic" (''La'' ''Spiritualité'', 2021) for want of a better lexicon, doctrinally neutral in everyday language, to designate the "things of the end," i.e. the

metaphysical Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of h ...

questions about the meaning of life that human beings cannot fail to ask themselves. The notion of "religious" is unsuitable for this purpose, as it excludes from its scope non-religious explorations of the problem of the end and meaning of life, which is a feature of philosophies. This "eschatic" order is the subject of a twofold investigation. The first is a properly

metaphysical Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of h ...

reflection on the logically possible justifications for the question of the Absolute. Two major variants emerge, one secular ("absolute," lower case) and the other religious ("Absolute," upper case). The second part of the investigation focuses on the historical identification and sociological explanation of the main factors in the historical emergence and doctrinal clarification of each of these major metaphysical options, via individual and group explorers of the eschatic or "destination's ends" ("philosophers," "metaphysicians," "priests," sects, networks, churches, political parasitism of it, etc.). For the great

metaphysical Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of h ...

propositions about the final ends did not emerge at any time, in any place or in any way: the secular path of Becoming ("Devenir") was exemplified in ancient China and Greece, the religious paths of the

monotheism Monotheism is the belief that one God is the only, or at least the dominant deity.F. L. Cross, Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. A ...

s (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) in West Asia, and Vedic and then Hindu Atmanism in India. These three great coherences of

metaphysical Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of h ...

rationality therefore need to be explained in terms of the sociological conditions of their emergence, which can only be identified through the long comparative approach of

historical sociology Historical sociology is an Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary field of research that combines Sociology, sociological and History, historical methods to understand the past, how societies have developed over time, and the impact this has on ...

.

Ultimate work

Jean Baechler died on 13 August 2022, shortly after completing the first volume of his planned trilogy on the ''Sociologie historique de l'Absolu''. This final work provides a macro-sociologically rigorous answer to the classic problem of the "

Axial Age ''Axial Age'' (also ''Axis Age'', from the German ) is a term coined by the German philosopher Karl Jaspers. It refers to broad changes in religious and philosophical thought that occurred in a variety of locations from about the 8th to the 3rd ...

" for each civilizational area, from the

Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories ...

to the era of planetary globalization. Initially raised by

Max Weber Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (; ; 21 April 186414 June 1920) was a German Sociology, sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economy, political economist who was one of the central figures in the development of sociology and the social sc ...

and then

Karl Jaspers Karl Theodor Jaspers (; ; 23 February 1883 – 26 February 1969) was a German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry, and philosophy. His 1913 work ''General Psychopathology'' influenced many ...

, this problem remains a central question in the

historical sociology Historical sociology is an Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary field of research that combines Sociology, sociological and History, historical methods to understand the past, how societies have developed over time, and the impact this has on ...

of religions, which has yet to be resolved by examining the various historical factors that have contributed to the actualization of the phenomenon. It has never been integrated into a joint

metaphysical Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of h ...

and

sociological Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. The term sociology was coined in ...

analysis, going beyond a simple philosophical re-description of the axial emergences in various civilizational areas. ''Sociologie historique de l'Absolu'' sets out to provide a long-term sociological explanation by the three combined means of philosophy, history and sociology. "Philosophy" takes charge of the rigorous conceptual definition, as an eschatological "virtual", of the three metaphysically coherent options of the question of the unconditioned (A(a)bsolu); "History" documents the past explorations of the problem according to the types of traces accessible to the investigation (parietal art, statuary, myths, texts, religions, philosophies, etc.); and "Sociology" completes the Baechlerian method – continuously tripartite, on this question as on the rest – by formulating an explanatory hypothesis as to the concrete factors that have made it possible to actualize the three metaphysical options that have virtually always been thinkable – i.e. since the beginning of the documentation of the problem by tangible artefacts, from the

Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories ...

onwards.

Bibliography

In English * 1975 : translation: ''Revolution'', Harper & Row. * 1975 : ''The Origins of Capitalism'', Blackwell. * 1979 : ''Suicides'', Basic Books. * 1988 : ''Europe and the rise of Capitalism'' (dir. with Michael Mann (sociologue) and John A. Hall ). * 1995 : ''Democracy: An Analytical Survey'', UNESCO Publishing. In French * 1968 : ''Politique de

Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky,; ; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky'' was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist. He was a key figure ...

'' (Texts collection and analysis), Armand Colin, col. "U" * 1970 : ''Les Phénomènes révolutionnaires'', PUF, col. "SUP". * 1971 : ''Les Origines du

capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their use for the purpose of obtaining profit. This socioeconomic system has developed historically through several stages and is defined by ...

e'', Gallimard. * 1975 : ''Les Suicides'' (from his PhD thesis, directed by

Raymond Aron Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (; ; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, historian and journalist, one of France's most prominent thinkers of the 20th century. Aron is best known for his ...

), Calmann Lévy. Re-ed. Hermann, 2009. * 1976 : ''Qu'est-ce que l'idéologie'' ? Ed. de poche, Idées, Gallimard . * 1978 : ''Le Pouvoir pur'', Calmann Lévy. * 1985 : ''Démocraties'', col. liberté de l'esprit, Calmann Lévy. * 1988 : '' La Solution indienne. Essai sur les origines du régime des castes'', PUF. * 1993 : '' La Grande Parenthèse (1914-1991). Essai sur un accident de l'histoire'', Calmann Lévy. * 1994 : ''Précis de la démocratie'', Calmann Lévy- Unesco. * 1995 : '' Le Capitalisme'', 2 vol. Col. Folio Histoire. * 1996 : ''Contrepoints et commentaires'' (recueil d'articles parus dans ces revues), Calmann Lévy. * 2000 : '' Nature et histoire'', PUF. * 2002 : ''Esquisse d'une histoire universelle'', Fayard * 2003 : ''Aspects de la mondialisation politique'', PUF. * 2005 : '' Les Morphologies sociales'', col. Sociologies, PUF. * 2006 : '' Les Fins Dernières'', Hermann * 2008 : '' Agir, faire, connaître'', Hermann * 2009 : ''Les Matrices culturelles. Au foyer des cultures et des civilisations'', Hermann * 2009 : ''La Nature humaine'', Hermann * 2010 : ''Le Devenir'', Hermann * 2011 : ''La Perfection'', Hermann * 2012 : ''La Disqualification des experts'', Hermann * 2013 : ''L'Être. Les fondements métaphysiques de la hiérologie'', Hermann * 2014 : ''Qu'est-ce que l'humain ?'', Hermann, coll. "Hermann philosophie", 2014 * 2014 : ''Précis d'éthique'', Hermann * 2014 : ''Précis de philosophie politique'', Hermann * 2015 : ''Recréer le système monétaire international'', Hermann (with

Jean-Claude Trichet Jean-Claude Trichet (; born 20 December 1942) is an economist and high-ranking French official who was President of the European Central Bank from 2004 to 2011. Previous to his assumption of the presidency he was Governor of the Bank of France ...

and

Michel Pébereau Michel Pébereau (born 23 January 1942) is a French businessman. He is the chairman of Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP) and its former CEO. He graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1965 and the École nationale d'administration The (; ...

). * 2017 : ''En Quête de l'Absolu, Vérités et erreurs religieuses'', Hermann * 2019 : ''Que valent nos connaissances'', éd. Hermann. * 2019 : ''De l'art à la culture,'' Hermann''.'' * 2019 : ''Guerre, Histoire et Société : Éléments de polémologie,'' Hermann. * 2019 : ''Modèles d'humanité : Humanisme et mondialisation,'' Hermann. * 2020 : ''Écologie ou écologisme ? : Raison et pertinence des politiques environnementales.'', Hermann. * 2021 : ''La Spiritualité,'' Hermann * 2021 : ''L'Irrationnel aujourd'hui'' (with

Gérald Bronner Gérald Bronner (born 22 May 1969) is a French social scientist and author. Bronner is a professor of sociology at Sorbonne University and is a member of the Institut Universitaire de France (University Institute of France). He is one of the main ...

) * 2022 : ''L'intime,'' Hermann. * 2023 : ''Sociologie historique de l'Absolu,'' Hermann. * 2024 (forthcoming) : ''La résilience démocratique'' (with Alexandre Escudier), Hermann. From 2013 to 2016, Jean Baechler led a series of seventeen colloquia and seminars on war at the Académie des sciences morales & politiques, culminating in the publication of the following proceedings: * 2014 : ''Guerre et Politique'' (with Jean-Vincent Holeindre), Hermann. * 2014 : ''Penseurs de la stratégie (with Jean-Vincent Holeindre)'', Hermann. * 2016 : ''Guerre et Religion'', Hermann. * 2016 '': Guerre, Économie et Fiscalité'' (with Georges-Henri Soutou), Hermann. * 2017 '': Guerre et Droit'' (with Jean Delvolvé), Hermann. * 2017 : ''L'Arrière (with Frédéric Ramel)'', Hermann. * 2018 '': Guerre et technique'' (with Christian Malis), Hermann. * 2018 : ''Guerre et psychologie'', (with Laure Bardiès), Hermann. * 2018 : ''Les armées'' (with Bernard Boëne), Hermann. * 2018 : ''La guerre civile'', Hermann. * 2018 : ''La bataille'', (with Olivier Chaline), Hermann. * 2018 : ''La guerre et les femmes'' (with Marion Trévisi), Hermann. * 2018 : ''Guerre et santé'', (with Michèle Battesti), Hermann. * 2018 : ''La guerre et les arts'', Hermann. * 2019 : ''Guerre et Histoire'', Hermann. * 2019 : ''Figures de la guerre'', Hermann. * 2019 : ''Le retour du nucléaire militaire'' (with Georges-Henir Soutou), Hermann. * 2019 : ''La guerre et les éléments'', (with Jérôme Lespinois), Hermann.

Distinctions

* Officier de la Légion d'honneur. * Chevalier de l'ordre des Palmes académiques.

Notes and references

External links

* Entry in Encyclopedia Universalis (in French)
/span> * Académie des sciences morales et politiques
/span> * Pierre Demeulenaere – "In Memoriam", in ''Sociologies''(review), 2023/2, vol. 14 (https://www.cairn.info/revue-sociologie-2023-2-page-145.htm)
''Who's Who in France''
Online Papers *
/span> * Persée
/span> 1937 births 2022 deaths Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques 20th-century French writers 21st-century French writers French National Centre for Scientific Research scientists Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research Academic staff of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences Sociology educators Historical sociology People from Thionville {{Authority control