As in other Polynesian islands, Rapa Nui tattooing had a fundamentally spiritual connotation. (Rapa Nui,

Easter Island Easter Island (, ; , ) is an island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania. The island is renowned for its nearly 1,000 extant monumental statues, ...

.) In some cases the

tattoos A tattoo is a form of body modification made by inserting tattoo ink, dyes, or pigments, either indelible or temporary, into the dermis layer of the Human skin, skin to form a design. Tattoo artists create these designs using several Process of ...

were considered a receptor for divine strength or mana. They were manifestations of the Rapa Nui culture. Priests, warriors and chiefs had more tattoos than the rest of the population, as a symbol of their hierarchy. Both men and women were tattooed to represent their social class.

Process

The tattooing process was performed with bone needles and combs called or made out of bird or fish bones. The ink was made out of natural products, primarily from the burning of Ti leaves (''Cordyline terminalis'') and sugar cane. The other end has two grooves so that a rod can be attached to the end, which probably helps the artist maneuver the needles during the tattoo process. Tattoos are applied with the needle combs and a wooden mallet called .

Names

The tattoos were named based on its location on the body: * Rima kona: On the back of the hand or wrist. * Retu: On the forehead. * Matapea: Under the eyes. * Pangaha’a: On the cheeks. * Pare: On the arms. * Humu: On the thighs and/or calves. * Tu’u haino ino: On the back and buttocks.

History

Design

Tattoos, as well as other forms of art in Rapa Nui, blends anthropomorphic and zoomorphic imagery. The most common symbols represented were of the Make-Make god, Moais, Komari (the symbol of female fertility), the manutara, and other forms of birds, fish, turtles or figures from the Rongo Rongo tablets. Certain designs were more common than others. Women and men very often had heavy lines on their faces, which, crossing the forehead, extended from one ear to the other. These lines were curved and combined with a series of large dots (''humu'' or ''puraki'', “to enclose”) that marked the forehead and temples. They are also seen on existing barkcloth figures, but in smaller detail. Parallel lines across the forehead and the fringe of dots were the first motifs tattooed on the face. This pattern was the most general, and it was commonly recorded by early voyagers. One of the last women to receive these tattoos was

Ana Eva Hei Ana Eva Hei, also Uka ʻa Hei ʻa ʻArero, or Reina Eva (Queen Eva) (c.1849 – c.1949), was the consort of the penultimate ruler of Easter Island, Rapa Nui, Atamu Tekena. She was one of the last surviving Rapa Nui people to have been Tattoo, ta ...

, who was queen consort of

Atamu Tekena Atamu Tekena or Atamu te Kena, full name Atamu Maurata Te Kena ʻAo Tahi (c. 1850 – August 1892) was the penultimate ‘ Ariki or King of Rapa Nui (i.e. Easter Island) from 1883 until his death. In 1888, he signed a treaty of annexation cedi ...

. Her tattoos were described by

Alfred Métraux Alfred Métraux (; 5 November 1902 – 12 April 1963) was a Swiss and Argentine anthropologist, ethnologist and human rights leader. Early life Born in Lausanne, Switzerland, Métraux spent much of his childhood in Argentina where his father was ...

, Julien Viaud and Walter Knoche. There are several other tattoo patterns and figures: one woman had an ''‘ao,'' which is a ceremonial paddle, tattooed on her back. Fischer also mentions an old woman with a paddle on her back, but calls it a ''rapa'', which is a dance paddle that was tattooed when she lost her virginity. For her, the paddle reminded her of her first lover. A German marine who visited the island told of “birds and strange beasts” tattoos. Most men and women were covered from head to toe with different patterns and images.

Status

The tattoos also varied by rank and status. Priests usually had more tattoos to distinguish themselves from the rest, while men and women had tattoos that distinguished their class identity from others.

Modern day

Nowadays, young people are bringing back Rapa Nui tattoos as an important part of their culture and local artists base their creations on traditional motifs.

Meaning

Spiritual

Spiritually, tattoos were important because they were considered a gateway to divine strength. Other images included those that represented gods and other spiritual messages.

Cultural

Sebastian Englert refers to the tattooing, also called Tatú or Tá kona, as a form of natural expression among the islanders, commonly seeing both adults and children with these paintings. "Ta," means to write or engrave and "kona," means place. The whole word means something like "the place to engrave".