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Hans Peter Wilhelm Arp (; ; 16 September 1886 – 7 June 1966), better known as Jean Arp in English, was a German-French sculptor, painter and poet. He was known as a
Dada Dada () or Dadaism was an anti-establishment art movement that developed in 1915 in the context of the Great War and the earlier anti-art movement. Early centers for dadaism included Zürich and Berlin. Within a few years, the movement had s ...
ist and an
abstract art Abstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a Composition (visual arts), composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. ''Abstract art'', ''non-figurative art'', ''non- ...
ist.


Early life

Arp was born Hans Peter Wilhelm Arp to a French mother and a German father in
Strasbourg Strasbourg ( , ; ; ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est Regions of France, region of Geography of France, eastern France, in the historic region of Alsace. It is the prefecture of the Bas-Rhin Departmen ...
during the period between the
Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 Janua ...
and
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, when the city and surrounding region were under the control of the
German Empire The German Empire (),; ; World Book, Inc. ''The World Book dictionary, Volume 1''. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. also referred to as Imperia ...
. Following the return of
Alsace Alsace (, ; ) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in the Grand Est administrative region of northeastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine, next to Germany and Switzerland. In January 2021, it had a population of 1,9 ...
to France at the end of World War I, French law required Arp to adopt a French name, and he legally became Jean Arp, although he continued referring to himself as "Hans" when he spoke German.


Career


Dada

In 1904, after leaving the École des Arts et Métiers in Strasbourg, he went to Paris where he published his poetry for the first time. From 1905 to 1907, he studied at the Weimarer Kunstschule in Germany, where he met his uncle, German landscape painter Carl Arp. In 1908 he returned to Paris, where he attended the Académie Julian. Arp was a founder-member of the first modern art alliance in Switzerland Moderne Bund in Lucerne in 1911, participating in their exhibitions from 1911 to 1913.Jean Arp
Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street (Manhattan), 53rd Street between Fifth Avenue, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th century to the present, a ...
, New York
In 1912 he went to Munich and called on
Wassily Kandinsky Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky ( – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist. Kandinsky is generally credited as one of the pioneers of abstract art, abstraction in western art. Born in Moscow, he spent his childhood in ...
, the influential Russian painter and art theorist. Arp was encouraged by him in his researches and exhibited with the Der Blaue Reiter group. Later that year, he took part in a major exhibition in Zürich, along with
Henri Matisse Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual arts, visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a drawing, draughtsman, printmaking, printmaker, ...
,
Robert Delaunay Robert Delaunay (; 12 April 1885 – 25 October 1941) was a French artist of the School of Paris movement; who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and others, co-founded the Orphism (art), Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and g ...
, and Kandinsky. In Berlin in 1913, he was taken up by Herwarth Walden, the dealer and magazine editor who was at that time one of the most powerful figures in the European avant-garde. In 1915 he moved to Switzerland to take advantage of Swiss neutrality. Arp later told the story of how, when he was notified to report to the German consulate in Zürich, Hans Richter", quoted in ''Dada XYZ'', 1948; archived in ''the Dada Painters & Poets: Anthology'' (2nd edition, 1981), edited by Robert Motherwell he pretended to be mentally ill in order to avoid being drafted into the German Army: after crossing himself whenever he saw a portrait of Paul von Hindenburg, Arp was given paperwork on which he was told to write his date of birth on the first blank line. Accordingly, he wrote "16/9/87"; he then wrote "16/9/87" on every other line as well, then drew one final line beneath them and, "without worrying too much about accuracy", calculated their sum.Hans Arp
, by
André Breton André Robert Breton (; ; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet, the co-founder, leader, and principal theorist of surrealism. His writings include the first ''Surrealist Manifesto'' (''Manifeste du surréalisme'') ...
, in '' Anthology of Black Humor''; originally published 1940
Hans Richter, describing this story, noted that "they he German authoritiesbelieved him." It was at an exhibition that year where he first met the artist Sophie Taeuber who was to become his collaborator in the production of works of art and a significant influence on his artistic style and working method. They married on 20 October 1922. In 1916 Hugo Ball opened the Cabaret Voltaire, which was to become the centre of Dada activities in Zürich for a group that included Arp, Marcel Janco,
Tristan Tzara Tristan Tzara (; ; ; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – 25 December 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, c ...
, and others. In 1920, as Hans Arp, along with
Max Ernst Max Ernst (; 2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976) was a German-born painter, sculptor, printmaker, graphic artist, and poet. A prolific artist, Ernst was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and surrealism in Europe. He had no formal artistic trai ...
and the social activist Alfred Grünwald, he set up the Cologne
Dada Dada () or Dadaism was an anti-establishment art movement that developed in 1915 in the context of the Great War and the earlier anti-art movement. Early centers for dadaism included Zürich and Berlin. Within a few years, the movement had s ...
group. In 1925 his work also appeared in the first exhibition of the
Surrealist Surrealism is an art movement, art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike s ...
group at the Galérie Pierre in Paris.


The Henri Bergson Influence

In 1926 Arp moved to the Paris suburb of Meudon. In 1931 he broke with the Surrealist movement to found Abstraction-Création, working with the Paris-based group Abstraction-Création and the periodical, ''Transition''. Beginning in the 1930s the artist expanded his efforts from collage, assemblage (''Trousse d'un Da'', 1921) and bas-relief to include bronze and stone sculptures. He produced several small works made of multiple elements that the viewer could pick up, separate, and rearrange into new configurations. Throughout the 1930s and until the end of his life, he wrote and published essays and poetry. In 1942 he fled from his home in Meudon to escape German occupation and lived in
Zürich Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. , the municipality had 448,664 inhabitants. The ...
until the war ended.


Success

Arp visited New York City in 1949 for a solo exhibition at the Buchholz Gallery, and this coincided with a general international recognition of his work. In 1950 he was invited to execute a relief for the
Harvard University Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyma ...
Graduate Center in
Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is a suburb in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, located directly across the Charles River from Boston. The city's population as of the 2020 United States census, ...
, and would also be commissioned to do a mural at the
UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...
building in Paris. Arthur and Madeleine Lewja, of Galerie Chalette, who had known Arp in Europe, became his gallery representatives in New York in the late 1950s, and were instrumental in establishing his reputation on the American side of the Atlantic. In 1958, a retrospective of Arp's work was held at the
Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street (Manhattan), 53rd Street between Fifth Avenue, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th century to the present, a ...
in New York City, followed by an exhibition at the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris in 1962. In 1972, the Metropolitan Museum of Art showcased Jean Arp's work from the Lejwa's collection and a few works lent by Arp's widow, Marguerite Arp. The exhibition was expanded and traveled as "Arp 1877–1966," first exhibited at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and then shown in seven museums in the United States and six in Australia. Organized by the Minneapolis Institute of Arts and the Wurttembergischer Kunstverein of Stuttgart, a 150-piece exhibition titled "The Universe of Jean Arp" concluded an international six-city tour at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 1986.


Exhibitions


Group

* ''The Spiritual Mission of Art: Artworks by Jean Arp & Sophie Taeuber-Arp'' (1960, Oct – Nov) Galerie Chalette, New York


Solo

* ''Jean Arp, (''1949, January 18 – February 12) Buchholz Gallery, New York * ''Jean Arp: A Retrospective'' (1958, Oct 8 – Nov 30) MOMA, New York * ''Jean Arp'' (1965) Galerie Chalette, New York * ''Sculpture, Reliefs, Works on Paper: Jean Arp'' (1965) Galerie Chalette, New York * ''Jean Arp: A Retrospective'' (1962) Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris


Posthumous

* ''Exhibition of Sculpture in Marble, Bronze & Wood Relief by Jean Arp'' (1980 January 10 - February 16) Sidney Janis Gallery, New York *''The Nature of Arp (September 15, 2018 – January 6, 2019) Nasher Sculpture Center'' * ''Hans Arp's Constellations II'' (2019, February 8 – July 28) Harvard Art Museums


Recognition

Arp's career was distinguished with many awards including the Grand Prize for sculpture at the 1954
Venice Biennale The Venice Biennale ( ; ) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice, Italy. There are two main components of the festival, known as the Art Biennale () and the Venice Biennale of Architecture, Architecture Biennale (), ...
, a sculpture prizes at the 1964 Pittsburgh International, the 1963 Grand Prix National des Arts, the 1964 Carnegie Prize, the 1965 Goethe Prize from the
University of Hamburg The University of Hamburg (, also referred to as UHH) is a public university, public research university in Hamburg, Germany. It was founded on 28 March 1919 by combining the previous General Lecture System ('':de:Allgemeines Vorlesungswesen, ...
, and then the Order of Merit with a Star of the German Republic.


Personal life and death

Arp and his first wife, the Swiss artist Sophie Taeuber-Arp, became French nationals in 1926. In the 1930s they bought a piece of land in Clamart and built a house at the edge of a forest. Influenced by the Bauhaus,
Le Corbusier Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 188727 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier ( , ; ), was a Swiss-French architectural designer, painter, urban planner and writer, who was one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture ...
and Charlotte Perriand, Taeuber designed it.Saskia De Rothschild (14 February 2013)
Glimpses of Jean Arp's World
''
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
''.
She died in 1943 in
Zürich Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. , the municipality had 448,664 inhabitants. The ...
, where they had moved to escape the German occupation of France, from accidental carbon monoxide poisoning. After living in Zürich, Arp was to make Meudon his primary residence again in 1946. In 1959 Arp married the collector Marguerite Hagenbach (1902–1994), his long-time companion. He died in 1966, in
Basel Basel ( ; ), also known as Basle ( ), ; ; ; . is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine (at the transition from the High Rhine, High to the Upper Rhine). Basel is Switzerland's List of cities in Switzerland, third-most-populo ...
, Switzerland.


Legacy

There are three Arp foundations in Europe: The Fondation Arp in Clamart preserves the atelier where Arp lived and worked for most of his life; about 2,000 visitors tour the house each year. The Fondazione Marguerite Arp-Hagenbach in Locarno, Switzerland, was founded by Arp's second wife, Marguerite Arp-Hagenbach. A foundation dedicated to Arp, named Stiftung Hans Arp und Sophie Taeuber-Arp e.V., was established in 1977 by the dealer Johannes Wasmuth in consultation with Marguerite Arp-Hagenbach and owns the largest collection of works by Arp and holds the copyright of all his works. It has research centre and office in Berlin, and an office in Rolandseck, Germany.Gareth Harris (12 September 2012)
Shake up at Arp foundation
'' The Art Newspaper''.
The Musée d'art moderne et contemporain of Strasbourg houses many of his paintings and sculptures.


Gallery


Early work, Dada-influenced

File:Hottingen Hans Arp 1915.JPG, A wall painting made in Zürich in 1916 File:Jean Arp, 391, No. 8, Zurich, February 1919.jpg, Reproduced in '' 391'', No. 8, Zürich, February 1919 File:Dada 4-5 Zurich-1919-Collage et bois gravé de Arp en couverture LB.4-0531 mb.jpg, Print for the cover of ''Dada 4'', 1919 File:L'escalier de l'Aubette en 1928 (musées de Strasbourg) (29056943916).jpg, Stained glass windows in the Aubette, 1928 File:Shirt Front and Fork.JPG, 1922, ''Shirt Front and Fork'', wood File:Jean Arp Configuration.jpg, ''Configuration'', 1931, wood


Mid-century

File:Impish Fruit' by Jean Arp (Hans Arp), Tate Modern.JPG, 1943, ''Impish Fruit'', wood File:HansArp-CloudShepher1953.JPG, 1953, '' Cloud-shepherd / Berger de nuages'', bronze File:Schalenboom, Jean Arp, Middelheimmuseum 01.jpg, 1947–53, ''Tree of Shells'', bronze File:Evocation of a Form Human Lunar Spectral.jpg, 1950, '' Evocation of a Form: Human, Lunar, Spectral'', bronze File:Marl Arp 01.JPG, 1959, ''Feuille se reposant'', bronze File:Wolkenschale.jpg, 1961, Wolkenschale (EN: "Cloud Shell"), stone


Late (and posthumous) work in bronze and stainless steel

File:Arp-museum-2017-40.jpg, 1962, ''Schlüssel des Stundenschlägers'', bronze File:Tanzgeschmeide.jpg, , ''Moving Dance Jewelry'', bronze File:Jerusalem King George Street sculpture.jpg, 1972, ''On the Threshold of Jerusalem,'' Stainless Steel, Meir Sherman Garden, Jerusalem File:Mz-SchluesseldesStundenschlaegers.jpg, 1974, ''Schlüssel des Stundenschlägers'', bronze, Mainz, Germany File:1982-01-Washington National Art Gallery-East Building028-ps.jpg, 1977, ''Oriform'', stainless steel, Hirshorn Museum, Washington File:Tomb of Hans Jean Arp, Sophie Taeuber-Arp and Marguerite Arp-Hagenbach in Locarno Switzerland.jpg, Memorial to Hans Arp, Sophie Taeuber-Arp and Marguerite Arp-Hagenbach, bronze on granite, Locarno, Switzerland


References


Further reading

* *Jean Arp. (1972). ''Arp on Arp: Poems, Essays, Memories''. Viking Press. (posthumous collection of Arp's writings)


External links

* * *
''Composition''
Jean Arp – Composition according to the law of chance...
Jean Arp, Works in Museo Cantonale d'Arte, LuganoFondation Arp in Clamart, FranceFondazione Marguerite Arp in Locarno, Switzerland

Stiftung Arp in Berlin, GermanyArp Museum in Remagen, Germany
*
42 woodcuts by Arp in “Dada” periodical issues
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Arp, Jean 1886 births 1966 deaths French abstract painters German abstract painters Alsatian-German people Académie Julian alumni Dada 20th-century French painters 20th-century German male artists 20th-century French male artists French male painters 20th-century German sculptors German male sculptors 20th-century German painters German male painters Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Artists from Strasbourg School of Paris German surrealist artists French surrealist artists German surrealist writers French surrealist writers Surrealist poets 20th-century French sculptors French male sculptors 20th-century French poets German-language poets 20th-century German poets German male poets Painters from Alsace 20th-century German male writers French abstract sculptors German abstract sculptors Writers from Strasbourg German people of French descent